FuelCell Presentationl

7/30/2019 FuelCell Presentationl

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Hydrogen Fuel CellTechnology


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Scheme of Presentation What is Fuel cell How does Fuel cell works Types of Fuel cell? Importance of Hydrogen Hydrogen production Uses of Fuel cells

Benefits of fuel cell Technology Challenges to fuel cell Technology Conclusion


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What is a Fuel Cell? A Fuel Cell is an electrochemical device

that combines hydrogen and oxygen to

produce electricity, with water and heatas its by-product.


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Why is Fuel CellTechnology Important? Since conversion of the fuel to energy

takes place via an electrochemical

process, not combustion It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient

process- two to three times more efficient

than fuel burning.


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How does a Fuel Cellwork? It operates similarly to a battery, but it

does not run down nor does it require

recharging As long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel Cell

will produce both energy and heat


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How does a Fuel Cellwork? A Fuel Cell consists of two catalyst

coated electrodes surrounding an

electrolyte One electrode is an anode and the other

is a cathode


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How does a Fuel Cellwork? The process begins when Hydrogen

molecules enter the anode

The catalyst coating separateshydrogens negatively charged electrons

from the positively charged protons


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How does a Fuel Cellwork? The electrolyte allows the protons to pass

through to the cathode, but not the

electrons Instead the electrons are directed

through an external circuit which creates

electrical current


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How does a Fuel Cellwork? While the electrons pass through the external

circuit, oxygen molecules pass through the

cathode There the oxygen and the protons combine

with the electrons after they have passedthrough the external circuit

When the oxygen and the protons combinewith the electrons it produces water and heat


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How does a Fuel Cellwork?


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How does a Fuel Cellwork? Individual fuel cells can then be placed in

a series to form a fuel cell stack

The stack can be used in a system topower a vehicle or to provide stationarypower to a building


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Major Types of Fuel Cells In general all fuel cells have the same

basic configuration - an electrolyte and

two electrodes Different types of fuel cells are classified

by the kind of electrolyte used

The type of electrolyte used determinesthe kind of chemical reactions that takeplace and the temperature range ofoperation


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Major Types of Fuel Cells Proton Exchange Membrane

(PEM) This is the leading cell type for

passenger car application

Uses a polymer membrane asthe electrolyte

Operates at a relatively lowtemperature, about 175 degrees

Has a high power density, can

vary its output quickly and issuited for applications wherequick startup is required makingit popular for automobiles

Sensitive to fuel impurities


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Major Types of Fuel Cells Direct Methanol (a subset of PEM)

Expected efficiencies of 40% plus low operatingtemperatures between 120-190 degrees

Also uses a polymer membrane as the electrolyte Different from PEM because the anode catalyst is

able to draw hydrogen from methanol without areformer

Used more for small portable power applications,possibly cell phones and laptops


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Major Types of Fuel Cells Phosphoric Acid

This is the most commerciallydeveloped fuel cell

It generates electricity at morethan 40% efficiency

Nearly 85% of the steamproduced can be used forcogeneration

Uses liquid phosphoric acid

as the electrolyte andoperates at about 450degrees F

One main advantage is that itcan use impure hydrogen asfuel


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Major Types of Fuel Cells Molten Carbonate

Promises high fuel-to-electricity efficiency and the abilityto utilize coal based fuels

Uses an electrolyte composed of a molten carbonate saltmixture

Require carbon dioxide and oxygen to be delivered tothe cathode

Operates at extremely high temperatures 1200 degrees

Primarily targeted for use as electric utility applications Have been operated on hydrogen, carbon monoxide,

natural gas, propane, landfill gas, marine diesel andsimulated coal gasification products


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Major Types of Fuel Cells Molten Carbonate Fuel

Cell Because of the extreme

high temperatures, non-precious metals can beused as catalysts at theanode and cathode whichhelps reduces cost

Disadvantage is durability

The high temperaturerequired and the corrosiveelectrolyte acceleratebreakdown and corrosioninside the fuel cell


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Major Types of Fuel Cells Solid Oxide

Uses a hard, non-porousceramic compound as theelectrolyte

Can reach 60% power-generating efficiency

Operates at extremely hightemperatures 1800 degrees

Used mainly for large, high

powered applications such asindustrial generating stations,mainly because it requiressuch high temperatures


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Major Types of Fuel Cells Alkaline

Used mainly by military and space programs

Can reach 70% power generating efficiency, butconsidered to costly for transportation applications

Used on the Apollo spacecraft to provide electricityand drinking water

Uses a solution of potassium hydroxide in water asthe electrolyte and operates at 75 -160 degrees

Can use a variety of non-precious metals as catalystat the anode and cathode


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Major Types of Fuel Cells Alkaline Fuel Cell

