Front MatterSource: The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Sep., 1943), pp. i-ivPublished by: American Association for the Advancement of ScienceStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/17973 .

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CIENTIFI O"NTL

CONTENTS

WHAT WE DO KNOW ABOUT RACE. DR. ROBERT REDFIELD .................. 193

SCIENCE AND CAUSATION. PETER A. CARMICHAEL .......................................... 202

SCIENCE AND THE CONCEPT OF FREEDOM: A TRIBUTE TO GAIJILEO. DR. CHAUNCEY D. LJEAKE ............................................................. 206

NATURE'S BRIDGES. DR. RAYMOND E. JANSSEN ...................................................... 210

PEYOT:ED AND THE INDIAN. D 'ARCY MCNICKLE . ................................................ 220

SWEDE]N LOOKS TO ITS AGRICULTURE. EWERT ABERG ........................ 230 THE ROLE OF PETROLEUM IN THE MIDDLE EAST. DR. E. WIL-

LA D MILLER . ............................................................ 240 THE AI)VENT OF MICROSCOPES IN AMERICA. DR. FREDERIC

T. LEWIS ............................................................. 249 GROWTHI AND CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIA'S POPULATION.

S. CHANDRASEKHAR ............................ 260 BOOKS ON SCIENCE:

The Family Album; Modern Meteorology; Man's Behavior; The Victories of Military Medicine ............................ 273

THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE: Aphids; Chemical Elements Necessary for Growth of Aspergillus Niger; Dr. Karl Landsteiner; Some Effects of Soil and Air Tem- peratures on the Growth of Certain Grass Species; Powder Metal- lurrgy .........................277

PUBLISHED BY THE

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

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RECENT BOOKS OF SCIENTIFIC INTEREST

Forward with Science. ROGERS D. RUSK. Ill. xi+ 307 pp. $3.50. April, 1943. Knopf.

Professor Rush's new book unfolds the amazing record of recent achievements in the field of physical science. Atom-smashing, artificial radioactivity, the electron microscope, such phenomena as cosmic rays, and the theories of relativity and quanta are analyzed in terms of their application to daily life.

Handbook of Frogs and Toads. 2nd ed. rev. A. A. and A. H. WRIGHT. 11. xi+ 286 pp. $3.00. 1942. Comstock.

This volume supplies a key for the Identification of frogs and toads and provides accounts of the appear- ance, range, habitat, life history, structure, voice, etc., of 98 species and subspecies of frogs and toads of the United States and Canada.

The Methodology of Pierre Duhem. A. Low- INGEER. 184 pp. $2.25. November, 1941. Colum- bia.

This is a study of a Frenchman who has done work in physics and the history of science and whose meth- odological ideas have influenced logical thought in the United States. The author begins with a nontechni- cal introduction to the philosophy of science.

The Amazing Petroleum Industry. V. A. KALI- CHEVSKY. Ill. 234 pp. $2.25. April, 1943. Reinhold.

To understand the importance of Petroleum in war and peace, read this fascinating book. It paints an interesting and vivid picture of the world's most im- portant raw material-Petroleum. In nontechnical language it tells simply what petroleum is-how it is obtained-what it does.

Name That Animal. ERNEST C. DRivm. Ill. 527 pp. $5.00. 1942. E. C. Driver, Smith Col- lege, Northampton, Mass.

A guide to the identification of the common land and fresh-water aninmals of the United States, with keys, discussion of life histories, and selected bibliog- raphy for each major group except birds. Designed for courses in field zoology and for biology teachers interested in identifying animals.

Chimpazees. A Laboratory Colony. R. M. YERKES. Ill. xv + 321 pp. $5.00, May, 1943. Yale.

This is a composite portrait of chimpanzee person- ality done in terms of behavior. It is of interest to the layman and the specialist in the field of psycho- logical research. Many experiments took place at Orange Park, Fla., where Dr. Yerkes organized and for many years directed the Yale Laboratories of Primate Biology. June, 1943, selection of Scientific Book Club.

Science Renakes Our World. JAMES STOKLEY. Ill. $3.50. 1943. Ives Washburn, Inc.

