F I N A L R E P O R TStudy Group 5.3
Utilization of natural gas in transport sector
in the name of the group:
Davor Matic
Committee Session 5.3: Methane – A Global Eco‐Efficient Mobility Solution
N.I.G.C.N.I.G.C.
Worldwide Network and Organization of the Study Group
Total NGV car parc
3,203,83
4,645,35
7,55
9,44
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Million NGVs
Russ ian Federation & C.I .S.
Latin America and the Caribbean
North America
Middle East
Europe
As ia ‐Paci fic
Africa
0
1
2
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Tota l :
Market Development and Present Market Situation
Regional NGV market shares in total NGV market
22% 23% 24%28%
32%37%
56% 57% 57%52%
46%
40%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
(%)
Africa
As ia ‐Paci fic
Europe
Middle East
North America
Latin America and the Caribbean
Russ ian Federation & C.I.S.
Latin America and the Caribbean
Asia‐Pacific region
0%
10%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Market Development and Present Market Situation
Share of NGVs in total vehicle parc (regional and total)
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
(%)
Russ ian Federation & C.I.S.
Latin America and the Caribbean
North America
Middle East
Europe
Asia ‐Pacifi c
Africa
Tota l :
0,38% 0,44% 0,51% 0,58% 0,79% 0,97%
0%
2%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Market Development and Present Market Situation
Estimated natural gas consumption by NGVs
6,918,27
9,99
11,69
16,80
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
bcm
Russ ian Federation & C.I.S.
Latin America and the Caribbean
North America
Middle Eas t
Europe
As ia ‐Paci fi c
f i
0
2
4
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Africa
Total :
Market Development and Present Market Situation
Share of NGVs in total natural gas consumption (%)
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
(%)
Russ ian Federation & C.I.S.
Latin America and the Caribbean
North America
Middle East
Europe
Asia ‐Paci fic
Afri ca
Tota l :
0,57%0,41%0,36%0,31%0,27%
0%
1%
2%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Tota l :
Market Development and Present Market Situation
Europeandevelopment
Petrol conversions > cylinders in luggage space
1997 – 2000: Volvo S70/V70 > cylinders in luggage space
In 1998: Fiat Multipla > under floor cylinders
1st g.< 2000
2nd generation: Volvo S80 / V70 / S60 > under floor cylinders
VW Golf & Opel Astra > under floor cylinders
Italian and French models: Fiat Punto and Doblò Citroën Berlingo, Peugeot
2001
2002
2003 g , gPartner, Renault Kangoo, Citroën CX3 > cylinders in luggage space
Opel Zafira and Combo > under floor cylinders
Mercedes Benz E 200 NGT with compressor engine > cylinders in luggage space
VW Caddy and Touran > under floor cylinders
Fiat Panda > under floor cylinders
2003
2004
2006
2007
2nd g.
Mercedes Benz E 170 NGT > under floor cylinders
OEM NGV Technology Development
2012
.
.
.
Opel Zafira, 1.6 litre turbo engine, 150 hp
3rd generation, Passat TSI, 1.4 litre, twin compressor plus turbocharger , > 450 km range, 150 bhp, 0 – 60 in 9.5 sec, ~120 g/km CO2
20083rd g.
4th generation – adding of stop‐start technology & regenerative braking, lower CO2/km to <100 g/km, range 550 km
4th g.
