GBE104 BIOLOGY LABORATORY

Section 1

BİLGE TEKİNALP

260707023

EXPERIMENT 3 : OBSERVING MICROORGANISMS BY USING THE LIGTH MICROSCOPE

A) OBSERVING PENICILLIUM SP.

OBSERVING ASPERGILLUS NIGAR

OBSERVING MUCOR

B) OBSERVING DIFFERENT KİNDS OF THE MOLDS

C)OBSERVING YEAST

Experiment date:10.02.2008

Submission Date: 17.03.2008

Instructor’s Name: Mehmet Emir YALVAÇ

AIM

In this experiment our aim is to observe microorganisms by using the light microscope with

10X, 40X objectives.Our aim is to observe and identify structures belongs to different kinds

of fungus and also to observe the sporangia on one of our prepared slide mounts which are

structures contained spores rigorously.

THEORY

Binocular Microscope

.

binocular microscope - a light microscope adapted to the use of both eyes

light microscope - microscope consisting of an optical instrument that magnifies

the image of an object

operating microscope - binocular microscope used in surgery to provide a clear

view of small and inaccessible parts of the body (as in microsurgery)

Fungus

A fungus is any eukaryotic organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi .The fungi are

heterotrophic organisms characterized by a chitinous cell wall, and in the majority of species,

filamentous growth as multicellular hyphae forming a mycelium; some fungal species also

grow as single cells. Sexual and asexual reproduction is commonly via spores, often produced

on specialized structures or in fruiting bodies. Some fungal species have lost the ability to

form specialized reproductive structures, and propagate solely by vegetative growth. Yeasts,

molds, and mushrooms are examples of fungi. The fungi are a monophyletic group that is

phylogenetically clearly distinct from the morphologically similar slime molds

(myxomycetes) and water molds (oomycetes). The fungi are more closely related to animals

than plants, yet the discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi, known as mycology,

often falls under a branch of botany. The main body of most fungi is made up of fine,

branching, usually colourless threads called hyphae. Fruiting bodies (such as mushrooms) are

made up of thick collections of hyphae. They vary in size from small and insignificant, to

large eye-catching structures Each fungus will have vast numbers of these hyphae, all

intertwining to make up a tangled web called the mycelium.

Spore Dispersal

The mechanisms used by various species of fungi to spread their spores are very ingenious.

An ordinary mushroom releases millions of spores from the gills, dropping them out into the

air under the mushroom cap. The wind and air currents will then carry them away.

A small, specialized club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the tips of

minute projections. The basidium is unique to basidiomycetes and distinguishes them from

other kinds of fungi.

FIVE PHYLA OF THE FUNGI

Basidiomycota

o most common, larger species,such as gill fungi, pore fungi, stinkhorns, coral

fungi, puffballs, bird's nest fungi, jelly fungi, rusts, smuts & stem rot,

mushrooms, rusts…

Ascomycota

o mildews, molds, morels, sac fungi, yeast, Penicillium,,,

Zygomycota

o bread molds and mucor…

Fungi Imperfecti

o sexual stage not known

Chytridiomycota

o simplest of the true fungi, mostly aquatic and not to be looked for in 

backyards.water molds, allomyces,..

Some kinds of fungus

Moulds

  Moulds are microscopic, plant-like organisms, composed of long

filaments called hyphae. Mould hyphae grow over the surface and

inside nearly all substances of plant or animal origin. Because of their

filamentous construction and consistent lack of chlorophyll they are

considered by most biologists to be separate from the plant kingdom

and members of the kingdom of fungi. They are related to the familiar

mushrooms and toadstools,differing only in not having their filaments united into large

fruiting structures.

Rhizopus (Bread Mold)

In Rhizopus, the body of the fungus is called the mycelium (myketos is Greek for fungus)

and consists of non-sexually reproducing cells in strands called hyphae. Specialized areas of

hyphae invade starchy foods such as bread and secrete digestive enzymes. These hyphae are

called rhizoids. The end products of digestion are then absorbed by the mold. The black dots

are called sporangia and contain spores. Observe the sporangia on one of your prepared slide

mounts. They are structures which contain spores. The spores are formed by mitosis during

asexual reproduction. Sporangia are held aloft by stalks called sporangiophores.Groups of

sporangiophores are connected by lengths of hyphae called stolons.

