Front Matter Source: Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 53, No. 1 (Feb., 1984), pp. i-xiii Published by: British Ecological Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4337 . Accessed: 07/05/2014 16:03 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. . British Ecological Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Animal Ecology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 169.229.32.136 on Wed, 7 May 2014 16:03:30 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Transcript
Front MatterSource: Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 53, No. 1 (Feb., 1984), pp. i-xiiiPublished by: British Ecological SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4337 .
Accessed: 07/05/2014 16:03
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
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British Ecological Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal ofAnimal Ecology.
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Detailed instructions for authors, typists and illustrators are available on request from Blackwell Scientific Publications, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, or from the editors; also see the GUIDE TO CONTRIBUTORS J. Anim. Ecol., 53, i-xiii.
The Journal publishes original research papers on any aspect of animal ecology but prefers an experimental, analytical or theoretical approach to real data; purely theoretical, descriptive or review papers may be accepted on occasion at the discretion of the editors. All papers accepted become the copyright of the Journal.
The standard is maintained by referees and it is in the interest of aspiring authors to remember that referees are busy people. Concise, logical and unequivocal presentation, as well as scientific excellence are essential to a favourable report. Brevity is also a virtue. In particular, Ph.D. theses need to be completely re-written before presentation. Otherwise delay in publication is inevitable.
Format should be examined in the Journal Titles should be brief and to the point. Running page headlines should be suggested. Tables should be clearly headed and, if possible, self-explanatory. Each Table must be on a separate sheet. Figures must be well drawn in Indian ink and labelled on a photo-copy only. Legends to figures should be self-explanatory and must be collected on a separate sheet because Figures go to the block maker, their legends to the printer. Indicate positions of Tables and Figures in the margin of the text. References must have journal titles in full (see in the Journal). Measurements should be metric; if not, metric equivalents must be given. Latin names of genera and species should be given in full, with authority at first mention. Latin names of genera and species only should be underlined. Dates should be written in full: 29 February 1984. All papers should have a self-contained summary giving actual results in simple, factual, numbered statements. The summary should follow the title page. All MSS must be double spaced with wide margins. Two copies of text and figures should be provided.
Send all MSS and correspondence to Dr L. R. Taylor, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ.
This journal is covered by Current Contents, ASCA and Science Citation Index. ? 1984 British Ecological Society. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by The British Ecological Society for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $02.00 per copy is paid directly to CCC, 21 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970, U.S.A. Special requests should be addressed to the Editor. 0021-8790/84 $02.00
NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS
The Journal is published three times a year. The subscription price for 1984 to non-members of the British Ecological Society is ?62.00 (overseas ?74.50; U.S.A. and Canada $155.00, including cost of airfreight) per volume. All back numbers are available. Correspondence concerning advertising, enquiries and orders should be sent to the publishers, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL. Copies of the journal are despatched by air freight to New York for forwarding by surface mail throughout North and South America, and by air freight to Singapore for forwarding by surface mail to subscribers in India, Australasia and the Far East. U.S. Mailing Agent, Expediters of the Printed Word Ltd, 527 Madison Avenue, Suite 1217, New York, N.Y. 10022. Second class postage paid at New York.
Postmaster: send address corrections to Journal of Animal Ecology, c/o Expediters of the Printed Word Ltd, 527 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10022 (U.S. mailing agent).
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A GUIDE FOR CONTRIBUTORS TO THE JOURNALS AND SYMPOSIA OF THE BRITISH ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY
(REVISED 1983)
INTRODUCTION
This guide has two parts: one gives instructions and the other gives advice. Please ensure that the person who types your paper sees the instructions on typing; failure to follow them will cause delay and may result in the manuscript being returned. If you follow the advice on presentation (p. 6) it may save you, the editors and the referees much labour. It is intended primarily for inexperienced authors, but even the experienced may find it useful.
INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS
Typing
(a) Submit a total of two copies of the text and keep one yourself for checking proofs. Type on one side of the paper only, and use double-spacing throughout (including References and Tables with their captions), with additional spacings for the major headings. Leave a margin 2.5 cm wide at the top, bottom and both sides.
(b) A4-size paper is preferred; where standard American 11 x 8? inch paper is used the left margin should be 3.5 cm wide.
