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13 Colonies
Original east coast areassettled by Great
Britain/England beginningin 1607 that became the
original 13 states.
1776 On July 4th of this yearfifty-six representatives
from the thirteen coloniesmet and unanimously
approved the Declarationof Independence.
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1787
Between May 25 andSeptember 17 of this year,
delegates gathered inPhiladelphia to revise theArticles of Confederation.
Instead they drafted,debated, compromised,and finally approved for
ratification the Constitutionof the United States.
Issues Causing theRevolution
No taxation withoutrepresentation; colonialprotests against British
policies and taxes; Battles
at Lexington/Concord.
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1861-1865
The American Civil War
was fought during theseyears. It began with thefiring on Fort Sumter and
ended with theConfederate surrender atAppomattox Court House
almost four years later.
Articles ofConfederation
This document, the
nations first constitution,was adopted by theSecond Continental
Congress in 1781 duringthe Revolution. The
document was limited
because states held mostof the power to tax,
regulate trade, or controlcoinage.
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Bill of Rights
The first ten amendmentsto the Constitution(ratified in 1791)
Declaration ofIndependence This document wasadopted the SecondContinental Congress on
July 4, 1776. Itestablished the 13
colonies as independent
states, free from rule byGreat Britain. ThomasJefferson wrote the
majority of this document.
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Nullification Crisis
In 1832, South Carolina threatenedto secede(withdraw) from the United
States (Union) if the federalgovernment tried to collect tariffduties(taxes on imports) in theirstate. South Carolina used the
doctrine of states rightsto try andnullify(ignore) the tariff laws.President Andrew Jackson got
Congress to pass a law (the ForceBill) saying that he could use the
army or navy if necessary to enforcethe tariff law. South Carolina backed
down from their threat to secedeand a compromise tariff bill was
passed.
English Bill ofRights
King William and QueenMary accepted this
document in 1689. Itguaranteed certain rights toEnglish citizens and
declared that elections forParliament would happenfrequently. By accepting
this document, theysupported a limited
monarchy, a system inwhich they shared their
power with Parliament andthe people.
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Federalism The distribution of powerbetween the federal(central or national)government and the
individual states within aunion
Federalist Papers a series of essays writtenby three leading
FederalistsJames Madison,
Alexander Hamilton, and
John Jay(they supported a strongcentral government)
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FederalistsThose favoring ratificationof the Constitution and a
federalist form ofgovernment
(strong central govt)
Anti- FederalistsThose opposed to the
Constitution because theyfeared the power of the
national government wastoo strong they wanted a
Bill of Rights guaranteeingindividual rights included inthe U.S. Constitution
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Founding Fathers
This term applies to thoseindividuals who played a
major role in declaringU.S. independence,
fighting Revolutionary War,or writing and adopting the
U.S. Constitution. Theyinclude Thomas Jefferson,
George Washington, andJames Madison.
States Rights
States Rights the idea that any
state has the right to control allissues/laws in their state without
interference of the FederalGovernment. It was mostly used bySouthern states to argue that they
had the right to nullify (ignore)federal laws they did not agree with.
States rights became a leading
cause of the Civil War as Southernstates seceded(withdrew) from theUnited States and formed the
Confederate States of America in1861.
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16th AmendmentCreates the Federal
Income Tax provisions.This was an amendmentstrongly supported by theProgressive Reformers.
17th AmendmentProvides for direct election
of Senators, anotheramendment supported by
the Progressives.
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Magna Carta
This document, signed by KingJohn of England in 1215, is the
cornerstone of English justiceand law. It declared that the kingand government were bound bythe same laws as other citizens.
It contained the ideas of dueprocess and the right to a fair
and speedy trial that areincluded in the protection offered
by the U.S. Bill of Rights.
19th
Amendment
Provides women the rightto vote (womans suffrage)
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24th
Amendment
Eliminates the poll tax
as a requirement to votein primary elections for
federal and stateofficials. Part of the Civil
Rights legislation of
1964.
26th Amendment
Extends the right to vote to18-year-olds.
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1898Date of the Spanish
American War between theU.S. and Spain. The incident
that began the war was thesinking of the U.S. battleshipMainein the harbor at
Havana, Cuba. The U.S. wonand got Puerto Rico andGuam and bought the
Philippines for $20 million.
The U.S. became a worldpower as a result of this war.
1914 1918
Dates for World War I
WWI was fought between the CentraPowers (Germany, Austria-Hungary,and the Ottoman Empire) and the
Allied Powers (Britain, France,Russia, and after 1917, the UnitedStates). This war ended with the
Treaty of Versailles. U.S. PresidentWoodrow Wilson prepared his
Fourteen Pointscalling for a Leagueof Nations. The U.S. Congressrejected U.S. involvement in theLeague of Nations and the U.S.
became more isolationist.
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1929Date of the Stock Market
CrashIn October, 1929 the U.S.Stock Market [Wall Street]crashed and led the UnitedStates (and the world) intothe Great Depression of
the 1930s.
15th
Amendment
This amendment grantedblack men the right to vote.
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13th
Amendment
This amendment freed allslaves without
compensation to theslaveowners. It made
slavery illegal in the UnitedStates.
14th AmendmentThis amendment declared
that all persons born ornaturalized as citizens inthe United States wereentitled to equal rights
regardless of their race,
and that their rights wereprotected at the local, state
and national levels.
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1941 1945
Dates for World War IIWWII began in Europe in1939 when Hitler invadedPoland. The United Statesentered the war after theJapanese bombed Pearl
Harbor in Hawaii onDecember 7, 1941. The
war ended when the U.S.dropped the first atomic
bomb on Japan in Augustof 1945.
