Front MatterSource: The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 53, No. 2 (Aug., 1941), pp. i-ivPublished by: American Association for the Advancement of ScienceStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/17511 .

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THE AUGUST

SCIENTIFIC MON T HLY

Edited by J. MCKEEN CATTELL, F. R. MOULTON AND

WARE CATTELL

CONTENTS GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF OUR NATIONAL PARKS. I. DR.

RAYMOND E. JrANSSEN ...............................9

ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. 1I. PROFESSOR ETHAN ALL-EN ANDREWS 116

LITTLE ACADEMIES I HAVE KNOWN. PROFESSOR C. JUDSON HiRRiCK ............. ............................................... 133

PHYSICS AND INVENTION. DR C. F. HAGENOW ................................................ 142 HEREDITY AND TWINS. DR. DAVIP C. RIFE ...................................I ................. 148

PHARMACOLOGIC SHOCK TREATMENT FOR MENTAL DIS- EASE. DR. EMANUEL MESSINGER ........................... . 155

THE 'MATERIAL BASIS OF EVOLUTION. PROFESSOR SEWALL WRIGHT. ......... ..................165

THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF VALUE. NINA BULL . .......................................... 170

MYCETOZOA, ANIMAL-PLANT ORGANISMS. LLOYD G. CARR ......... 175 BOOKS ON SCIENCE FOR LAYMEN:

When the Earth Shakes; Practical and Theoretical Czflture Study; An Elementary Book on Conservation; The Science of Personality Function ............................................................. 178

THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE: Michael Faraday, 1791-18627; New Hampshire Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; Presenta- tion of the Meyer Medal to Dr. Edmundo Navarro de Andrade; Conference on Molecular Structure; Telephone By-Products; Fed- eral Office of Scientific Research and Development ........................ ...... 182

PUBLISHED BY 'THE SCIENCE PRESS LANCASTER, PA.-QRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL, N. Y. CITY-GARRISON, N. Y.

FOR TIM AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING, WASHNGTON, D. C.

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NEW BOOKS -OF SCIENTIFIC INTEREST Reports of the Greenland Expeditions :of-. the University of Michigan. Part II, Meteorology, Physiography and Botany. W. H. HOBBs, editor, Illustrated. 287 pp. $5.00. 1941. University of Mi.cllgan.

This concludiilg v olumne of the University of Michi- gan Greenland reports comprises scientific studies within the fields of meteorology, aerology, physiography and botany. The studies ar e based upon field work unidertaken in two administrative districts of Green- land.

The Last Million Years. A. P. COLEMAN. Illus- trated. xii + 216 pp. $3.50. 1941. University of Toronto.

A hiistory of the Pleistocenie era of geologic time in North America, with particular reference to the glacia- tion period. Events in the Mississippi Valley, the lake region, the Rocky MWountains and nor thern Canada are discussed separately.

Meteorology for Aviators. R. C. SUTCLIFFE. Il- lustrated. xiv + 276 pp. $4.00. 1940. Chemical Publishing Co..

The aim of this book is to present in a compact form those aspects of meteorology which are important in aviation. It is the first attempt at a textbook in that field. The treatinent is mnainly descriptive with mathe- matical formulae avoi(led as far as p)ossible.

Economic Geography. C. F. JONES and G. G. IDARKENWALD. Illustrated. xii + 629 pp. $4.25. May, 1941. Macmillan.

This material is presenited by types of industries hluinting, fishing, gathering forest prodleCts, grazing, farming, mining, manufacturing, transportation and trade. The relation of physical factors and economic conditions to the pr oduction and distr ibution of the world's leading commnercial products are emphasized.

So That's Astronomy. R. R. BAKER. Illustrated. 126 pp. $1.00. 1941. Reilly and Lee.

A book designied foir clhildren conicerning diffei-ent phases of astronomy. The "Old Professor" arraiiges a series of imiaginary trips in his "space car" to the sun and to the mloon and the rest of the planiets, and describes what he discovers. An attemnpt at scienitific accuracy is imiainitained throughout.

The Psychology of the Physically Handicapped. R. PINTNER, J. EISENSON anid M. STANTON. IllUs- trated. 391 pp. $3.00. March, 1941. Crofts.

In the first sectioui, lersonality development,- miiental hygiene, internal mechaaiismis of behavior and psycho- logical tests for the handicapped are outlined, followed by a more detailed discussion of the nature and treat- ment of each of several handicapped groups.-

Soldering for Workshop, Farm and Home. J. BONERT. 111 pp. $1.25. 1941. Orange JUdd.