Europe
Vast majority of new NGV registrations: OEM products or QVM conversionsVast majority of new NGV registrations: OEM products or QVM conversions (with the approval of the concerned OEM)
HDV segment (vehicles above 12 tonnes): buses with a typical engine size of around eight liters (Daimler, Iveco, MAN, Scania, Tedom AB Volvo (incl. RVI) engines)
MDV segment (weight class 3.5 ‐ 12 tonnes): mainly 3.5 ‐ 6 tone range > same vehicle available in different configurations: vans, trucks, or small b (I D il M d S i )buses (Iveco Daily, Mercedes Sprinter…)
LDV / MDV class (< 3.5 tonnes >): Fiat Ducato, Volkswagen Transporter and Ford Transit (QVM), in France: Citroën Boxer, Peugeot Jumper models, Renault Master
LPG market mainly retrofitting of light duty gasoline powered vehicles
Summary of Technology Development and an Overview of NGV Industry Today
Asia‐Pacific
Still dominated by a wide range of different quality retrofit systemsStill dominated by a wide range of different quality retrofit systems
OEM availability in India, Korea, China (coupled with innovative technologies from Western countries):
‐ Should provide the required range of vehicles for long term NGV demand
‐ Currently tend to be Euro 3 (some Euro 4) quality ‐ depending on national emissions standards
China ‐ the single most actively growing OEM market worldwide
‐ 18 engine manufacturers offered 98 types of NGV engine models (64 kW to 250 kW) in 2007
‐ Cummins and Iveco engines present
‐ International equipment and European NGV conversion systems suppliers present
‐ L‐NGVs fleet use expanding
NG HD trucks development in Japan (25 ton class)
Replacement with natural gas of two‐stroke and three‐wheel vehicles
Summary of Technology Development and an Overview of NGV Industry Today
United States
OEM light duty sedans (American Honda Civic GX)
Small Vehicle Manufacturers (SVM) sedans, commercial work trucks and vans
HDV and MDV segments received the most marketing focus from the NGV industry
‐ High‐pressure, direct injection LNG engines (Westport Innovations) with same characteristics as base diesel engines (Cummins)
HD engines (Cummins Westport) already meeting U S EPA 2010 emission standards‐ HD engines (Cummins Westport) already meeting U.S. EPA 2010 emission standards
‐ Dedicated spark‐ignited replacement (Emissions Solutions) engines for the popular diesel HD engines models
‐ Aftermarket conversion system manufacturers for medium gasoline‐powered trucks and shuttle bus chasses
Summary of Technology Development and an Overview of NGV Industry Today
Russia
Mostly HDVs and MDVs conversions
Customers looking for OEMs
Restarted development and production in OEM HDV segment:
‐ Trucks and special purpose vehicles (KAMAZ)
‐ Buses (NEFAZ – Kamaz engine), LIAZ and PAZ (Cummins engine)
Off‐road applications in use or tested: airplane, watercrafts, construction pp p , ,equipment, agricultural tractors, rail road locomotives…
Summary of Technology Development and an Overview of NGV Industry Today
Latin America
Quick growth rates on retrofit market (up to 20‐25% annually) in Argentina then Brazil throughout the mid‐to‐late 1990s and into 2000s
Although the retrofit market has been strongest, the quick growth rate has brought more OEM (LDVs), in particular into the Brazilian market
The active NGV markets in Argentina and Brazil have had concurrent positive effects on other countries; Peru, Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, and p ; , , , ,to a lesser degree in Chile
Summary of Technology Development and an Overview of NGV Industry Today
Vehicles Technology Improvementsgy p
New OEM NGVs will likely use downsized, supercharged engines and possibly also micro or soft hybrid solutions:
‐ Before 2012 the car manufacturers will start introducing downsized turbo Otto engines for their standard mainstream product lines
‐ These engines would be well suited also for natural gas applications
Dual fuel turbo vehicles operation on natural gas with pilot diesel injection, possibly also with micro or soft hybrid solutions might enter the market
The impact of biomethane can bring the emissions down further when considering well‐to‐wheel emissions
Potential and Promising New Technologies and Assessment of the New Technologies Opportunities
Filling Stations Technology Improvements
To cut costs and to guarantee safety and reliabilityTo cut costs and to guarantee safety and reliability
Ionic compressor (iKompressor)(*) replaces metal piston with liquid
‐ Reducing number of moving parts and frictional losses
‐ Increased energy efficiency and lower wear and tear
Gas compression at constant temperature (water cooled jacket around compression cylinders)
RFID – Radio Frequency Identification (**) a way to ensure only certified vehicles are filledvehicles are filled
‐ RFID antenna located in the fuelling nozzle reads vehicle tag > RFID control system at the dispenser validates data from the vehicle > allows fueling if everything is ok
‐ Programmed data determined by the regulatory body issuing the tag > typically: vehicle ID, license number, owner, conversion company ID, date of conversion, inspection, expiry date etc.
