Front Matter

Front MatterSource: The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 63, No. 4 (Oct., 1946), pp. i-viiiPublished by: American Association for the Advancement of ScienceStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/18746 .

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I =ma~~~~~~~~~~

OCTOBER 1946

Running a Prof essional Society.Henry Clepper 245

Atomilc Plower (Verse).Thomson King 248 The Motionless Arrow. N. A. Court 249

Sophie Germain.Jesse A. Ferna'ndez Martinez 257 Ira Remsenl and Roger Adams.Winslow H. Hartford 261 Plant Protection in the Belgian Congo. 00R. L. Steyaert 268 An Incidenlt at Ampfing.Michael B. Shimkin 281

Climate as a Natural Resource.Helmut Landsberg 293 Do You Kniow a Dyslexiac?.fames F. Bender 299 Science and the Pursuit of Values . A. Cornelius Benjamin 305

Living Wa-ter (Verse).John G. Sinclair 31 4 Science on the March: Whose Skull Is It? . W. M. Krogman 315 Book Reviews..317 Comments and Criticisms..321 Meet the Authors..1

Boston Meeting, A.A.A.S., December 26-31, 1946

31 I

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7THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY

HaESiTINGHOUS oE CENJ

f1Thrnpc%.QAor the Power of Ni;iornir

For thousands of years, water had roared over Niagara Falls at the rate of about 200,000 cubic feet per second--representing enough power to supply the annual requirements of 24,000,000 average homes. This enormous power continued to go to waste until...

In the late 1880's, a group of world-famous engineers began to study the problem of harnessing the vast power of Niagara Falls.

A bitter controversy raged for years as to whether alternating or direct current should be used. George Westinghouse, the world's greatest authority on alternating current, vig- orously supported the a-c system.

Then, at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893, Westinghouse demonstrated the unqualified

supremacy of the polyphase system for the generation and transmission of alternating current electricity.

In October of that year Westinghouse won his famous "battle of the currents"-and received the contract for three 5,000 horsepower generators to be installed at Niagara Falls.

These world's largest a-c generators had to be engineered from the ground up. But within two years, the three mammoth units were placed in operation. And a year later electric power was supplying the needs of Buffalo, N. Y.... 20 miles away!

It was a major victory for mankind as well as for George Westinghouse - for it set the pace for power development all over the world.

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jj ITE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY

THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY Vol. LXIII, No. 4 OCTOBER 1946 Whole No. 373

Ail i'llustrated magazilne broadly inter- Address all correspondence coneerning preting to the thoughtful public the prog- editorial matters and advertising to the ress of science and its relations to the prob- Office of The Scientific Monthly, 1515 Mas- lenms confronting civilization. Published by sachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington 5, D. C. the American Association for the Advance- Office of publication, North Queen St. ment of Sience, 1515 DMassachusetts Ave, and McGovern Avenue (The Science Press

NW., Washington 5, D. C. Printing Co.), Lancaster, Pa. Editor: F. L. Campbell. Subscriptions: The calendar year, $6.00; Assistant Editor: Gladys M. Keener. single numbers, 60 cents. Advertising Manager: T. J. Christensen. Orders for subscriptions and requests for Editorial Advisers: J. E. Flynn, D. R. chanlges of address should be directed to

Hooker, K. F. Mather, and W. J. Robbins. the Office of the Administrative Secretary Contributing Editors: William. A. Al- of the Association, 1515 Massachusetts

brecht, Arthur Bevan, K. Starr Chester L Ave., N.W., Washington 5, D. C. Two V. Dob m, Wilton M. Krogman, Pal' L. weeks are required to effect changes of ad- Oehser, Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., Edwarc dress. J. Stieglitz, Harlan T. Stetson, and H. B. Copyright, 1946, by the American Asso- Trrikey. ciation for the Advancement of Science.

IEniteredi as seconid-class matter at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., U. S. A., July 18 1923, under the Act of March 3, 1879.

THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Founding and Organization

IN 1848, on Septeimber 20, the Associ.ation wwa formally organized and hel.d its first meetinig; ir 1874 it was incorporated. under the laws of the Commonwealth. of Massachusetts and. given the right to receive, purchase, hold, and eonivey prop- erty. Its governing body is a Coulncil, :now having 260 members.