(c) Start each of the following sections on a fresh page, and arrange in the following sequence: Title-page, Summary, Text, Acknowledgments, References, Appendices, Tables (each on a separate page), Legends to Figures (not on separate pages), Legends to Plates.
(d) All the sheets of the typescript must be numbered consecutively. The pages should not be stapled together.
(e) Use capitals only for the title, the author's name, major headings, letters used as abbreviations or symbols, the initial letters of Table, Fig. and Expt, and the names of computer programs.
(f) Underline words and letters to be set in italics, the latin names of organisms, foreign words and abbreviations of them (c., in vivo, et al., v.), abbreviations used for statistics (F, n, P, r, t) and mathematical symbols in the text.
(g) On the title-page give the full title in capitals, a suggested running head-line (not more than 45 letters and spaces), the name(s) of the author(s) in capitals, and the address where the work was done. The present address(es) of the author(s) should be given at the foot of the title page. The name of the author who will check the proofs, and the full postal address, if not already given, must be indicated on the title page.
Generalformat
Authors should follow the format in recent issues of the Society's journals. Please note the following points especially.
(i) Title
Do not give the authorities for latin names, but it is often desirable to give the family and/or order in parentheses, or an indication of the nature of the organism named, e.g. a planktonic diatom. Use common names only if they are well established and unequivocal.
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Carefully chosen headings are helpful but a multitude of headings confuses the reader. A hierarchy of three headings is usually sufficient, viz.
MATERIALS AND METHODS (capitals, centre)
Population structure and dynamics (italics, lower case, centre)
Estimate of age (italic, lower case, left)
(iii) Footnotes
These should be avoided if possible. If absolutely unavoidable, type the footnote at the bottom of the sheet with a complete line typed or drawn above; the word 'footnote' should be written in the left-hand margin and encircled.
Detailed instructions concerning the text
(i) Spelling Wherever possible, use the spelling in the Oxford English Dictionary. Words such as
'generalize' and 'summarize' should be spelt with an '-ize' ending. Use capitals only for proper names, e.g. Great Britain and as indicated in section (e) on p. 1.
Except for some commonly-used expressions, adjectival nouns should be joined by a hyphen to the noun they qualify, e.g. time-span.
Sequential points listed in the text should be designated (a), (b), etc. or (i), (ii), etc. using parentheses.
Single quote marks only should be used to emphasize specific words or phrases, or for quotations.
(ii) Latin names Authorities for latin names should be cited in one of the following forms. (a) Where fewer than, say, six names occur in the text, the appropriate authorities
should be given at first mention (but not thereafter and never underlined). (b) Where considerable numbers of latin names occur in the text and nomenclature
follows standard works that are accessible, these works should be cited at the end of the Introduction, in the Materials and Methods or in the Study Area section.
(c) Where nomenclature is more confused, a full list of species and authorities should be given in a table or an appendix.
Authorities need not be given for the latin names of species investigated in cited references.
When a latin name is repeated within a few paragraphs, the generic name may be abbreviated to the initial letter, provided that no other generic name intervenes and the meaning is clear.
Vernacular names of organisms are printed without initial capitals, except where a proper name is involved, e.g. white clover, but Scots pine. Anglicized names of higher taxa should not have initial capitals, e.g. empids for Empididae.
(iii) Names of plant associations (sensu Braun-Blanquet) These should be underlined. Authorities should be given at the first mention but need not
be supported by citation of the relevant paper in the References.
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Avoid abbreviations if possible and give full names before using uncommon abbreviations. New abbreviations should be coined only for unwieldy names that occur frequently. Do not use unusual abbreviations in the Summary.
Some common abbreviations are listed in Appendix 1. Abbreviations which end with the same letter as the full (e.g. Dr) do not need a point.
(v) Symbols for isotopes Use a left superscript, e.g. 14C, and NaH14CO3.
(vi) Units of measurement
SI units are strongly preferred and metric equivalents must be given if other units are used. See Appendix 2 for the SI units that are acceptable. Use the form m-2, m-2 year-1 or spell out in full 'per square metre', 'per square metre per year'. Slope should be recorded in degrees, not percentage, except for rivers.
Use units that are appropriate to the scale of the work reported, e.g. cm or ha rather than the SI base unit m multiplied by some factor of 10, similarly g rather than 10-3 kg. Use 1 and not dm3, M and not mol 1-~.