Aspergillus

Recognized by its distinct conidiophores terminated by a swollen

vesicle bearing flask-shaped phialides. The phialides may be borne

directly on the vesicle or on intervening metulae.Some species may

form masses of thick-walled cells called "hülle cells" .The spores come

in several colours, depending upon the species, and are produced in

long chains from the ends of the phialides Aspergillosis is a large

spectrum of diseases caused by members of the genus Aspergillus. The three principal entities

are: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, pulmonary aspergilloma and invasive

aspergillosi

Penicillium

Species of Penicillium are recognized by their dense brush-like spore-bearing structures. The

conidiophores are simple or branched and are terminated by clusters of

flask-shaped phialides. The spores (conidia) are produced in dry chains

from the tips of the phialides, with the youngest spore at the base of the

chain, and are nearly always green. Branching is an important feature

for identifying Penicillium species..

Mucor

Colonies fast-growing, whitish to greyish, usually thick owing to the

abundant upright sporangiophores. Spores (sporangiospores) produced

inside spherical sporangia at the tips of the sporangiophores, brownish.

Always with a large columella that remains after the sporangial wall is

broken (a). Large dark zygospores may be produced. Common almost

everywhere fungi occur.

Yeast

A complex group of fungi resembling one another in existing as

single cells that "bud" directly to form new cells. The colonies are

pasty in appearance. Some yeasts may form ascospores within their

cells. Common in moist habitats and often able to grow at reduced oxygen levels.

Holomorphs various and not necessarily related to one another.

MATERİALS

- Lab coat

- Gloves

- Wire loops

- Waste box

- Markers or wax pencils

- Binocular microscope

- Prepared slide of bacteria or suitable small objects

- Nosepieces

- 4X, 10X, 40X, 100X objectives

- %70 alcohol

- Coverslip

- Distalled water

- Bunsen burner

- Dropper

- A piece of bread, olive, quince having mold culture

- Prepared slide of fungi

- The yeast culture

- Lamina

METHODS

1)Beginnig with, the light source was adjusted.

2)The both eyes were focused.

A) OBSERVING PENICILLIUM SP. , ASPERGILLUS NIGAR AND MUCOR

1)A prepared slide of fungi grown on agar by our instructer was located into the microscope

carefully.

2) The microscope was adjusted to observe it clearly.

3)A prepared slide of fungi grown on agar by our instructer was observed with the

microscope with 10X and 40X objectives.

4)Structer of the penicillium, aspergillus Nigar and mucor which I was viewed were drawn

one by one at 10X and 40X objectives.

B) OBSERVING DIFFERENT KİNDS OF THE MOLDS

1) A drop of distalled water was put with a dropper on the lamina.

2). A wire loop was flamed, it was brought all to red heat, and it was leaved upright in a rack

to cool.The experimant was processed close to fire to obtain sterilized medium.

3)Mold samples were collected from the bread using the loop near the flame.

4)That samples was diffused into the water.

5)The loop was chucked out to the waste box.

6)The coverslip was dropped at an angle of 45 degrees trying not to rap any bubbles.

7)It was located into the microscope carefully.

8)The microscope was adjusted to observe it clearly.

9)It was observed with 10X and 40X objectives.

10) The image having been seen was drawed to the page.

11)After this part of experiment was finished, the lamina and coverslip were put to the waste

box to be sterilized.

12)This process was repeated for the molds from the olive and quince again and again

C)OBSERVING YEAST

1) A drop of distalled water was put with a dropper on the lamina.

2). A wire loop was flamed, it was brought all to red heat, and it was leaved upright in a rack

to cool.The experimant was processed close to fire to obtain sterilized medium.

3)The yeast was collected from the plate using the loop near the flame.

4)It was diffused into the water.

5)The loop was chucked out to the waste box.

6)The coverslip was dropped at an angle of 45 degrees trying not to rap any bubbles

7)It was located into theadjusted microscope to observe with 10X objective

8) The image having been seen was drawed to the page.