Potential and Promising New Technologies and Assessment of the New Technologies Opportunities
(*) – JV Flowserve & Linde Group (**) ‐ Virdis
Average conversion costs ‐ LDVs14000
Asia‐Pacific Europe Middle Latin Russia
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
erage
erage
‐ min
‐ max
‐ min
‐ max
‐ min
‐ max
‐ min
‐ max
rage
rage
‐ min
‐ max
erage
‐ min
‐ max
‐ m
in
‐ max
erage
n kit
n kit
x50 l
x50 l
U.S $
Asia Pacific EuropeEast America
Russia
Global ‐ average
IGU NGV Technical & Commercial Data Base
Japan ‐ cars ‐ ave
Japan ‐ vans ‐ ave
Malaysia
Malaysia ‐
Austria
Austria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Croatia
Croatia
Czech Republic ‐ ave
Netherlands ‐ ave
Polan
Poland
Spain ‐ ave
Switzerland
Switzerland ‐
Iran
Iran
Argentina
‐ ave
Brazil ‐ 3rd generatio
Brazil ‐ 5th generatio
Russia ‐ personal car 2x
Russia ‐ minivan
4
NOTE: Highly dependant on type of equipment; cylinder volume, type and number; new or recycled components; approvals and certification etc.
Average conversion costs ‐ HDVs
60000
70000
A i P ifi EMiddle Latin
R i
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
average
ze bus ‐
ono‐fuel
ual fuel
el ‐ m
in
el ‐ m
ax
average
and ‐ min
nd ‐ m
ax
den ‐ min
den ‐ max
average
ina ‐ min
na ‐ m
ax
ia ‐ truck
sia ‐ bus
U.S $
Asia‐Pacific EuropeEast America
Russia
Global ‐ average
IGU NGV Technical & Commercial Data Base
NOTE: Highly dependant on type of equipment; conversion type (dedicated / dual fuel); cylinder volume, type and number; new or recycled components; approvals and certification etc.
Japan ‐ micro bus ‐ a
Japan ‐ medium siz
average
Malaysia ‐ mo
Malaysia ‐ d
Bulgaria ‐ dual fue
Bulgaria ‐ dual fue
Netherlands ‐ a
Pola
Pola
Swed
Swed
Iran
‐
Argenti
Argenti
Russ
Rus
Supportive measures
Asia Pacific vehicles methane as fuel filling stationsEurope vehicles methane as fuel filling stations Asia ‐ Pacific vehicles methane as fuel filling stations
China ◙ ◙ ◙ ◙Japan ◙ ◙ ◙ ◙ ◙Malaysia ◙ ◙ ◙
Europe vehicles methane as fuel filling stations
Austria ◙ ◙ ◙ ◙Bulgaria ◙ ◙Croatia ◙Czech Republic ◙ ◙ ◙Italy ◙ ◙ * *
France ◙ ◙ ◙ ◙Netherlands ◙ ◙Poland ◙ ◙Portugal ◙ ◙
Middle East vehicles methane as fuel filling stations
Iran ◙ ◙ ◙
Latin America vehicles methane as fuel filling stations
Argentina ◙ **Brazil ◙
IGU NGV Technical & Commercial Data Base
Spain ◙ ◙ ◙Sweden ◙ ◙Switzerland ◙ ◙ ◙United Kingdom ◙ ◙
Russia vehicles methane as fuel filling stationsRussia
◙ subsidies / grants / loans
◙ tax reductions / exemptions
* although not reported through questionnaire should be available
** in Buenos Aires
Standards, regulations and codes for vehicles and filling stations
vehicle incl conversion /garages incl.
filling stations vehicle incl conversion /garages incl.
filling stationsEuropevehicle incl. inspection
conversion / maintenance shops
underground parking
filling stations incl. inspection
Austria ◙ ◙ ◙ ◙Bulgaria ◙ ◙ ◙Croatia ◙ ◙Czech Republic ◙ ◙ ◙ ◙France ◙ ◙ ◙Netherlands ◙ ◙ ◙ ◙Poland ◙ ◙ (◙) (◙)Portugal ◙ ◙ ◙Spain ◙ ◙ ◙Sweden ◙ (◙) n.a.