(vii) Numbers
Use figures where a unit of measurement is given, e.g. 2 m, 250 ml, 30%, 24 + 2-1, but use words for numbers under 100 or beginning a sentence, e.g. four men, forty-three samples (note hyphen), 145 sheep.
Do not use a comma or space in numbers up to 9999; large numbers should be divided into groups of three figures with a space (but no comma) between each group, e.g. 2570, 10 300, 42 500 000.
Only rarely is there justification for giving more than three significant figures.
(viii) Formulae
Mathematical formulae will always be set in italics, except operators (d, log, In, exp) and constants, which will be in Roman type, and matrices and vectors, which will be set in bold type. The author should indicate characters to be set in Roman or bold type. Letters from the Greek alphabet should be encircled when first introduced, with an explanatory note in the margin. It is the author's responsibility to confirm at proof stage that the type faces used in the formulae are correct.
(ix) Dates and times
In the text write out the month in full, e.g. 27 January 1972, though this may be shortened in tables and figures. Use the form 2-7 January for a period of time within a single month, but the form 'from 2 January to 10 February' for longer periods and 1972-81 not 1972-1981.
Use the 24-hour clock for times of day, e.g. 06.30 hours. Radiocarbon dates should be quoted in the form '2500 years B.P.' or '550 B.C.' (not bp or bc). In table listing radiocarbon determinations, laboratory reference numbers as given in Radiocarbon should be quoted.
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(Note the spelling.) These should be kept short by stringing names together.
(xi) References References should be cited in the text in the following forms: White (1972); White
(1972a, b); White & Black (1973); White, Black & Grey (1974); (White 1972); (White 1970, 1971); (White 1970; Black 1971). For three authors, all names should be given throughout. Use et al. throughout if there are more than three authors.
List References in alphabetical order at the end of the paper in the following standard form, giving the journal titles in full:
Ansell, A. D., Lander, K. F., Coughlan, J. & Loosmore, F. A. (1964). Studies on the hardshell clam, Venus mercenaria, in British waters. I. Growth and reproduction in natural and experimental colonies. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1, 63-82.
Duffey, E. & Watt, A.S. (Eds) (1971). The Scientific Management of Animal and Plant Communities for Conservation. Symposia of the British Ecological Society, 11. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Hudson, J. P. (1965). Gauges for the study of evapotranspiration rates. Methodology of Plant Eco-Physiology (Ed. by F. E. Eckardt), pp. 443-52. Proceedings of the Montpellier Symposium 1962. UNESCO, Paris.
Hutchinson, G. E. (1971). Scale effects in ecology. Spatial Patterns and Statistical Distributions. Vol. 1. Statistical Ecology (Ed. by G. P. Patil, E. C. Pielou & W. E. Waters) pp. xvii-xxvi. Pennsylvania University Press, University Park.
Smith, P. C. (1975). A study of the winter feeding ecology and behaviour of the bar-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica. Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham.
Quote conference reports by the year of publication, not the year of the meeting unless in title.
Ensure that all references are cited accurately. The editors or subeditors will not check references in detail, but any errors that are detected usually delay publication.
A paper may only be cited 'in press' if it has been accepted by a journal, and then the journal must be cited in the References. Papers not yet accepted should be cited in the text as 'unpublished' and not as 'in preparation', and omitted from the References; cite the initials of the author(s) of unpublished work.
Tables and illustrations
Tables, plates and figures should be kept in separate series and numbered in Arabic numerals. The approximate position of each should be indicated in the margin of the typescript. It is very important that they should be readily understood without reference to the text.
(i) Tables
Study the lay-out of tables published previously in the Society's journals. The following points are important:
(a) The heading to the table should be brief while including all the relevant information. Additional information can be given as a footnote below the table.
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(b) Ruled lines are not usually printed and are not necessary if spacing is adequate.
(ii) Figures Draw figures in black ink on plastic, tracing paper or feint-ruled graph paper. Bear in
mind, when preparing a figure, that after reduction it must fit the type area (131 x 202 mm) and yet not lose clarity. Aim for a 50% linear reduction with lines 0 5 mm thick.