9)After experiment was finished, the lamina and coverslip were put to the wastebox

OBSERVATION

a) Sporangium.

b) Basidium

c) Spor

e) Lamel

FUNGİ YEAST

A) OBSERVING PENICILLIUM SP. , ASPERGILLUS NIGAR AND MUCOR

PENICILLIUM SP

AT 10X AT 40X

The penicillium sp was observed clearly at 10x and at 40x.The colour of the penicillium was

green. The sporangium.and its hyphe were observed. The penicillium was recognized by their

dense brush-like spore-bearing structures and also individually dispersed spores.

ASPERGİLLUS

AT 10X AT 40X

It was recognized by its distinct conidiophores terminated by a swollen vesicle bearing flask-

shaped phialides.Its spores and its hyphe were observed.Blue colour was observed.

MUCOR

AT 10X AT 40X

Its spores (sporangiospores) produced inside spherical sporangia at the tips of the

sporangiophores were observed.Also, ıts hyphe were observed.The colour grey, blue and

white was viewed.The shape of sporencia was oval.

B) OBSERVING DIFFERENT KİNDS OF THE MOLDS

MOLDS FROM THE BREAD

AT 10X AT 40X

Its colour was green The black dots were called sporangia and contain spores.I observed the

sporangia on one of my prepared slide mounts. They were structures which contained

spores.Also, I viewed its hyphe.

MOLDS FROM THE OLIVE

AT 10X AT 40X

Its colour was dark green.Also, brown which colour olive had was observed. .I observed the

sporangia on one of my prepared slide mounts. They were structures which contained

spores.Also, I viewed its hyphe.

MOLDS FROM THE QUINCE

AT 10X AT 40X

Its colour was naked green.Also, brown which colour olive had was observed. .I observed the

sporangia on one of my prepared slide mounts. They were structures which contained

spores.Also, I viewed its hyphe.

C)OBSERVING YEAST

The sample collected from the yeast was observed at 40X

and it was active and moving.The reproduction was

observed at the most of them.

Axial-budding cells with oval, rounded

mother tips

Bi-polar budding cells with "lemon"-

shaped mother tips

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A) OBSERVING PENICILLIUM SP. , ASPERGILLUS NIGAR AND MUCOR

Various Penicillium, Aspergillus spp. (and some other

fungi) growing in axenic culture

Species of Penicillium were recognized by their dense brush-like spore-bearing structures.

The conidiophores were simple or branched and are terminated by clusters of flask-shaped

phialides.

MucorColonies of this fungal genus were typically white to beige or gray and

fast-growing.Older colonies became grey to brown in colour due to the

development of spores.

Mucor sporangiophores were able to be simple or branched and form apical, globular

sporangia that are supported and elevated by a column-shaped columella.

B) OBSERVING DIFFERENT KİNDS OF THE MOLDS

Molds are highly aerobic and are found in almost all oxygen-rich environments, where they

commonly grow as molds on the surface of a substrate, as a result of the high oxygen tension.

Commonly, fungi grow on carbon-rich substrates such as monosaccharides (such as glucose)

and polysaccharides (such as amylose)They are common contaminants of starchy foods (such

as bread and potatoes), and grow in or on many plants and trees.For this reason, we were able

to use bread, olive and quince to observe moulds.

.

Rhizopus (Bread Mold)

C)OBSERVING YEAST

In order to the scope of their reproduction they were moving. Most reproduced asexually by

budding, although a few did by binary fission. Yeasts were unicellular, although some species

with yeast forms may became multicellular through the formation of a string of connected

budding cells.I was able to observe them and their cycles.

The process repeated again and again.

The yeast cell's life cycle.

1. Budding

2. Conjugation

3. Spore

I viewed that the yeasts were oval, cylindrical cells and also, sometimes they come together and become pseudohifa.

REFERENCES

http://www.botany.utoronto.ca/ResearchLabs/MallochLab/Malloch/Moulds/Illustrations

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus

http://site.mynet.com/biyolab/biyolab/id1.htm

http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/fungi/contents.htm

www.aspergillus.org.uk/ - 22k - Önbellek - Benzer sayfalar

http://www.mikrobiyoloji.org/dokgoster.asp?dosya=110013500