FungiBy……...Sara Lee, Sruthi Merneedi,

Nikitha Duggirala…………..

Target 1 Kingdom Fungi•Fungi are heterotrophs; they cannot make their own food.•Fungi absorb nutrients from the environment outside of its body by secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes into the environment to break down complex molecules so that they can be absorbed•Most fungi are structured with multicellular filaments and/or single cells (such as yeast)•Most fungi reproduce by producing large numbers of spores, either asexually or sexually

Key: Compare and Contrast

Fungi Plant•Fungi are heterotrophs

•Fungi cell walls are made of chitin

•Fungi can be coenocytic

•Plants are autotrophs

•Plants are made of cellulose

•Plants cannot be coenocytic

*eukaryotic*originated from protists*alternationof generations

Target 2Alternation of Generations

bcs.whfreeman.com

Hyphae are haploid. When two hyphae fuse in plasmogamy,

the resultimg mycelium is said to be heterokaryon, meaning there are two coexisting nuclei present.

In Karygomy, the two coexisting nuclei form to create a diploid zygote.

After meiosis, the haploid conditions are restored with the formation of haploid spores.

Target 3 Importance of Fungi ecologically,

economically, and medicinally

Ecologically Fungi As Decomposers

› Fungi Keep ecosystem stocked with inorganic material for plant growth

› Without fungi carbon nitrogen and other elements would be tied up in organic matter

› metabolize dead organisms and other waste products, making their molecules available to other creatures.

Mutualism› Endophytes-live inside leaves or plants which create toxins

that deter herbivores or by increasing host plan tolerance of heat drought, or heavy metals.

› Symbiosis-Some fungi share digestive services with animals which help break down plant material in the stomach.

› Lichens-is a mass of hyphae that hold individual photosynthetic cells

Economically Pathogens

› Chestnut blight, pine pinch canker, rye disease

› Fungal infections is called mycosis Ringworm disease Yeast infections Molds

Food› Creation of cheeses, colas, yeast, alcohol,

bread, mushrooms, truffles

Medicinally Fungi used to stop internal bleeding

after childbirth Antibiotics

› Penicillium› Cyclosporine- suppress immune system

after organ transplants

Target 4Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and

Basidiomycota

Zygomycota 1000 species Fast-growing molds on food Hyphae of zygomycetes spreads and absorbs

nutrients out over the food surface In asexual phase, bulbous black sporangium

develop at tips of the upright hyphae and are dispersed through the air

When environmental conditions deteriorate, zygomycetes may reproduce sexually› * Plasmogamy produces a zygosporangium, in which

karyogamy and subsequently meiosis can occur

Life Cycle of the Zygomycete

Figure 31.13 Campbell

Ascomycota A.k.a. Sac Fungi Ascomycotes produce sexual spores called ascospores in sac

like structure called an ascus (asci plural)+When ascomycotes reproduce sexually, dikaryotic cells

are formed, and cells at the tip of dikaryotic hyphae develop into many asci.

+Within each ascus, karygomy combines the two parental genomes and through meiosis, four different nuclei are formed. Mitosis following this results in eight ascospores.* an extended dikaryotic stage provide increased opportunities for genetic recombination

When Ascomycotes reproduce asexually, they produce an enormous amount of asexual spores called conidiospores in clusters at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidia.

Ascomycotes can be multicellular (ex. Morels and truffles) or unicellular (ex. Yeast)

Life Cycle of an Ascomycete

Figure 31.17 Campbell

Basidiomycota A.k.a Club Fungi Important decomposers of wood and

other plant material. During sexual reproduction of a

basidiomycete, two mycelium combine through plasmogamy to form a dikaryotic mycelium. In response to environmental stimuli, the basidiocarp forms (mushroom) The gills of the basidiocarp houses basidia, dikaryotic cells, which form basidiospores through meiosis.

Life Cycle of a Basidiomycete

Figure 31.19 Campbell