Thie author writes especially for farl boys and men with home workshops, on soft soldering-and on brazing with silver alloys. A nuinber of elemelntary instruc- tions aid l projects are incorporated together with dle- scr-iptions of comimioni metals.

Before Your Eyes. D. R. BARTON. Illuistrated. 64 pp. 1941. Row, Peterson.

A poplUlar account of the work in a museunm of niat- ural history with particular emphasis upon the prepa- ration of specimiens for exhibit and the arrangement of habitat groups. The viewpoint of the public is stressed throughout.

The Factors of the Mind. C. BURT. xiv + 509 pp. 1941. Macmillaii.

Tlhe author hopes to show that factor analysis is merely a refineTment of a simple logical procedure. He wishes to create ani appreciation of the logical method in psychology especially in the spheres of education and vocational guidance.

Civil Air Defense.- A. M. PRENTISS. Illustrated. xv + 334 pP. $2.75. May, 1941. Whittlesey House.

A treatise on the protectioni of the civTil population against" air attack. Explosive and incendiary bombs, shelters, aircraft warning, rescue, first aid services and other aspects of air raid precautions are discussed.

More Years for the Asking. P. J. STEINCROHN. xii;+ 218 pp. $2.00. 1940. Appleton-Century.

The author .presents a number of suggestions as to how to increase the length of one's life. Emphasis is l)laced uipon the ideal'. patient-physician relationship and upoIn preventive ineasures for a number of commiion

diseases.

Electric Eel Calling. SHELBY SHACKELFORD. Il- lustrated. x + 298 pp. $3.00. April, 1941. Scrib- ners.

A physicist's wife' tells the story of her husband's expedition with a biologist to the Amazon in search of the electric eel. Observations and recordiings of their- experiments on electric eels are recoided in a popular way, but the book is. primarily about.the country an(Il the people.

A Guide to Guidance. C. SMITH and MARY Roos. xvi + 440 pp. $3.00. January, 1941. Prenitice- Hall.

A manual for personis interested in vocational guid- ance, -cov-ering such topics as: Iintelligence and occu- lpational effectiv eness, individual attitudes and drives, the organization of guidance services and the part high schools, can play both ill the curriculum and in selecting occupations.

Natural Science in German Romanticism. A. GODE-VON AESCH. viii + 302 pp. $3.00. May, 1941. Columbia Uniiversity.

The author assumes that G(oethe's scientific work can supply. the key to all his thought, and with this assuinption approaches the problems of the era in which Goethe lfived, from the stan'dpoint of the natural sciences.

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THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The official repository of all national collections in natural history, anthropology, engineering and industries, and American history is the United States National Museum, administered by the Smithsonian Institution. The act establishing the Institution pro- vided for a museum, and from the early scientific work supported by its private funds, valuable collections in all fields began to accumulate. These were greatly augmented by the numerous exploring expeditions of the middle of the nineteenth century, all of which were encourage(d by the Smithsonian to collect natural history material in the new and unknown West.

By 1879 the rapidly increasing collections overwhelmed the Smithsonian Building, and Congress provided funds for a Museum structure which was completed in 1 8 81. This sufficed until the beginning of the twentieth century, when another building became im- perative. In 1909 the Natural History Building was completed, the older building there- after being devoted to engineering and industries and American history.

The main functions of the National Museum are repository, research, and exhibition. The two formrer receive more emphasis here than perhaps at any other museum, for the reason that the great national collections in biology, geology, and anthropology constitute in effect a "bureau of standards" for those sciences, containing as they do many thousands of "type" specimens. It becomes a large part of the duty of the more than 80 scientists on the staff to study and name new species and publish necessary revisions of known forms. The exhibition specimens, although constituting a liberal education for the 2,000,000 visitors coming each year, are numbered only in thousands, whereas the study collections must be counted in millions. These study collections are utilized by scientists from all parts of the UJnited States and many foreign countries.

The National Museum now contains an estimated 16,000,000 specimens, valued at more than $150,000,000. Many of them, valued at perhaps one-third of the whole, are owned by the Smithsonian private endowments. The collections run through the entire gamut of the products of :man's handiwork and invenitiveness from delicate hand-made laces to locomotives, and of the life forms here on earth from microscopic diatoms to dinosaurs.