A comprehensive survey of what is going on in the laboratories, and what the impact of new discoveries and processes will be on American daily living. Cov- ers plastics, synthetics, radio, television, aeronautics, explosives, electronics, agriculture, vitamins, the sulfa drugs, atom-smashing, etc. The author is Technical Book Editor of the New York Her ald Tribune.

Fluorine and Dental Health. Edited by FOREST RAY MOULTON. Ill. Vi + 101 pp. $3.00. 1942. American Association.

A symposium consisting of 11 papers by eminent research workers who have carried out the funda- mental investigations on which the conclusions are based. Rarely is the entire history of a scientific sub- ject covered so completely as in this volume.

Civilian Health in Wartime. F. R. DIEUAIDE. vi - 328 pp. $2.50. 1942. Harvard.

Dr. Dieuaide provides the general reader with a statement in broad outline of the varied aspects of health in the United States in relation to the ivar. The emphasis is placed on the preservation of health. Among the chapters included are: The Nutritional Background; The Aging and the Aged; Mental Calm and Vigor.

The Greatest Eye in the World. A. F. COLLINS. Ill. xviii + 266 pp. $3.00. January, 1943. Ap- pleton-Century.

This book is devoted to a history of the astronomical telescope and to a description of the equipment and work being accomplished at eight observatories in the United States, and at the Royal Observatory in Eng- land.

The City-Its Growth-Its Decay-Its Future. ELIEL SAARINEN. Ill. by author. 379 pp. $3.50. May, 1943. Reinhold.

This unique work, the result of 40 years' experience, points out the causes for urban decay, then sets forth a logical plan for future rehabilitation and decentrali- zation. It conveys an important message to all con- cerned with progressive community planning and post- war development.

Science and Criticism. The Humanistic Tradi- tion in Contemporary Thought. H. J. MULLER. xiv + 305 pp. $3.75. March, 1943. Yale.

"With a fine felicity of phrase and a brilliant clarity of insight, the Associate Professor of English in Pur- due University looks at modern science from the point of view of a humanist. . . . Rarely does one find such a satisfactory synthesis of realism and idealism . . recomnmended . . . to all . . . concerned with the trend of thought and action in this age of swift change in the life of man." Scientific Book Club Review.

Books previously announced will be given space six times on this page for $12.00

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lTHE SCIENTIFIC MONTHELY i

U. S. TANKE IS BEST,l Here's one SAY NAZI 7XPERTS

Nazi Broadcast l | Germany Will Doubtless Copy Gyro-

that's the scopic Feature of General Sherman

Tank, Berlin Radio Declares

G ospel Truth ~~~~~~~~~By The Associated Press A special new German institute 'General Sherman' tank is doubt-

for testin, captured tanks has ad- less the best type the allied arma- judged the American "General ment industry has yet produced. Sherman" the best type the Allies "A special innovationi on this have turned out, the Berlin radio type tank, which by a gyroscopic said yesterday, adding that the system prevents the gun from being Nazis 'doubtless" would copy its affected by the jolting of the tank construction-particularly the -y- when traveling on rough -rounds, roscopic gun-mount, which they Zreatly interested the German ex-

K 9 :i . fi,i l consider its outstanding feature. perts. They believe this to be the first attempt at borrowing from

"Doubtless" Best Type the construction of warships for ,Accordin- to the findin-s of the the coiistruction of arms for war-

-- MOV:E-.S. F -R-gWA AD AT Institute," said the broadcast, rec- fare on land, and doubtless it will orded by the sociated Press, "thebe

PULL SEED OVR: ROUG TERI

DIET I

TANK BATTLES used to be stop-and-go affairs, because a tank's heavy cannon

could be aimed accurately only when the tank was at a complete standstill.

Some time ago the Army Ordnance De- partment called for an improvement in tank gun fire control. The men of Westinghouse went into a huddle and came out with what has been called one of the greatest military developments of this War -a tank gun sta- bilizer that permits incredibly accurate fire while the tank is charging ahead at full speed over rough ground!