Send two photographs or photocopies with your text. Clearly mark the lettering, labelling, shading and orientation on the photocopies but not on the original. Lettering, labelling and shading on the original will usually be done by the publishers. Original figures should be sent in accordance with the 'Notice to Contributors' of the individual journal.
It is customary to place scale markers inside the axes. Labels on the vertical axes run vertically. The publishers may re-draw diagrams where necessary.
Explanatory material, keys to symbols, etc., should be placed in the legend to the figure; it may also be added to the figure itself where this aids clarity.
(iii) Photographs Limited use of good quality black-and-white photographs may convey more effectively
the nature of any complex apparatus used or the plant or animal community investigated. Prints should be unmounted, glossy, with crisp detail and moderate contrast, between one-and-a-half and two times as large as they will appear in the journal. Write the author's name, the plate number, the orientation of the illustration and appropriate reduction lightly on the back of the print to avoid ridges on the front.
If lettering, scales, arrows, etc., are required, give the details on an overlay. No more than two black-and-white plates (each containing up to four photographs) will
be allowed for a single paper, although authors may request additional plates but must pay for them. The author must obtain permission to reproduce photographs if he is not the copyright holder. Acknowledgment of copyright should always be made in the form 'Photograph by ...'.
Proofs
Page proofs will be sent. Typescripts will not be returned to authors, hence the importance of retaining a copy. The proofs should be corrected, using the marks given in Appendix 3, and returned to the editor with the least possible delay. Only essential corrections should be made. Authors are asked to pay particular attention to the checking of numerical matter, mathematical formulae (see earlier), tables and lists of names. Authors, when returning proofs, should indicate if they wish the original of their text-figures and photographs to be returned to them.
Offprints
One hundred offprints will be provided gratis. Additional copies may be purchased and these should be ordered when the proofs are returned. Offprints are despatched about 4 weeks after publication.
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Correspondence concerning back numbers, offprints, advertising and sales to libraries should be addressed to the publisher: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL.
ADVICE TO CONTRIBUTORS
(Mainly for new authors)
Remember that your objective is to communicate information to readers and consider first what information you wish to communicate. Try to imagine yourself as the reader and bear in mind the kind of person you expect to read your paper. Select your journal accordingly. Remember that your reader's first language may not be English and avoid jargon words and the construction of phrases with linked nouns.
Writing your paper is arguably the most important phase of your research programme; work that is unpublished or badly presented is essentially work not done.
Ask a colleague to read the whole of your paper critically before the final version is typed. The following advice gives only an outline what many books on scientific writing spell out in detail.
Remember that, in spite of excuses to the contrary, survey shows that most ecologists agree very closely on what is an ideal style (see Kirkman (1975) Bulletin of the British Ecological Society VI, ii). That style is direct and concise. Practice this before writing for public scrutiny.
Most readers are busy people, another reason why your paper should be direct and concise. Few people will read your paper in full. Most will read only the Title, probably in a current awareness journal or in a list of contents; many will read the Title and Summary but nothing else; some will read the Summary and Introduction, look carefully at figures and tables and perhaps scan the text. A few people will read the whole paper carefully.
TITLE
The title is the most important part of your paper. On the basis of the title, readers will decide whether to read further. It should be as informative, as accurate and as succinct as possible. It should reflect the content and the ecological significance of the paper.
SUMMARY
The summary is perhaps the next most important part of your paper. It should state clearly and briefly the object of your study, the methods used, the results obtained and your conclusions. It should not exceed 5% of the length of your paper. It should not introduce ideas or information not in the text. It should normally be in the form of short numbered paragraphs.
INTRODUCTION
Since it is sometimes difficult to introduce something which you have not yet written, it may be advisable to write this section last.
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The introduction sets the scene for your paper. It should say why you did the work. If the work follows naturally from other published papers, a brief statement with a few key references will be sufficient because most of your readers will already know the literature. If the paper introduces a new line of approach or reasoning, a more detailed argument may be need. If this follows a complex model, especially a mathematical one, the logic should be clearly stated in its ecological context.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This section is probably the easiest to write. We suggest that you start writing it first. Carefully read the detailed guidance in the Instructions section.
RESULTS
The text of the results section should focus the reader's attention on the features that you regard as being most important. Do not reiterate all the data presented in figures and tables.