The Association is national in scope, with membership open to the whole world on equal terms, and its interests include the broad fields of the natural and. the social sciences. Its varied activi- ties are carried on under 16 sections with vhicb 197 affiliated and associated societies, having a combined membership of nearly a million, cooper- ate in organizing programs for its meetings.

Members and Meetings

All persons engaged in. scientific 'Work, all whc find pleasure in following scientific discoveries, all who believe that through the natural and social sciences a better society may be achieved are eligi- ble for membership in the Association. From its founding, the most distinguished of American scientists, including every American Nobel Laureate in science and every president of the National Academ.y of Sciences, have been members. The names of many university presidents, of eminent

scholars in widely different :fields, and of men -nota'ble for pu'blic service, including a United States Senator, a J'ustice of the Supreme Court, and a former President of the United States, are now on its roll of more than 29,000 members.

The Association's mneetings are field days of scienice, attended by thousands of participants, at which hundreds of scientists vie with one another for the pleasure and the honor of presenting results of researches of the greatest be-nefit to their fellow men. An enlightened daily press reports their proceedings throughout the country.

Opportunity and Responsibility

A world torn by conflicts and f earf ul of the future is looking more and more toward scientists for leadership. The opportunity for unparalleled service is theirs, and the fact that they have available the only essentially new methods, if not pur- poses, imposes an equal responsibility. For these reasons it will 'be the Association's steadfast pur- pose to promote closer relations among the natural and the social scientists, and between all scientists and other persons with similar aspirations, to the end that they together may discover mneans of at- taining an orderliness i.n human relations comnpa- rable to that which they find in the natural world about them.



THE SCIENTi F iC MONTHLY 1 A

MEE'T THE AUTHORS HENRY CLEPPER, B.F., is Executive Secretary of the Society of Amer- ican Foresters and Man- aginig Editor of the Journal of Forestry, Born in Columbia, Pa.. in 1901, he obtained his

foredSry degree in 1921 from the Pennsylvania

iCK State Forest Academy se as a m at Mont Alto, latel

merged with The Penn- sylvania State College. After fifteen years as forester in the Department of Forests and Waters of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in 1936 he entered the Division of Information and Education of the U. S. Forest Service in Washington, D. C., and a year later was ap- pointed to his presenu position. Durineg the recent war he was given leave of absence to serve as an economist and consultant to the Lumber and Lumber Products Division of the War Production Board. Although philosophical about it, he confesses that he is baffled by the circumstances of a professional career which he entered because of a love of the outdoors but which has swept him into Washington where huntingt and fishing, perquisites of a forester's life must be :enjoyed vicariously. He has writ- ten extensively for conservation magazines and other, periodicals.

HELMUT LANDSBERG was born in Frankfurt-am- Main, Germnany, Febru- ary 9, 1906. He received his Ph.D. in Meteorology and Geo- physics from the Uni- versity of Frankfurt in

. 1930 and taught these subjects for seven years

Kat The Pennsylvania State College. Early in 1941 he joined the staff

of the Departmient of Meteorol ogy of The Uni- versity of Chicago; from '1942 to 1945 he was consultant an(l operatio-ns analyst with the U. S. Army Air Forces. In his tour of duty he, traveled in England, North Africa, West Africa, and in the Pacific islanid area, thus serving his country and indulging his hobby .at the same time. He is -now in Washington working on a special research. project in applied climatology iii conulection with the Weather Bureau.

MEET THE AUTHORS, Continued A. COR1NoELIUS BENJA- MIN is John H. Latlrop

was aProfessor of Philosophy and Chairman of the Department at the Uni- versity of Missouri. He is a graduate alof the Universi-ty of Michigani where he received his Ph.D. in philosophy in

1t924. He has taught philosophy at the Uni- versity of Illinois and

at The lUiversity of Chicago; in 1930-31 he was a Guggenheim Fellow in Philosophy, during which time he studied in France and Eng- land. In addition to numerous articles in current educational and philosophical journals, Dr. Benjamin is the aiuthor of The Logical Struc- ture of Science and Introduction to the Phi- losophy of Science. At the St. Louis meeting, of the A.A.A.S. he was one of those selected to form the

groud

for the reorganization of Section

wL,

to be devoted to the history and philosophy of scienee.