The Museum is administered by the Smithsonian Institution, its Secretary being, ex officio, its Keeper, but is now supported mainly by Congressional appropriation. It is immediately directed by Dr. Alexander Wetmore, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and is administered through four departments-anthropology, biology, geol- ogy, and engineering and industries-and one independent division, that of history. Under anthropology come the divisions of ethnology, archeology, and physical anthropology; under biology-, those of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, fishes, insects, marine invertebrates, mollusks, echinoderms, and plants; under geology, those of physical and chemical geology, mineralogy and petrology, stratigraphic paleontology, and vertebrate paleontology; and under engineering and industries, those of engineering, crafts and indus- tries, medicine and public health, and graphic arts.

Through its researches, its publications, and its exhibits, the National Museum has played a large part in enabling the Smithsonian Institution to carry out its purpose, "the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

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ii THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY

Vol. LIII, No. 2 AUGUST, 1941 Whole No. 311

THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Diffusion of Science

Edited by J. McKEEN CATTELL, F. R. MOULTON and WARE CATTELL

PUBLISHED FOR THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE Smithsonian Institution Building, Washington, D. C.

BY THE SCIENCE PRESS

LANCASTER, PA.-Grand Central Terminal, NEW YORK CITY-GARRISON, N. Y. Single Number, 50 cents Yearly Subscription, $5.00

COPYRIGHT' 1941 BY THE SCIENCE PRESS

Entered as second-class matter at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., U. S. A., July 18, 1923, under the Act of March 3, 1879

RECENT BOOKS OF SCIENTIFIC INTEREST Geophysical Exploration. C. A. HEILAND. xiii 1013 pp. $10.00. 1940. Prentice-Hall.

This is a manual of research in geophysics. The i troduction summarizes present knowledge in the su ject, but the major part of the book is devoted detailed descriptions of apparatus to study magnetisr gravitation, mining and seismology.

Rheumatic Fever. MAY G. WILSON. Illustrate xiv +595 pp. $4.50. 1940. Commonwealth.

This volume presents the results of more tha twenty years' study in the etiology, epidemiolog nmanifestations, course, diagnosis, prognosis and trea ment of rheumatism in persons less than thirty yea of age. Extensive bibliographies are given.

In Great Waters. J. DIGGES. xix + 282 pp. $2.5 1941. Macmillan.

An analysis of fishing and whaling off the coast New England from pre-Columbian days down to tl present time. The source materials are primarily o nmem-ioirs and ship's logs, as well as stories gather( first hand from living seamen.

Development of the Sciences. Edited by L. I WOODRUFF. 336 pp. $3.00. April, 1941. Yal

The purpose of this book is to form a short introdu tion to science, its rnethods and ideas, background an trends. This presentation by eight men on the facult of Yale University is not technical but is designed fc

Explorers of the Antarctic. W. H. HOBBS. Illiis- trated. 334 pp. $3.00. 1941. Field.

An Arctic explorer, student of polar regions and a personal acquaintance of nearly all polar explorers of modern times, tells the life histories of several of these celebrated men as one by one they met the challenge of new frontiers.

Sea Power in the Machine Age. B. BRODIE. Viii +

466 pp. $3.75. June, 1941. Princetoni.

This book deals with the strategic and tactical

changes in maritime warfare produced in the last cenl-

tury and a half, and the results of those developments

in the political relations of nations.

What Price Alcohol? R. S. CARROLL. xv + 362 pp. $3.00. 1941. Macmillan.

A discussion of the r easons for persons being im-

pelled towards alcoholism, of the effects of alcohol orn

the individual and upon society, and of the present day

methods for the treatment and cure of the condition.

Giovanni Marliani and Late Medieval Physics. M. CLAGETTI. 182 pp. $2.50. May, 1941. Columbia.

This book is a study of the life of Giovanni -Marliani, an Italian physicist of the fifteenth century. His work and publications on problems of heat, kinetics and mathematics are analyzed, both in reference to the

Books previously announced will be given space six times on this page for $12.00

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THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY ini

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Chlorine test made by adding ortho tolidine to test sample in cell, matching with standards and reading chlorine conitent from values on stainless steel labels. pH determined similarly. Color stan- dards carry unlimited guarantee against fading. Taylor Midget Tester, Model C ............... $ 8.00 Taylor Midget Tester, Model A ............... 10.00

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RECENT PUBLICATIONS

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OFWASHINGTON WASHINGTON, D. C.

Pub. No. 507 Contributions to Paleonttology; A Miocene Flora

from Shantung Province, China. Quarto, 147 pages, 57 plates. Paper, $3.25; cloth, $3.75. Part I. Introduction and Systematic Consid- erations. Hsen Hsu Hu and Ralph W. Chaney. Part II. Physical Conditions and Correlation. Ralph W. Chaney and Hsen Hsu Hu.