Requires pure hydrogenand oxygen because it is

very susceptible to carboncontamination

Purification process of thehydrogen and oxygen iscostly

Susceptibility to poisoningaffects cells lifetime which

also affects the cost


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Importance of Hydrogen Fuel Cells require highly purified

hydrogen as a fuel

Researchers are developing a widerange of technologies to producehydrogen economically from a variety of

resources in environmentally friendlyways


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Importance of Hydrogen Hydrogen is a secondary energy

resource, meaning it must be made from

another fuel Hydrogen can be produced from a wide

variety of energy resources including: Fossil fuels, such as natural gas and coal

Nuclear energy Renewable resources, such as solar,water,

wind and biomass


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Hydrogen Production The biggest challenge regarding

hydrogen production is the cost

Reducing the cost of hydrogenproduction so as to compete in thetransportation sector with conventional

fuels on a per-mile basis is a significanthurdle to Fuel Cells success in the

commercial marketplace


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Hydrogen Production There are three general categories of

Hydrogen production

Thermal Processes Electrolyte Processes

Photolytic Processes


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Hydrogen Production Thermal Processes

Natural Gas Reforming

Gasification Renewable Liquid Reforming


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Hydrogen Production Natural Gas Reforming

Steam Methane Reforming Hydrogen is produced from methane in natural

gas using high-temperature steam

Methane reacts with the steam in presence of acatalyst to produce hydrogen

This process accounts for about 95% of the

hydrogen used today in the U.S. Partial oxidation

Produces hydrogen by burning methane in air


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Hydrogen Production Gasification

Process in which coal or biomass is

converted into gaseous components byapplying heat under pressure and in thepresence of steam

A subsequent series of chemical reactions

produces a synthesis gas which reacts withsteam to produce more hydrogen that canbe separated


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Hydrogen Production Renewable Liquid Reforming

Biomass is processed to make renewable

liquid fuels, such as ethanol or bio-oil, thatare then reacted with high-temperaturesteam to produce hydrogen

This process is very similar to reforming

natural gas


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Hydrogen Production Electrolytic Processes

Electrolytic processes use an electric current

to split water into hydrogen and oxygen The electricity required can be generated by

using renewable energy technologies suchas wind, solar, geothermal and hydroelectric

power


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Hydrogen Production Photolytic Processes

Uses light energy to split water into

hydrogen and oxygen These processes are in the very early

stages of research but offer the possibility ofhydrogen production which is cost effective

and has a low environmental impact


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Hydrogen Production Auto manufacturers have worked on

developing technology that would allow

fuel cell cars to continue using gasoline A reformer on the fuel cell car would

convert the gasoline to hydrogen

onboard the automobile Funding for this technology has been

pulled due to unsatisfactory efficiency


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How will the hydrogen bestored? Developing safe, reliable, compact and

cost-effective hydrogen storage is one of

the biggest challenges to widespread useof fuel cell technology

Hydrogen has physical characteristics

that make it difficult to store largequantities without taking up a great dealof space


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How will the hydrogen bestored? Hydrogen will need to be stored onboard

vehicles, at hydrogen production sites,

refueling stations and stationary powersites

Hydrogen has a very high energy content

by weight (3x more than gasoline) and avery low energy content by volume (4xless than gasoline)


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How will the hydrogen bestored? If the hydrogen is compressed and stored

at room temperature under moderate

pressure, too large a fuel tank would berequired

Researchers are trying to find light-

weight, safe, composite materials thatcan help reduce the weight and volumeof compressed gas storage systems


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How will the hydrogen bestored? Liquid hydrogen could be kept in a smaller tank

than gaseous hydrogen, but liquefyinghydrogen is complicated and not energyefficient

Liquid hydrogen is also extremely sensitive toheat and expands significantly when warmed

by even a few degrees, thus the tank insulationrequired affects the weight and volume thatcan be stored


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How will the hydrogen bestored? If the hydrogen is compressed and

cryogenically frozen it will take up a very

small amount of space requiring asmaller tank, but it must be keptsupercold- around -120 to -196 degreesCelsius


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How will the hydrogen bestored? Scientists are researching Materials-based

storage

This involves tightly binding hydrogen atoms ormolecules with other elements in a compound tostore larger quantities of hydrogen in smallervolumes at low pressure near room temperature

This technology is considered very promising but

additional research is needed to overcomeproblems dealing with capacity, cost, life cycleimpacts and the uptake and release of hydrogen


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How will the hydrogen bestored? Because hydrogen is thought to be an

alternative fuel for automobiles, much of

the research for hydrogen storage isfocused on onboard vehicles

Scientists are attempting to develop

technology that can rival the performanceand cost of gasoline fuel storage systems


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How will the hydrogen bestored? Using current storage technology, in

order to place a sufficient amount ofhydrogen onboard a vehicle to provide300-mile driving range the tank would belarger that the trunk of a typicalautomobile