After the Title and Summary, the data are next in importance. Present the data so that the reader can grasp the important features as quickly and easily as possible. Both figures and tables are far more effective than long verbal descriptions. In general, figures are most effective; but good original data of lasting value should be presented in tables or appendices, arranged to use space efficiently, e.g. by condensing tables containing large numbers of zeros. Use figures to illustrate derived values, fitted models or hypotheses. Give careful thought to the headings of tables and the legends to figures; without them the data are often meaningless. If you want the reader to compare sets of data, present them in grouped figures (e.g. Fig. 1 a-d) or in a single table or group of tables.
Indicate the statistical significance of data by relevant S.D.'s or other statistics. If you have used new, complex or unusual analyses, describe them in Materials and Methods and, where necessary, give references. Observe normal statistical practice, especially in the need to transform data if the data are not normally distributed or the variance is not independent of the mean.
DISCUSSION
The object of the discussion is to place your findings in the context of previous studies and the present state of the subject. If you wish to express opinions on the value, validity and veracity of your own work and that of others, they should be backed by evidence. Most referees and editors will allow space for a small amount of speculation and suggestions for further study. You may be more tempted to extend the discussion than any other section. Take extra care to make it as precise and concise as possible.
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(i) Read at least one good book on scientific writing and heed its advice. (ii) Carefully define the main object of the work and the conclusions you wish to
communicate in your paper. Consider which would be the most suitable journal for your paper, on the basis of its content and readership.
(iii) Carefully define your potential reader. Write with him in mind and try to imagine yourself in his position.
(iv) Do not start at the Introduction and work systematically through. Start at the easiest part, usually Materials and Methods. Leave the most difficult parts, usually Discussion and Introduction, until last, but make the purpose of your paper clear.
(v) Remember that very few people will read the whole of your paper. The parts, in order of importance are the Title, Summary, data and the rest.
(vi) Most readers are busy people, who see many hundreds of papers each year. Make it easy for them to extract the essence of your paper in the Title, Summary and figures.
(vii) Your reputation will not be enhanced by a permanent record of woolly thinking. (viii) Write a direct, precise and concise style.
APPENDIX 1
Annotated list of common abbreviations and symbols
When in doubt, spell out.
larger than larger than or equal to not equal to proportional to smaller than smaller than or equal to ampere approximately approximately equals before present calorie centimetre change per 10?C rise chi-squared
cultivar Curie day degree Celsius degrees of freedom degrees of latitude degrees of slope diameter diameter at breast height (1.3 7 m) dry weight edition editor(s) Einstein (unit of photon flux) equation equivalent experiment exponential figure(s) fresh weight girth at breast height (1 .3 7 m) gram gravity, acceleration due to hectare hour hydrogen ion activity, negative
logarithm of infinity infra-red joule kilogram kilometre litre (dm3)
logarithm logarithm (base e) log of soil water tension (cm) lumen maximum mean value of x metre Michaelis constant milli-equivalent milli-osmole minimum minute (time) minute (angle) molar (I mole 1-l)
cv. Ci not to be abbreviated ?C (no space between ? and C, e.g. 15 ?C) d.f. o (e.g. 15 0N) o (not %) not to be abbreviated dbh dry wt edn ed. (eds) not to be abbreviated eqn equiv. (use mol normally) Expt (abbreviate only in tables, not in text) exp x or ex Fig. (Figs) fresh wt gbh g g ha h
pH (plural, pH values) oo i.r. J kg km I (avoid abbreviation if it could be confused with
1 when in print, e.g. 1 litre) log10 In or loge pF (use J m-2 or W m-2, see below) max. x m Km
m-equiv. (m-mol is preferred) m-osmol. min. min ' (e.g. 27') M
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month National Grid reference National Nature Reserve not significant number number of observations ohm page (pages) paragraph parts per billion parts per million per cent potential difference probability (statistical) radiocarbon radius relative humidity second (time) second (angle) species standard deviation standard error of mean Student's t (statistic) sub-species sum of temperature time, period of cycle tonne (103 kg) ultraviolet variance ratio variety volt volume watt year
not to be abbreviated not to be abbreviated N.N.R. N.S. not to be abbreviated n
p. (pp.) para. not to be used (use ,g kg-~ or ,g 1-1) not to be used (use ,ug g-I or mg 1-1)
p.d. P 14C
not to be abbreviated r.h. s
"(e.g. 27") sp. (plural, spp.) S.D. S.E. tn (where n = number of degrees of freedom) ssp. (plural, sspp.) y temp., t T t u.v. F var. V vol. W not to be abbreviated
APPENDIX 2
SI units
The Systeme International d'Unites (SI) has seven base units, as follows.