Asia ‐ Pacificvehicle incl. inspection
conversion / maintenance shops
underground parking
filling stations incl. inspection
China ◙ ◙Japan ◙ ◙ ◙Malaysia ◙ ◙ ◙
Middle Eastvehicle incl. inspection
conversion / maintenance shops
garages incl. underground
parking
filling stations incl. inspection
Iran ◙ ◙ ◙ ◙
Latin Americavehicle incl. inspection
conversion / maintenance shops
garages incl. underground
parking
filling stations incl. inspection
IGU NGV Technical & Commercial Data Base
◙ (◙)Switzerland ◙ ◙ ◙United Kingdom ◙ ◙ ◙ ◙
parkingArgentina ◙ ◙ ◙Brazil ◙ ◙ ◙
Russiavehicle incl. inspection
conversion / maintenance shops
garages incl. underground
parking
filling stations incl. inspection
Russia ◙ ◙ ◙ ◙
United Statesvehicle incl. inspection
conversion / maintenance shops
garages incl. underground
parking
filling stations incl. inspection
United States ◙ ◙ ◙ ◙
Collecting real life experiences from fleets operators using NGVs
One‐on‐one interviews (audits) with fleet operators
Sharing experiences from real life day‐to‐day operations
Maintenance and life‐cycle costs, repair intervals, fuelling time and flexibility, safety, additional technical and infrastructure requirements, feedback from drivers, users, mechanics and overall business efficiency compared to liquid fuels
Ad i f ( h d h id h i )
Real Life Experiences – Lessons Learnt
Advices to future users (what to do, what to avoid, how to improve)
Collecting real life experiences from fleets operators using NGVs
Natural gas buses garbage trucks and taxi fleetsNatural gas buses, garbage trucks and taxi fleets
Dual fuel trucks powered on LNG/CNG
ParisParis
LilleLilleMoscowMoscow
Real Life Experiences – Lessons Learnt
Lisbon Lille MadridMadridUKUKHamilton (Canada)Hamilton (Canada)Kuala LumpurKuala Lumpur
Collected experiences – Lessons Learnt and Recommendations
There are operational differences with NGVs (i.e. buses) compared to diesels > which can be effectively managed
Careful preparation of the system logistics and organization is needed:
‐ compression capacity, CNG buffer stock, maintenance, manpower, CNG vehicles specifics (autonomy, maintenance procedures based on diesel)
Training and experience of mechanics is diesel oriented (NGVs = challenge perceived over sophistication ):‐ perceived over‐sophistication ):
‐ Training to be integrated with other staff training needs
‐ Diesels also becoming more sophisticated (to meet the new emissions standards)
Real Life Experiences – Lessons Learnt
Collected experiences – Lessons Learnt and Recommendations
CNG station owned by gas company and not the transport enterprise:CNG station owned by gas company and not the transport enterprise:
‐ PRO: Facilitate decision on NGVs (no investments for transport enterprise)
‐ CON: Filling station capacity (and other) improvements more complicated (contractual issues)
NGV related costs could be stabilised by optimising the reliability and costs of the NGV specific spare parts
‐ Advice to carry a higher ratio of spare parts to ensure that maintenance tasks are not constrained by parts supply
Problems with first generation of CNG buses (complexity, reliability, thermal efficiency, lack of manufacturer's support) > significantly overcame in new generations models
Higher costs for NGVs are balanced by lower fuel costs compared to diesel fuel (in general, resulting in lower life cycle costs)
Real Life Experiences – Lessons Learnt
i l G di ib i 200 R i l NGV di t ib ti 2020Regional NGV distribution ‐ 2005
Middl E t
Europe9.4%
Africa1.3%
As ia ‐Paci fi c24.2%
Latin America and
the
Russ ian Federation & C.I.S.3.6%
Regional NGV distribution ‐ 2020
Africa0.4%
As ia ‐Paci fi c43.1%
Latin America and the
Caribbean27.9%
Russ ian Federation &
C.I.S.7.3%
Regional NGV market development scenarios
North America3.3%
Middle East1.4%
Caribbean56.7%
Middle Eas t15.7%
North America1.4%
Europe4.1%
Conclusions