This large of a tank would add to theoverall weight of the car and reduce fueleconomy


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How can Fuel Celltechnology be used? Transportation

Stationary Power Stations

Telecommunications Micro Power


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How can Fuel Cell technologybe used? Transportation

All major automakers areworking to commercialize a fuelcell car

Automakers and expertsspeculate that a fuel cell vehiclewill be commercialized by 2010

50 fuel cell buses are currently inuse in North and South America,

Europe, Asia and Australia Trains, planes, boats, scooters,

forklifts and even bicycles areutilizing fuel cell technology aswell


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How can Fuel Cell technologybe used? Stationary Power Stations

Over 2,500 fuel cell systems have beeninstalled all over the world in hospitals,

nursing homes, hotels, office buildings,schools and utility power plants

Most of these systems are either connectedto the electric grid to provide supplemental

power and backup assurance or as a grid-independent generator for locations that areinaccessible by power lines


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How can Fuel Cell technologybe used? Telecommunications

Due to computers, the Internet and

sophisticated communication networks thereis a need for an incredibly reliable powersource

Fuel Cells have been proven to be 99.999%

reliable


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How can Fuel Cell technologybe used? Micro Power

Consumer electronicscould gain drasticallylonger battery power withFuel Cell technology

Cell phones can bepowered for 30 dayswithout recharging

Laptops can be poweredfor 20 hours withoutrecharging


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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Physical Security

Reliability

Efficiency Environmental Benefits

Battery Replacement/Alternative

Military Applications


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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Physical Security

Both central station power generation and

long distance, high voltage power grids canbe terrorist targets in an attempt to crippleour energy infrastructure

Fuel Cells allow the country to discontinue

reliance on these potential targets


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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Reliability

U.S. businesses lose $29 Billion a year from

computer failures due to power outages More reliable power from fuel cells would

prevent loss of dollars for U.S. Businesses

Properly configured fuel cells would result inless than one minute of down time in a sixyear period


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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Efficiency

Because no fuel is burned to make energy,

fuel cells are fundamentally more efficientthan combustion systems

Additionally when the heat comes off of thefuel cell system it can be captured for

beneficial purposes This is called Cogeneration


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The gasoline engine in a conventional car is lessthan 20% efficient in converting the chemical energy

in gasoline into power Fuel Cell motors are much more efficient and use

40-60% of the hydrogens energy

Fuel Cell cars would lead to a 50% reduction in fuel

consumption Fuel Cell vehicles can be up to 3 times more

efficient than internal combustion engines


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Fuel Cell power generation systems in

operation today achieve 40% to 50% fuel-to-electricity efficiency

In combination with a turbine, electricalefficiencies can exceed 60%

When Cogeneration is used, fuel utilizationcan exceed 85%


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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Environmental Benefits

Fuels cells can reduce air pollution today

and offer the possibility of eliminatingpollution in the future


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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell

Power Generation

A fuel cell power plant may create less thanone ounce of pollution per 1,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity produced

Conventional combustion generating

systems produce 25 pounds of pollutants forthe same electricity


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Vehicles

Fuel Cell Vehicles with hydrogen stored on-board produce ZERO POLLUTION in theconventional sense

The only byproducts of these Fuel Cell

vehicles are water and heat


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Vehicles

Fuel Cell Vehicles with a reformer on boardto convert a liquid fuel to hydrogen wouldproduce a small amount of pollutants, but itwould be 90% less than the pollutants

produced from combustion engines


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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Battery replacement/alternative

Fuel Cell replacements for batteries would

offer much longer operating life in apackaged of lighter or equal weight

Additionally, Fuel Cell replacements wouldhave an environmental advantage over

batteries, since certain kinds of batteriesrequire special disposal treatment


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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Military Applications

Fuel Cell technology in the military can help

save lives because it reduces telltale heatand noise in combat

Handheld battlefield computers can bepowered for 10 times longer with Fuel Cell

power meaning soldiers could rely on theircomputers in the field for longer periods oftime


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Challenges to Fuel CellTechnology Cost

The cost of fuel cells must be reduced to

compete with conventional technologies Conventional internal combustion engines

cost $25-$35/kW; a fuel cell system wouldneed to cost $30/kW to be competitive


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Challenges to Fuel CellTechnology Durability and Reliability

Durability of fuel cell systems have not yet beenadequately established

The durability standard for automobiles isapproximately 150,000 miles and the ability tofunction under normal vehicle operating conditions

For stationary systems 40,000 hours of reliable

operation in a temperature range of -35 degreeCelsius to 40 degrees Celsius will be required formarket acceptance


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Challenges to Fuel CellTechnology System Size

The size and weight of current fuel cell

systems must be reduced to attain marketacceptance, especially with automobiles


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Conclusion Promising technology

Most viable for niche market use in the

near future Widespread marketplace acceptance and

use is still many years away

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