MICHAELr BoRis SHIM- KIN, M.D., was born in Tomsk, Siberia, October 7, 1912, of Russian par- entage. His grand- faather was governor- general of Simpolitinsk Oblast, and his, father, a civil engineer, was in charge of a section of the famous Trans-Si- berian Railway. Dr. Sbimkin came with his

parents to the United States in 1922. He received his A.B. degree from the University of Californ:ia in 1-933 and his M.D. from the same university's Medical School in 1936. His principal work since has been in cancer rese-arch. Interested also -in public health, Dr. Shimkin~ was one of three medical officers covering the Third Army area (Europe 1944-1945) on problems of civilian public health, displaced persons, and concentration camps. In August 1945 he was named Assistant Chief, Office of Interna- tional h-ealth Relations, Office of the Surgeon General,' and helped plan for the establishment of the World Health Organization. In May 1946 he went to Liberia to inspect the Public, Hlealth Service Mission there. Hiis headquarters arc in Washington, D. C.



iv TIE SCIENT'IFIC MOATTJLLI

MEET THE AUTHORS, Continued Ey WINSLOW H. HA TFO D

was born June 1, 1910, in Newvtonville Mass. Following -undergradu- ate trainiiig in chem- isti-y at B3oston Univer-

bee sity and the MassaChu- pany osetts Institute of Tech-

nolog y, he r-eceived his cm ul iPh D. in inorganic

chemistry fromR a the lat- ter school ian 1933. Since that date he has

been emploved by the Mutual Chem-iical Com- pany of America, m-anufacturers of chrom-ium compounds, in Baltimor e and now holds the position of Rcsearch Group Leader. He is the auto of seeal papers and patents, mi-ostly in the field of chromium chemistry. He is a member of the Engineers Club of Baltimore and of the American Chemical Society, serving its Maryland Section as Publicity Chairman. After D)r. Hartford wrote his pr-esent article about Ira Rerasen and( Roger Adams, Professor Adams received still another award, the Richards Medal of the Northeastern Section of the Ainerican Chemical Society. Dr. Hartford's principal hobby is hiking, arid he is President of the MoLuntain Cluib of Maryland.

R. L. STEYAEIRr Avas born in Schaerbeek, a suburb of Brussels, Bel-

his childhood he writ S: "I camne very early in contact with things and inen pertaining to Cen- tral Africa. A iater-

nfil edi uncle of minse had been one of the early

x IyungSteaerwpioneers in the Congo but was killned in a

scuffle with warring hibes in 1S98. .Anthro- pophagism of conquered enemies being a native -itunal at that time, onie mnay guess where his re- mnains vanishcd. His friemids and comnrades uised to visi-t our home, and- my early boyhood was filled with tales of the vast anid mysteriouis African hinterland." At the outbreak of World War I young kSteyaert was at the seaside with his mnother and brother. They fled to Englandl upon the approach of the invasion forces, and for more than four years he studied. in English schools, picking up his knowledge, of the lan- guage there. Returning to Belgiini, lie entered,

MEET THE AUTHORS, Continued

in 1933, the State's Agricultural College in Geml- bloux, graduating in 1927 as lngenieur agr,onomc colonial. For the next twelve months, he ful- filled, as myiust every Belgian citizen, his military obligations and inunuediately afterward went to Gembloux to specialize in plant pathology. In 1929 he sailed wvith his wife for the Congo, wher e he eventually became consulting Plant Pathologist to the Agricultural Service of the Eastern (now Stanleyville) Province. Later he took over the direction of the Division of Plant Pathology of the INEAC and in the course of his work traveled extensively throughout the Congo coordinating research on plant-di.sease problems. H:e has published many papers on his researich. At present Mr. Steyaert is on leave in Belgium.