American tanks are now more than 5 00%

deadlier and this gun stabilizer has revolu- tionized the whole combat technique of tank fighting!

And the Westinghouse Research Labora- tories, which developed the device-the Westinghouse engineers, who perfected it -and the men and women of Westing- house who make it in great numbers-are proud as Punch.

Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Westinghouse PLANTS IN 25 CITIES . . .OFFICES EVERYWHERE

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ii THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY

THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY Vol. LVII, No. 3 SEPTEMBER, 1943 Whole No. 336

An illustrated magazine broadly inter- Office of publication, North Queen St. preting to the thoughtful public the prog- and McGovern Ave. (The Science Press ress of science and its relations to the prob- Printing Co.), Lancaster, Pa. Address all lems confronting civilization. Published by correspondence concerning editorial mat- the American Association for the Advance- ters to the Office of The Scientific Monthly,

Science, Smithsonian Institution Smithsonian Institution Building, Wash- inlent of ieec,Slholnlslul ng.to 25, D. C. Building, Washington 25, D. C. mgton ,

Subscriptions: The calendar year, $5.00; Editor: F. R. Moulton. Editorial Ad- single numbers, 50 cents.

rnsers: John E. Flynn, D. R. Hooker, Orders for subscriptions and requests Kirtley F. Mather, and William J. Robbins. for changes of address should be directed

to the Office of the Permnanent Secretary of Copyright, 1943, by the American Asso- the Association. Two weeks are required

ciation for the Advancement of Seience. to effect changes of address. Entered as second class matter at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., U. S. A.,

July 18, 1923, under the Act of March 3, 1879.

NEW BOOKS OF SCIENTIFIC INTEREST The Conquest of Epidemic Disease. C-E. A. WINSLOW. xii +411 pp. $4.50. Prineeton Uni- versity.

The author, a teacher of public health, traces the history of epidemiological thinking from demonology through metaphysical medicine to objective science. lie quotes freely from the main characters in this dramatic story. Special sections are devoted to the great epidemiologists from Hippocrates to Chapin.

Education in Wartime and After. Stanford Uni- versity anid School of Educationi Faculty. x+465 pp. 1943. Appleton-Century.

The faculty of the Stanford School of Education has cooperatively compiled this wartime guide to educators in primary and secondary schools. Based on the prem- ise that during war education can not continue as usual, it outlines a program for redirection and re- construction to meet wartime and post-war demands.

Microbiology, a Textbook for Nurses. R. M. CALDER. 3rd ed. 56 ills. ix + 317 pp. 1943. $2.50. Saunders.

This textbook and laboratory manual has been ex- panded in this edition to include recent bacteriologic knowledge and anl extensive discussion of microbiologic science of special interest to the nurse. Immunity, preventive measures, bacteria, ultramicroscopic patho- gens and animal parasites are discussed clearly as to both theory and practice.

Primer of Celestial Navigation. J. FAVILL. 2nd ed. 46 ills. xvii + 263 pp. 1943. $2.00. Cornell Maritime.

The revised edition of this primer deals with the art and science of off-shore position finding. Such fundamental problems as those concerning time, the astronomical triangle and the application of trigo- nometry to navigation are treated simply as guide- posts to the beginning seaman and aviator.

The War on Cancer. E. PODOLSKY. 175 pp. 1943. $1.75. Reinhold.

Without minimizing the dangers of a disease that causes ten per cent. of all deaths, the author stresses various cures made possible by recent work in x-ray, surgery, refrigeration and hibernation. Different metlhods of detection and prevention are vividly (lescribed.

A Handbook of Psychiatry. P. M. LICIITENSTEIN and S. M. SMALL. 330 pp. 1943. $3.50. Norton.

The authors, aiming toward better understanding of proper mental and physical hygiene, extensively de- scribe various abnormal behaviors and suggest specific therapeutic treatments in relation to each group of re- action types or diseases, including war psychoneuroses. The book provides valuable material for both clinical and genleral practice.

Introduction to Medical Science. G. L. MULLER and D. E. DAWES. Ill. xii + 454 pp. 1943. $3.00. Saunders.