517 Papers from the Tortugas Laboratory, Vol. XXXII. Octavo, 412 pages, 35 plates (5 in color), 127 text figures. Paper, $4.00; cloth, $4.50. Comprises 16 articles by various authors.

529 Turnage, William V. and T. D. Mallery. An Analysis of Rainfall in the Sonoran Desert and Adjacent Territory. Octavo, 45 pages, 54 text figures. Paper only, $0.35.

Year Book No. 39 (July 1, 1939-June 30, 1940). Octavo, 326 pages. Paper, $1.00; cloth, $1.50. Reports on current research from all the de- partments of the Institution.

The Carnegie Institution of Washington, Wash- ington, D. C., has published some 750 volumes cov- ering the wide range of its researches. Orders may be placed direct or through regular dealers. Ad- vise subjects in which you are interested, and cata- logue will be sent upon request.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION PUBLICATIONS Publications of the American Association for the Advancement of Science include Symposia, Nontechnical

Books, and Summarized Proceedings. The symposia are systematic, comprehensive, and documented discussions of important fields of science by invited experts. These volumes are 7 x 101/2, double column, illustrated, cloth bound in uniform format and published for the Association by the Science Press. The niontechnical books are on important subjects of wide general interest and are written by eminent authorities. These volumes, in uniform format, are 6 x 8T/ inches, abundantly illustrated, cloth bound, and published for the Association by Doubleday, Doran & Company. The summarized proceedings contain not olily reports of the meetings of the Association for the years they respectively cover, but also complete directories of menmbers for the periods and a geographical index of the members as at the end of the periods. The recently pulblished volume includes a brief history of the Association from its founding in 1848. These volumes are 6 x 9/4; earlier volumes are paper bound, and the 1940 volume is cloth bound. Members of the Association receive substantial discounts on all these publications. The price to members of the entire list of symposia (except those out of print) and nontechnical books is $28.00; to nonmembers, $34.75. The volumes, so far published and the prices to miiembers are as follows:

SYMPOSIA Blood. Heart and Circulation (1940), vii + 331 Stabilization of Ernployment (1933), 300 pp. PP. 3.00 (edition exhausted) $3.50 The Cell and Protoplasm (1940), vi + 205 pp. 2.50 Nationalism (1934), 69 pp. 1.00 NONTECHNICAL BOOKS The Cancer Problern (1937), 248 pp. 2.50 Multiple Human Births-Twins and Supertwins Tuberculosis and Leprosy (1938), 133 pp. 2.50 (1940), by H. H. Newman, xii + 214 pp. $2.00 Syphilis (1938), 193 pp. (edition exhausted) 2.50 Strange Malady-Trhe Story of Allergy (1941), Recent Advances in Surface Chemistry andbyWreT.Vuhnxvi+28p. 25 Chemical Physics (:1939), 133 pp. 2.50 y Warren T. Vaughan, XVii + 268 pp. 2.50 The Migration and Conservation of Salmon SUMMARIZED PROCEEDINGS (1939), 106 pp. 2.00 Volumes 1-77 except 3, 24, 25, 54, 67-77 Mental Health (1939), 470 pp. 3.50 (paper bound) $1.00 Problems of Lake Biclogy (1939), 142 pp. (12 Volumes 78-81 for 1924-1928, vi + 1006 pp. copies remaining) 2.00 (paper bound) 1.00 The Gonococcus and Gonococcal Infection Volumes 82-86 for 1929-1933, vii + 1245 pp. (1939), 171 pp. (edition exhausted) 2.50 (paper bound) 1.00 The Genetics of Pathogenic Organisms (1940), Volumes 87-93 for 1934-1939, ix + 1109 pp. 90 pp. 2.00 (cloth bound) 3.50

Address American Association for the Advancemnent of Science, Smithsonian Institution Building, Washington, D. C.

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iv THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY

MECHANICAL and ELECTRICAL

In our standard Double Clamp the screws are designed for speed, smooth contact and positive hold under very moderate tension. The machined right-angle faces per- mit rigid and accurate combination of units. Each clamp will grip a bar 14 mm. in diameter, or a wire of 1 mm.

When equipped with a Binding Post, as in the two figures above (actual size), the clamp gives attachment to the finest wire and adds convenience and security to electrical circuiting. The binding screw is so tooled as to insure immediate conduction through enamel or light-wound insulation. Time is saved, and the risk of uncertain contact avoided. The body of this clamp is stainless steel; the screws are nickeled brass.

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