JEssE A. FERNA'NDEZ

MARTT'NE~Z was born of Spanish ancestry in Havana, Cuba, in 1923. At the age of twelve he was sent to Europe and wen-t to high school in Spain u'ntil the out- br-eak of the Spanish Civil War. Returning to Cuba, he studied electr,.ical. engi-neering. for a year at the Uni-

veisi'ty of Havana. In 1940 he came to the United States to study radio engineering an(d scientific jouinalismn at a Philadelphia technical institute. Mr. Mau tinez is interested in all science but.particularly in chemistry and physics. His principal hobby is the collecting of scientific papers, magazines, and books from all over the -world, in many languages. This goes well with his second hobby, the study of languages. He speaks, reads, and writes French, Spanish, English, German, Italian, and Portu- guese and is now learning Chinese, which, be says, "is not a joke." Mr. Martinez now holds the position of Scientific Editor of a Cuban muagazine, the first position of its kind on any Cuban periodical. His great desire is to see the knowledge and appreciation of science wicde- 3pread throughout his native Cuba.

JAMES F. BENDER is Director of the National [nstitute for human Relations, 545 Fifth. Ave., New York 17. His article on "Do You Know Someone Who Stutters ?" (September 1944 SM) sti.ll elicits occasionial iniquiries.



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v] THE SCIENTIFIC MONT'HLY

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Smithsonian-Edition of Dahigreen Etchings Now Available to the Public Last year the artist Charles W. Dahlgreen,

of Oak Park, Ill., presented the Smithsonian Institution with 94 of his etched and dry- pointed copper plates and suggested that a new edition of prints from some of them be made available at popular prices. Accordingly, the Institution had a new edition printed, "The Smithsonian Institution Edition," and in No- vember 42 of the prints were placed on exhi- bition in the Smithsonian Building in Washing- ton. The response from those who saw them was so immediate and so gratifying that it was felt that people generally should be given an opportunity to see and own these fine etchings. An illustrated catalogue describing the Dahl- green prints ras then projected.

The Prints Included in the new edition is some of Mr.

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The Charles W. Dahlgreen Fund Proceeds from the sale of these etchings

will form the Charles W. I)ahlgreen Fund for the enlargement and improvement of the graphic-arts collections of the Smithsonian In- stitution. A purchaser of a Dahlgreen etching therefore will not only possess a fine, original work of art for his home or private collection, but will aid in the advancensent of the national graphic-arts collections.

How to Order Prints Send for a free copy of the illustrated

catalogue of the Dahlgreen etchings, which is now being prepared. Your iniame will be placed on the list of persons to receive the catalogue as soon as it is off the press. If you wish to have prints insmediately, you may order from the small grouLp illustrated on this page or, if possible, call at the Divisioss of Graphic Arts, Smithsonian Building, Washington, D. C., and make your selections from the entire group. Remnittances should be made payable to the Smithsonian Institution. Trhe accompanying coupon may be used in ordering.

Smithsonian Institution Washington 25, D. C. Please send the n.umber of copies of the Dahlgreen prints indicated below:

......... .Plate 246 . .....J..I'late 143 ...... Plate 159 Name. Address .............................. City . State .

Li Please send me the Dahlgreen catalogue.

Plate 1143 "A(ross the River" 4.12 x 6.8 $3.50

late 246 ''Rail Fen'ee' 5.14 x 7.9 $4.50

IPlate 159 "Grand Canyon Road" 7.13 x 9.13 $6.00



vi., TiLE S CIENTIF10C MONTHLY Vill ___________ __._ ,____

...........

Thel hnt that etanme n hpndse-t

Telephone operators in New York, Atlanta and Montrea wore the strange head-dress you see above. It's a special gauging instrument-Bel' Laboratories scientists used ii to measure head contours ir designing the new headset.

With the new set, the telephone user can hear the operator more clearly, and she ir turn hears better too-througl the improved receiver and transmitter. Her voice enters the transmitter at an even level because, as she turns,

the mouthpiece moves with her. Neckstrap and horn are eliminated. The whole thing weighs less than six ounces.

The new Bell System headset brings together the latest techniques in voice transmission and the ideas of the operators themselves-offering comfort, convenience, and electrical efficiency.

Out of new knowledge has come this novel head telephone fitted to the operator and designed to improve your telephone service.

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is B..s ........

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BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES

Exploring and inventing, devising and perfecting for continued improvements and economies in telephone service



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