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Classification of Psychological Disorders
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The Medical Model
• Proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease
•Brings improvement to the treatment process
•Patients are viewed with more sympathy
– Less ostracized & feared
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What Does it Mean to be
“Abnormal”?
• First, can you define normal?
• 3 Criteria• 1. Deviance
» Behavior not accepted by society
• 2. Maladaptive Behavior
» Impairment of every- day adaptive behavior
• 3. Personal Distress» Depression,
anxiety or feelings of hopelessness
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Psychodiagnosis
• Classification of Disorders• 1952 – APA unveils the DSM
(Diagnostic & Statistical
Manual)• 1980 – DSM III introduces
multiaxial system of classification
• 1994 – DSM – IV (current version) released
» Identifies 3 times as many disorders as the 1st edition
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• The Future?•DSM 5 - will be released in May 2013
– Major Changes» Mental Retardation = Intellectual disability» Substance-Abuse = Addiction & Related
Disorders» Behavior Addictions – gambling, Internet
(maybe)» Aspergers’s is officially added to Autism
Spectrum » Addition of Hypersexual Disorder, Binge-
Eating Disorder, Hoarding Disorder & PMDD» Dimensional Assessments» Many revisions for Personality Disorders» New Suicide Assessment Tool
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Multiaxial System of Classification
Diagnosis takes place on Axis I & II ONLY!• Axis I – Clinical Syndromes• Infancy, Childhood & Adolescence Disorders•Organic Mental Disorders•Substance-Related Disorders•Schizophrenia & other psychotic disorders•Mood Disorders•Anxiety Disorders•Somatoform Disorders•Dissociative Disorders•Sexual & Gender-Identity Disorders•Eating Disorders
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• Axis II - Personality Disorders & Mental Retardation• life-long problems accompanied by considerable social stigma • suffered by people who often fail to adapt well to society
• Axis III – General Medical Conditions• is for reporting current general medical conditions that are
potentially relevant to the understanding or management of the individual's mental disorder.
• Axis IV – Psychosocial & Environmental Problems• for reporting psychosocial and environmental problems that
may affect the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of mental disorders
– A psycho social, an environmental difficulty or deficiency, a familial or other interpersonal stress, an inadequacy of social support or personal resources
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Axis V• Global Assessment of
Functioning Scale
• reporting the clinician’s judgment of the individual’s overall level of functioning.
» information is useful in planning treatment and measuring its impact, and in predicting outcome
• Scores range from 1 (persistent danger of severely hurting self or others) to 100 (superior functioning in a wide range of activities).
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Other Important Information
• Epidemiology• the study of the distribution and patterns of
health-events, health-characteristics and their causes or influences in well-defined populations.
• Prevalence• The breakdown & percentage of a disease/disorder
within a population» Gender» Age» Ethnicity» Geographic borders