Global History Regents

Unit III - Review

Japanese FeudalismEmperor Highest social class but no real

political power

Military leaders

Large landowners

Warrior class

Farmers, Fishermen & Merchants

Zen Buddhism-culturally diffused from China

• Shintoism – belief that aspects of nature and ancestors have spirits and should be worshipped

• Comparison with European Feudalismclass system, warriors, code of honor, weapons

• Towkugawa Shogunate – unified Japan as the sole ruler– Alternative Attendance Policy – used

the policy to control the daimyo -> restored centralized government

The MongolsThe MongolsThe MongolsThe Mongols

• Rise of the Mongols – lived as nomadic clans on the Asian steppes (NO unity)

• Genghis Khan – united the Mongol tribes through conquest; created the largest empire across Central Asia; used ruthless tactics to defeat his enemies

The MongolsThe MongolsThe MongolsThe Mongols

• Kublai Khan – controlled China and created the Yuan Dynasty – foreign ruler unites China

Impact of the Mongols

• Russia: Mongols helped to unite Russia (gave them a common enemy)

- absolute gov’t – Ivan III (the Terrible) becomes absolute ruler & controls Russia

- isolation – expanded the empire & rid Russia of the Mongols & est. an empire

• China:

- Pax Mongolia – “Mongol Peace” – brought stability & order to China & Asia

- Marco Polo – Venetian trader whose stories of the Far East sparked interest throughout Europe

Global TradeEurope – Hanseatic League: as Italian

banks failed, control of trade shifted to N. European cities in Germany

Commercial Revolution – Change in business shifting from farming to tradeguilds: assn. of people who shared the same job-controlled prices and wagescapitalism: economy is based on investment *towns grew as did the population & power of the Middle Class

The Bubonic Plague

• Population losses: Europe lost 20-25 million; SW Asia lost 4 million; China lost 40 million

• Economic decline: cities died b/c trade slowed & people moved from cities back to the countryside

• Social & political change: end of feudalism

• Confusion & disorder: people questioned their faith in the church; Jews were wrongfully accused

Renaissance• Humanism: the belief in human

potential and achievement – individualism

• Secular: separation between church and state – church loses great influence over the people

• Greco-Roman revival: people re-examine G-R art, philosophy, science, math, literature -> test old theories

• Art and Architecture: new techniques are created based on old ones (daVinci, Michelangelo)

• Literature: wrote in the vernacular or native languages (Shakespeare, Dante)

• Political science: study of government (Machiavelli – “the end justifies the means”)

• Inventions: Gutenberg printing press (Gutenberg Bible) – was written in German

- inc. the output of books

- dec. in prices

- inc. availability of books

- inc. literacy & education

- free interpretation & questioning

Rise and Fall of African CivilizationRise and Fall of African Civilization

• Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Axum

- structure: empires were built on the control of trade (GOLD-SALT trade); strong leadership/central gov’t; est. military strength

- contributions: intro to Islam; spread of goods (cultural diffusion)

- roles in global trade: East Africa connected India & the Middle East to No. Africa, the Med Sea and Europe`

• Spread and impact of Islam

- Mansa Musa: on his pilgrimage to Mecca, he promoted the religion throughout West Africa

Timbuktu and Africa trade routes

- was a center of trade in West Africa; city was full of cultural diffusion (promoted education)

Reformation and Counter

• Martin Luther’s 95 Theses: (start of the Protestant Reformation) wrote in protest of the unfair practices of the church (ex. sale of indulgences)

• Henry VIII: Pope refused to grant him an annulment so he started his own religion with himself as its leader (Church of England)

• John Calvin & others: many Christians began to interpret the Bible for themselves which leads to other new sects of the religion with newly held beliefs

• Counter Reformation – - Ignatius Loyola – leader of counter reformation; est. Jesuits- Council of Trent – Catholic leaders set up guidelines reforming the church (not indulgences)

*attempts by the church to slow down or prevent Catholics from embracing Protestantism

• Roles of men and women:

- men – only men could be church leaders

- women – played prominent roles in protecting reformers & promoting Protestantism

• Religious wars in Europe: The church tried to get Catholic rulers to help dissuade other rulers and kingdoms from converting

Rise of European Nation-States

• Decline of Feudalism: power shifted from nobles to monarchs; focus shifted to cities and business/merchants

• Elizabeth I of England: made England into a naval power (stopped the Spanish Armada); est. the Anglican church; Elizabethian Age – age of prosperity (literature)

• Joan of Arc – France: fought for France during the 100 Years War against the British; helped turn the tide of the war; was burned at the stake

• Nationalism – pride in one’s nation builds; people identified themselves with their nation