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MLK & Civil Rights

By Mr. Carpenito

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I. Martin Luther King & Montgomery Bus Boycott A. Rosa Parks refusal to give up seat to white rider spread quickly 1. Montgomery Improvement Assoc formed a. Organized bus boycott b. King elected to lead group c. Boycott lasted 381 days d. 1956 SC outlawed bus segregation



II. MLK & SCLC A. Successful boycott 1. Showed AA community could unite & organize 2. Power of nonviolent resistance B. Changing World w/ Soul Force 1. King called nonviolent resistance- soul force 2. Ideas came from:



a. Jesus- love one’s enemies b. Henry David Thoreau- civil disobedience- refusal to obey any unjust law c. A. Philip Randolph- organize massive demonstrations d. Mohandas Gandhi- resist oppression w/out violence 3. Stayed course even after multiple violent episodes a. Emmitt Till- 14 yr old murdered



C. From Grassroots Up 1. 1957 King founded Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) a. “Nonviolent crusades against evils of 2nd class citizenship” b. 1st director- Ella Baker (NAACP) 1) Set up branches of SCLC in Southern cities 2) 1960 helped students @ Shaw University organize Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) a) pace of change too slow b) determined to challenge the system



III. Movement Spreads A. Demonstrating for Freedom 1. SNCC more confrontational than MLK a. 1942 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) staged 1st sit-in 1) SNCC would use this strategy- 1st in NC then across South & into North 2) Endured arrests, beatings, suspensions from college, tear gas, & fire hoses



IV. Riding for Freedom A. Freedom riders 1. 1961 CORE wanted to test SC decision banning segregation 2. Bus 1 reached Alabama- white racists beat AA riders & white activists a) Continued on to Birmingham- again beat by hostile mob b) Bus 1 trip ended 3. Bus 2 arrived in Alabama to 200 angry whites a) Blew out tires, smashed windows & used a fire bomb



B. New Volunteers 1. Bus Co refused to carry freedom riders 2. New SNCC volunteers – got on bus a. Bus arrived in Birmingham b. police pulled them off bus, beat them, then drove them to Tennessee c. Went back to Birmingham bus terminal d. Bus driver refused to drive them- scared e. Occupied whites-only waiting room for 18 hours f. Attorney General Robert Kennedy convince bus official to proceed



C. Arrival of Federal Marshals 1. Another white mob attacked bus in Montgomery 2. Newspapers denounced beating 3. JFK sent 400 US Marshals to protect riders 4. R. Kennedy & ICC banned segregation in all interstate travel facilities V. Standing Firm A. Integrating Ole Miss 1. 1962 James Meredith won a fed court case allowing him to enroll in Ole Miss



a. Governor Ross Barnett refused to let him register b. JFK sent in marshals to help 2. Riots broke out -2 deaths, 1000’s soldiers, 200 arrests, 15 hours to stop 3. Marshals escorted Meredith to class & protected his parents



B. Heading into Birmingham 1. Known for strict segregation & racial violence a. 18 bombings 1957- 1963 2. SCLC & MLK went in & began demonstrating a. 4/12/1963 King & protestors arrested b. 4/20 posted bail & continued demonstrations c. 5/2 Over 1000 AA children marched in Birmingham



1) Police commissioner “Bull” Connor arrested 959 of them d. 5/3 2nd “children’s crusade” face to face w/ helmeted police force 1) Used fire hoses, attack dogs, & clubs – captured on video e. Continued protests, & neg media – finally ended segregation 3. Convinced JFK needed new civil rights act



VI. Marching to Washington A. Dream of Equality 8/28/1963 1. 250,000 marched on DC to support passage of new civil rights act 2. MLK’s “I have a Dream” speech B. More Violence 1. 2 weeks after speech 4 Birmingham girls killed- bomb thru church window 2. 2 others in unrest that followed



3. 2 months later JFK assassinated 4. LBJ signed Civil Rights Act of 1964 a) prohibited discrimination due to race, religion, national origin & gender b) Unrestricted use of libraries, parks, washrooms, restaurants, theaters & other public accommodationsVII Fighting for Voting Rights A. Freedom Summer 1. Many AA could not vote- CORE & SNCC started campaign



a. Freedom Summer b. Began registering AA c. racial beating & murders of civil rights workers 2. SNCC organized Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party a. Fannie Lou Hamer gave speech- built support b. LBJ reached compromise- 2 seats for MFDP of Miss 68 seats B. Voting Rights Act of 1965 1. Eliminated literacy tests & more voters enrolled



VIII. AAs seek greater equality A. Northern Segregation 1. In North de facto segregation- segregation by practice or custom 2. Harder to fight than de jure segregation- segregation by law 3. De facto increased with “white flight”- whites moving into suburbs a. Schools & housing deteriorated b. Unemployment rates more than 2x of whites



B. Urban Violence Erupts 1. NYC white police & AA teenagers clashed- dead 15 yr old student a. Race riot in Harlem 2. 8/1965 Los Angeles -1 of worse riots in our history a. 34 people killed, 100 of millions of $ worth of damage 3. 1966 & 1967 riots in over 100 cities



IX New Leaders Voice Discontent A. AA solidarity 1. Leaders urged followers to take control of communities & culture a. Malcolm X became Islamic minister of Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) 1) Controversial ideas: a) Whites were cause of black condition b) Blacks should separate from white society c) Blacks should arm for self defense b. Shot & killed in 2/21/1965



B. Black Power 1. Stokely Carmichael of SNCC split from MLK & SCLC a. Changed slogan “ we shall overcome” to “we shall overrun” b. Carmichael urged Black Power: black people should define own goalsC. Black Panthers 1. 1966 Oakland CA Huey Newton & Bobby Seale founded new political party known as Black Panthers a. Advocated self-sufficiency, full employment, & decent housing b. AA should be exempt from military service



X. 1968- Turning Point in Civil Rights A. King’s Death 1. MLK objected to Black Power- preaching violence not good 2. 4/4/1968 King killed by James Earl Ray in Memphis a. Riots broke out in over 100 citiesXI. Legacy of Civil Rights Movement A. Kerner Commission 1. LBJ wanted them to study causes of Urban violence 2. White racism to blame



B. Civil Rights gains 1. Ended de jure segregation 2. Civil rights act of 1968- ended discrimination in housing 3. Greater pride in racial identity 4. Political gains- more registered to vote & AA elected to offices 5. Affirmative action- make special efforts to hire or enroll AA a. 1970’s began criticizing it as “reverse discrimination” b. By the 1980’s government eased up on affirmative action requirements


Date post:	16-Feb-2016
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