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Classification of Psychological Disorders

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The Medical Model

• Proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease

•Brings improvement to the treatment process

•Patients are viewed with more sympathy

– Less ostracized & feared

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What Does it Mean to be

“Abnormal”?

• First, can you define normal?

• 3 Criteria• 1. Deviance

» Behavior not accepted by society

• 2. Maladaptive Behavior

» Impairment of every- day adaptive behavior

• 3. Personal Distress» Depression,

anxiety or feelings of hopelessness

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Psychodiagnosis

• Classification of Disorders• 1952 – APA unveils the DSM

(Diagnostic & Statistical

Manual)• 1980 – DSM III introduces

multiaxial system of classification

• 1994 – DSM – IV (current version) released

» Identifies 3 times as many disorders as the 1st edition

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• The Future?•DSM 5 - will be released in May 2013

– Major Changes» Mental Retardation = Intellectual disability» Substance-Abuse = Addiction & Related

Disorders» Behavior Addictions – gambling, Internet

(maybe)» Aspergers’s is officially added to Autism

Spectrum » Addition of Hypersexual Disorder, Binge-

Eating Disorder, Hoarding Disorder & PMDD» Dimensional Assessments» Many revisions for Personality Disorders» New Suicide Assessment Tool

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Multiaxial System of Classification

Diagnosis takes place on Axis I & II ONLY!• Axis I – Clinical Syndromes• Infancy, Childhood & Adolescence Disorders•Organic Mental Disorders•Substance-Related Disorders•Schizophrenia & other psychotic disorders•Mood Disorders•Anxiety Disorders•Somatoform Disorders•Dissociative Disorders•Sexual & Gender-Identity Disorders•Eating Disorders

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• Axis II - Personality Disorders & Mental Retardation• life-long problems accompanied by considerable social stigma • suffered by people who often fail to adapt well to society

• Axis III – General Medical Conditions• is for reporting current general medical conditions that are

potentially relevant to the understanding or management of the individual's mental disorder.

• Axis IV – Psychosocial & Environmental Problems• for reporting psychosocial and environmental problems that

may affect the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of mental disorders

– A psycho social, an environmental difficulty or deficiency, a familial or other interpersonal stress, an inadequacy of social support or personal resources

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Axis V• Global Assessment of

Functioning Scale

• reporting the clinician’s judgment of the individual’s overall level of functioning.

» information is useful in planning treatment and measuring its impact, and in predicting outcome

• Scores range from 1 (persistent danger of severely hurting self or others) to 100 (superior functioning in a wide range of activities).

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Other Important Information

• Epidemiology• the study of the distribution and patterns of

health-events, health-characteristics and their causes or influences in well-defined populations.

• Prevalence• The breakdown & percentage of a disease/disorder

within a population» Gender» Age» Ethnicity» Geographic borders