Physical quantity length mass time current thermodynamic temperature
Base unit
metre kilogram second ampere kelvin
Abbreviation
m kg s
A K
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luminous intensity candela cd amount of substance mole mol
There are two supplementary SI units plane angle radian rad solid angle steradian sr
Certain prefixes are recommended for use with SI units. These should be used as appropriate to the scale of work reported. The more common ones are as follows.
Prefix Name Abbreviation
10-9 nano n 10-6 micro , 10-3 milli m 10-2 centi c 10-1 deci d 10 deca da 103 kilo k 106 mega M 109 giga G
Compound prefixes should not be used. Abbreviations do not take a plural form and should not be followed by a full stop, e.g.
use 5 cm (not 5 cm. or 5 cms). 'Micron' and 'Angstr6m' are no longer acceptable. Replace by 'micrometre' (,um) and
'nanometre' (10-1 nm), respectively. Volume may continue to be measured in litres, since the litre has been redefined as
the special name for 1 dm3. Several of the derived SI units with special names are particularly relevant to
ecologists.
Name of Symbol for Definition of Physical quantity SI unit SI unit SI unit
energy joule J kg m2 s-2 force newton N kg m s-2 = J m-' power watt W kg m2 s-3 - J s-l pressure pascal Pa kg m-1 s-2 = N m-2 = J m-3 electric charge coulomb C A s electric potential difference volt V J A-1 s- electric resistance ohm Q V A-'
The degree Celsius (?C), the Curie (Ci) and the Einstein (spelt in full) will continue to be used, as will the common units for time (hour, year, etc.), area (hectare), weight (tonne) and angle (degree, minute and second), despite the fact that none of these units is part of the SI.
Calorie and lumen are no longer acceptable. Replace by Joule (J) or by J m-2 or W m2. SI units, symbols and abbreviations should be used, except when clarity requires an
expanded version, i.e. spell out in full if in doubt. There has been confusion in the literature with regard to radiometric and photometric
units. Authors are referred to Incoll, L. D., Long, S. P. & Ashmore, M. R. (1977), Current Advances in Plant Science, 3,331-343 and to Bell, C. J. & Rose, D. A. (1981), Plant, Cell
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and Environment, 4, 89-96 for recent discussions of the problems. The rate at which radiant energy is received at a surface is termed irradiance, and the unit is W m-2. Fluxes of radiation over vegetation are defined as a flux density, and the unit is still W m-2. In studies of physiological processes it is often more appropriate to use photometric units. A mole is Avagadro's number of photons, and the preferred unit for photon flux density is mol m-2 s-'. The use of the Einstein in place of the mole is incorrect.
APPENDIX 3
Symbols for proof correction
Make the appropriate marks in ink in the margin and also in the text (see below). Where several corrections occur in one line, they may be divided between the right and left margins. When in doubt, write out your instruction in full, and write clearly. Any comments or instructions to the printer should be encircled and preceded by PRINTER (in capitals and underlined).
Instruction to printer Leave unchanged Insert in text the matter
indicated in the margin Delete
Delete and close up
Substitute character or substitute part of one or more word(s)
Change to italics
Change to capitals
Change to small capitals
Change to bold type
Change to bold italic
Change to lower case
Change italic to upright typ Insert 'superior' character
Insert 'inferior' character
Insert full stop Insert comma
Textual mark
.. . under matter to remain
H-{ through matter to be deleted
through matter to be deleted
/through letter or \ through word
_______under matter to be changed under matter to be
changed _____ under matter to be
changed under matter to be
changed under matter to be
changed Encircle matter to be
changed )e [As above]
through character or / where required
[As above]
[As above] [As above]
Marginal mark
New matter followed by
New letter or new word
.1-2---"
T under character, e.g.
-
~ over character, e.g. i
?)
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