Modern diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are thoroughly presented in this textbook for the young student nurse. The authors present their material from the viewpoint of both physician and nurse, em- phasizing the importance of informed nursing care.

Diseases and Pests of Ornamental Plants. B. 0. DODGE and H. W. RICKETT. Ill. xi + 638 pp. 1943. Jaques Cattell.

The authors, plant pathologists at The New York Botanical Garden, have written the first comprehensive work of its kind in English. Addressed primarily to gardeners, the book provides a rational approach to the problem and a large list of species, their important diseases, pests and their methods of control.

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THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHL'Y iii

demand roof prisms in quan- tity and wide variety.

Perkin-Elmer Corporation de- veloped the method for pro- ducing these most accurate of all manufactured parts in quantity. It also furnishes more types of this prism than any other manufacturer in the United States.

__~

NEW SCIENCE BOOKS Dictionary of Science and

Technology In English, Spanish, French and German. By MIaxirn Newmark. Separate I]ndexes in all four languages with complete Conversion Tables, Weights, Measures and Abbrevia- tions. Entirely new and up-to-date including latest war terms. $6.00

Dictionary of Biochemistry Edited by William M. Malisoff. The first volume of its kind. Articles by over fifty authorities on all major topics in the field. Selected tests with principal literature refer- ences. Uses and sources of preparation of numerous substances. $7.50

From Copernicus to Einstein :By Hans Reichenbach. A simple but truly scientific story of the ideas and discoveries that led to the Theory of Relativity. $2.00

The Conquest of Bacteria By F. Sherwood Taylor. The story of Chemotherapy from Salvarsan to Sulfanil- amide written by England's most eminent scientific essayist. $2.00

The Petroleum Encyclopedia By David D. Leven. Revised edition by Sylvain J. Pirson. A comprehensive work on the Petroleum Industry in all its aspects. Vital information on production, refining, marketing, transportation. $10.00

Encyclopedia of Substitutes and Synthetics

Edited by Morris D. Schoengold with the collaboration of the foremost chemical and industrial laboratories. It covers in detail products which have been recently developed, in order to replace critical materials. "A first rate job based on first hand informa- tion"--Our answer to ERSATZ. $10.00

Twentieth Century Philosophy Edited by Dagobert D. Runes. A review of all Living Schools of Thought, with con- tributions by George Santayana, Marvin Farber, John Dewey, Bertrand Russell, Wil- liam P. Montague, Alfred N. Whitehead, Jacques Maritain, Wing-Tsit Chan, Roscoe Pound, John Elof Boodin and others. "One of the finest and most helpful guides of its kind we have ever seen." $5.00

IN PREPARATION: Twentieth Century Engineering

by C. H. S. Tupholme. $3.00 Twentieth Century Physics

by Pascual Jordan. $4.00 Virus Diseases in Man, Animal and Plant

by Gustav Seiffert. $4.00 The Chemistry of Synthetic Substances

by Emil Dreher. $3.00 (The Last Three Published on Suggestion of the National Research Council)

PHILOSOPHICAL LIBRARY Publishers

15 East Fortieth Street, New York, N. Y.

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iv THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY

S bO

This is an "Optical War Pete Miller, glass inspec- This glass is but one of dozens of types of tor, is pleased with that Bausch & Lomb glass, made to meet exacting chunk of precious optical specifications for the optical systems of glass. He knows this is an binoculars, range finders, microscopes, re- optical war. He knows fractometers, metallographic and spectro-

that accurate gunfire depends upon optical graphic equipment and scores of other glass . . . flawless and crystal-clear. products.

But Pete Miller is not thinking of his skill as a glassmaker at Bausch&Lomb. In that glass he sees his friends at gunfire-control stations B A TT Co' on battle cruisers, in the turrets of tanks roar- J U 5 MB ing down on an enemy position, or making OPTICAL CO. FyS ER, N. Y. aerial photographs behind enemy lines. And always he sees them peering into the sights of a Bausch & Lomb optical instrument. ESTABLISHED 1853

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