There has been a dramatic increase in the numbers of OEM NGV models in the worldwide vehicle market
New developments such as high pressure direct injection and turbo charging should increase efficiency, vehicle range, and reduce emissions
New generation of vehicles are likely to move into the other regions in parallel with the development of more stringent national and local standards
Generally the life cycle costs of NGVs are comparable or even better toGenerally the life cycle costs of NGVs are comparable or even better to traditionally fuelled vehicles
Comparative reports of NGV maintenance experiences shows a positive influence of a ‘learning curve’ related to improved ‘best practices’ and the development of second generation technologies
Conclusions & Recommendations
Recommendations
Appropriate and competitive fuel pricing system relative to petrol and diesel(based on: energy equivalencies, fuel margins desired, favourable taxation that supports cleaner fuels)
Fuel quality/composition and the sale units of CNG (LNG) at the fuel pump ‐important considerations into the future
Efforts to continue harmonization of worldwide standards and regulations is needed
Natural gas industry should further evaluate the opportunities for biomethaneNatural gas industry should further evaluate the opportunities for biomethane as part of their overall fuel supply portfolio (consistent with many government policies)
Emerging technologies and natural gas‐based fuels are showing strong future potential and should be encouraged for further study and development (incl. Government sponsored R&D)
Conclusions & Recommendations
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report would not be possible without kind assistance and support of (in alphabetical order):Dinara Baisheva – Gazprom ‐ Russia
John Baldwin – CNG Services Ltd. ‐ UK
Peter Boisen – NGVA Europe ‐ Sweden
Nuno Nascimento ‐ Galp Energia ‐ Portugal
Pavel Novak – Czech Gas Association – Czech Republic
B. Ochani ‐ NIGC ‐ National Iranian Gas Company – Iranp
Olivier Bordelanne ‐ GDF SUEZ – France
Jovica Budimir – Srbijagas ‐ Serbia
Erik Buthker – Dutch4 ‐ Netherlands
Osvaldo Casagrande – Inflex ‐ Argentina
Ollie Clark
Gerco Van Dijk – Gasunie ‐ Netherlands
Mats Ekelund – Taxi Stockholm ‐ Sweden
R. Fernandes – Praxair / ALGNV – Brazil
Jorge F. G. de Figueiredo – APVGN ‐ Associação Portuguesa do Veículo a Gás Natural – Portugal
Trevor Fletcher – Hardstaff (and NGVA Europe) – United Kingdom
Punnachai Footrakul – PTT ‐ Thailand
Juan Carlos Fracchia – Inflex / IANGV
p y
Kevin Park – NGVI ‐ Korea
Hasin Parvez ‐ Green Fuel CNG conversion center ‐ Bangladesh
Jonathan Parcer ‐ PT. Wendell ‐ Indonesia
Ian Patterson ‐ Virdis
Juan Plana – Sedigas / Gas Natural – Spain
Eugene Pronin – Gazprom – Russia (Study Group Vice‐Chairman)
Gracjan Ramut – PGNiG ‐ Poland
Thierry Renaudie ‐ GDF SUEZ – France
Mike Sato ‐ Tokyo Gas – Japan
Guan Saw ‐ Cummins Westport ‐ China
Martin Seifert – SVGW ‐ Switzerland
Peter Seidinger – OMV Gas & Power – Austria
Jeffrey Seisler – Clean Fuels Consulting – United States/
Björn H. Halldórsson ‐Metan Ltd – Iceland
Garth Harris – IANGV (retired) – New Zealand
Katie Kim – NGVI – Korea
Rich Kolodziej – NGV America / IANGV
Manuel Lage – NGVA Europe / Iveco – Spain
Irina Malenkina – Vniigaz ‐ Russia
Flavio Mariani – ENI Gas & Power – Italy
Alicia Milner – Canadian NGV Alliance ‐ Canada
Davor Matic – OMV Gas Adria – Croatia (Study Group Chairman)
Robert Mellema – Gasunie – Netherlands
Jeffrey Seisler – Clean Fuels Consulting – United States
Vasiliy Shashukov – Gazprom ‐ Russia
Ton Smit – Aardgasmobiel ‐ Netherlands
Alexander Stroganov ‐ Gazprom – Russia
Lee Giok Seng – Petronas / ANGVA ‐Malaysia
S.H. Taheri – IFCO ‐ Iran
Henk Verbeek – Rolande LNG ‐ Netherlands
Svetlana Videnova – Avtometan – Bulgaria
Mkrtychan Yakov – Vniigaz ‐ Russia
Koen Wiersma – Gasunie ‐ Netherlands
M. Haikal Zubir – Petronas – Malaysia
T H A N K Y O U ! ! !