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Users and Documents


Contents

• Server Users and Directories

• Server Administrators

• Document Hierarchy

• Directory Indexing

• File and Directory Names

• Transferring Files


Lab 3.1 – Server Users and Directories

• A server connected to the Internet will be useful to others on the Net only if it provides some services.

• Common Services– HTTP – SMTP email– telnet– FTP


Document Directories

• Web server responsibilities– Provide access to HTML documents from the

server– Will enable a single directory for publishing

Web documents– Any files put in this directory or any

subdirectories will be available via a browser- Document Root Directory



Server Users

• Generally has accounts for any local users that need to do things on it

• Are actually people doing work on the server

• Task is to update and edit Web pages

• A user account consists of a– Usernames– password


User Directories

• Once you log into a server with your username and password, you typically start in your home directory

• Profile scripts/login scripts– Scripts that run when you log in to customize

your environment


Lab 3.2 – Server Administrator

• Duties of System Administrator– Install and configure server OS– Set up daemons/services (UNIX/NT)– Install and configure web server– Keep server software up to date

• Patches (UNIX)• Service packs (NT)


System Administrator Duties

• Backup and recovery– To disk or tape– Full and incremental backups

• Accounts and quotas– Maintain users and their accounts– Decide level of resources for users

• Network software configuration

• Monitoring security


Servers and Daemons

• Servers

– Web server is a program that, using the client/server model and the World Wide Web's Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ), serves the files that form Web pages to Web users (whose computers contain HTTP clients that forward their requests).

• Daemons

– A daemon is a type of program on Unix-like operating systems that runs unobtrusively in the background, rather than under the direct control of a user, waiting to be activated by the occurrence of a specific event or condition


Patches and Service Packs

• Another duty of the system administrator is to keep the server software up to date

• Patches are often released for UNIX systems that fix bugs and security problems and provide other enhancement


Backup and Recovery

• A good system administrator– Ensure that everything on the serve is being

backed up regularly

• Backups should occur regularly and automatically


Accounts and Quotas

• The system administrator also needs to maintain user accounts

• Involves:– in creating accounts for new users– deleting accounts of users that no longer

need access– Maintaining the integrity of user accounts


Other System Administrator Responsibilities

• Installing and upgrading hardware and software

• Network configuration (changing IP address, etc)

• Configuration testing

• Monitoring system security and availability

• Analyzing log files


Lab 3.3 Document Hierarchy

• The files and directories on your server are organized in a file system.

• File system determines:– Where files are stored on a computer’s hard

drive– How many letters a filename can contain– The security of files stored on the computer


Some of the common file system

FAT/FAT16/FAT32 Microsoft File systems

NTFS Windows NT file system

UFS UNIX file system

HFS Macintosh hierarchical file system

NFS Network file system


File System Attributes

• Goal – to provide a means to store and retrieve files

• FAT doesn’t support long filename

• Used naming convention called 8.3 naming convention– Must be at most 8 characters with an optional

3-character suffix naming convention


Directories and Folders

• Some OS, such as Windows, support the notion of drive letters– Eg. C:\,

• UNIX doesn’t support drive letters, it is a strict hierarchy– Eg. Start with /


Directories and Folders

• Directory– A special file on the file system– Stores other files– Called folders on some OS

• Subdirectory– A directory within another directory – All directories created under the root directory

• Root directory– Uppermost folder, used to store all the files on the

file system


• Path

– To a file is a list of all the parent directories above it

• Pathname

– A name representing a path

– Typically the directory name separated by slashes (/) or backslashes (\)


• Absolute pathname

– A description of a file or directory based off the root directory

– /usr/local/httpd/htdocs

• Relative pathname

– Is used to reference files based on the current directory

– Cd/usr/local/httpd

– Cd htdocs


Uniform Resource Locators

• Describe how to find a web resource

http://www.vortexwidgets.com/support/industrial.html

Servername:www.vortexwidgets.com

Path: support

Filename: industrial.html

• Use relative URLs in your own web pages– Make it easy to move to another directory


Lab 3.4 Directory Indexing

• Many times while surfing the Web, you have probably requested a URL without actually specifying a filename

• By typing in only the name of a site, you are not actually specifying a file to retrieve

• The server determines what file to retrieve based on directory indexes.


Directory Indexing

• If no file name in a URL:– Directory browsing enabled

• If index document, return default document• Otherwise return list of files

• Directory browsing disabled– If index document, return default document– Otherwise return nothing


How web servers view directories

• Several options are available when choosing how your Web server views directories– No directory browsing permitted– Directory browsing permitted, but no default

documents enables– Indexes enabled


Lab 3.5 File and Directory Names

• Good file names– Make your site easier to maintain– Easier to navigate– Help to develop the site

• Two of the important things to remember:– Develop a layout for your directories– To create a naming scheme for files


Good Filename Practice

• Don’t’ use spaces in names– Use underscores (_) or dash (-) instead

• Don’t use special characters– %#@$?&

• Keep filenames short but descriptive

• Use a standard naming convention


Good Filename Practice (2)

• Use consistent filename extensions– .html , .gif

• Don’t use extensions with directory names

• Use lowercase letters in all filenames– UNIX is case sensitive– Windows is (mostly)not case sensitive


Lab 3.6 Transferring Files

• If you’re lucky enough to be local to your Web server, transferring files may seem like a trivial task

• Copying files may used either floppy disk, zip drive, Hard drive, etc


File Sharing

• If your serve is on a local network, you might be able to mount the server’s drives or partitions on your client machines

• Windows – Microsoft Windows Networking

• UNIX – Network File System


File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

• Popular method of accessing files on the Internet

• Provides a standard, error-free way to transfer files to and from different machines on a network

• Are supported on most OS

• FTP servers require a username and password for log in


Some FTP Command

OPEN hostname Open a connection to hostname

PUT filename Send filename from client to server

GET filename Send filename from server to client

CD dirname Change to directory dirname

DEL filename Remove filename from server

DIR List the contents of the remote directory

LS Same as DIR

MKDIR dirname Make a directory dirname on server

MPUT Send multple files from server

MGET Get multiple files from server

BIN Set transfer mode to binary


HTTP PUT

• HTTP has a PUT method for sending files to a Web Server

• The PUT method is similar to the more widely used POST method

• But while POST is used to send data and queries to the server, PUT is used exclusively for sending files.


Frontpage

• An easy to use HTML editor• Best feature is its seamless integration with

the Web Server• Synchronisation between development PC

and web server• BUT

– Not all ISPs support this type of usage– Works best with Microsoft web server– Proprietary


Frontpage extensions

• Allowing users to save HTML files their local drives

• Its real power, however, is when it is used with a server that supports FrontPage Extensions– Are a group of files and CGI programs that are

added to the Web server– Allow the FrontPage client to connect to the

server and take a snapshot of a Web site.– Allow client to modify Web pages on the server– Provide authentication


-The End-

Date post:	21-Jan-2016
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