Gilded Age1876 1900
Eras in U.S. History
Era of westward expansion andindustrialization. The rise of therich industrialists called RobberBaronscreated a gap between
the rich, the workers, andfarmers who tried to increase
their share of the national wealththrough the Populistmovement.
Immigration increased and citiesgrew (urbanization). Workers
began to organize into unions tobargain for better wages and
working conditions.
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Progressive & Reform
Era1900 1919
Eras in U.S. HistoryProgressives wanted to
reform American life andimprove political, social, and
economic conditions forworkers, farmers, urbanmiddle class, women,
children and minorities. Somereforms were successful.
Roaring 20s
1920s
Eras in U.S. History
An era of prosperity,technological and socialchange. America becameisolationist and began to
limit immigration. This wasa time of Prohibition, jazz
music, the HarlemRenaissance - there was
little interest in socialreform.
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Growth of
representativeinstitutions
The Virginia House of Burgesseswas the first representativegovernment assembly in the
colonies (1619);The Mayflower Compact was adocument outlining principles of
self-government for colonists(1620)
The Fundamental Orders ofConnecticut are one of the firstwritten colonial constitutions.
(1639)
Great Depression1930s
Eras in U.S. HistoryBeginning with the Stock
Market Crash of 1929, theUnited States entered an
economic decline called theGreat Depression. President
Franklin D. Roosevelt ledgovernment reforms of the
economy called the NewDeal to try and bring the U.S.out of depression and putAmerican back to work.
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World War II and ColdWar begins
1940s and 1950s
Eras in U.S. HistoryU.S. came out of World War II in
1945 as a world power withnuclear weapons (atomic bomb).This era is characterized by the
growing rivalry between the U.S.and the Soviet Union as leadersin the free worldand the
communist world. This rivalry ledto the Korean War, Sputnik (1957)and the Space Race, and later the
Cuban Missile Crisis.
The 1950s were characterized byprosperity, the growth of suburbs,and growth in education through
the GI Bill.
Civil Rights and theTurbulent 60s
1960s
Eras in U.S. HistoryThe 1960s was an era of social
and political change. Events andideas included: The Vietnam Conflict The assassination of President
Kennedy The Civil Rights movement
and President Johnsons
Great Societylegislation Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. led
the way for equality forAfrican-Americans, but wasassassinated in 1968.
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Modern America1970s present
Eras in U.S. HistoryThe Vietnam War ended in
the 1970s and the U.S.returned to more normalcy.In the 1980s the Cold Warwas declining and America
was moving toward aninformation and
technological age. TheU.S. entered the 21st
century as a major worldleader.
Theodore Roosevelt A popular President inthe early 1900s. He ledthe US into a position asa world power and was
called the trust busterfor
his attacks on bigbusiness.
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Woodrow Wilson
President during WorldWar I, he was
responsible for theFourteen Pointsof the
Treaty of Versailles andthe ideas that led to
creation of the League
of Nationsafter WWI.
Susan B. AnthonyThis reform leader
fought for equal rightsfor women, especially tovote [suffrage] and for
prohibition.
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W.E.B. DuBoisThis leader was founder
of the NAACP andimportant reformsbenefiting African-
Americans
Reasons for US
involvement inWorld War I
The U.S. joined the
Allies in World War I inNovember of 1917because of:
Unrestrictedsubmarine warfare by
the Germans Support for the Allies
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Treaty of Versailles The treaty ending WWI
that redrew the map ofEurope and blamed
Germany for the war,requiring her to pay
reparations.
Wilsons FourteenPoints Points and provisions forThe League of Nationsrepresented President
Wilsons goals after WWI.
The U.S. Senate refused
to ratify the Treaty andparticipate in the League
of Nations
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Issues addressed
during the Gilded Ageof US History
U.S. expansion andimperialism
Labor UnionsFarm issuesRise of Big Business
including RobberBarons
Treatment of minorities(including women)
Child labor
Trends addressedduring the Gilded Age of
US HistoryIndustrialization
MigrationImmigrationUrbanization
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Clarence Darrow1925
He was a leadingcriminal lawyer who wasthe defense attorney inthe Scopes Trial, The
issue was aboutteaching evolution.
William Jennings
Bryan 1925
A Populist candidate for
President three timesand a former Secretaryof State, Bryan was a
lawyer for theprosecution in theScopes Trialand
supported the views offundamentalists that no
teaching of evolutionshould occur in schools.
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Henry Ford
A leading industrialistand manufacturer of oneof the first automobiles.
His innovation ofassembly-lineproduction and the
inexpensive Model Aand Model T Ford
revolutionized
transportation andindustry in America.
Charles Lindbergh An aviation pioneer, hewas the first pilot to flysolo, non-stop acrossthe Atlantic from the
U.S. to France in 1927.
His plane was calledThe Spirit of St. Louis.
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Franklin DelanoRoosevelt
President of the U.S. from1932 1945, Roosevelt was
a Democrat elected at the
height of the GreatDepression who promised togive a New Deal to the
American people. He led thegovernment in providingprograms that did help
economic recovery and also
led the U.S. during WorldWar II. He died suddenly in
April of 1945.
Red ScareA period of anticommunistsentiment and hysteria thatswept the United States in
the 1920s. It was a reactionto the Bolshevik Revolution in
Russia in 1917 andcommunist ideas spreading
through Europe. The RedScare and xenophobia fueled
the famous Sacco andVanzetti case.
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20th centuryImmigration
The Immigration Acts of1924 and 1925 severely
limited immigration fromAsia, Southern andEastern Europe, and
Africa. These limits werethe result of a generaldistrust of foreigners
and a sense of growingisolationism.
XenophobiaA growing fear in the
U.S. of foreigners ledto the rise of such
organizations as the
KKK.
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ProhibitionThe 18th Amendmentprohibitedthe manufactureand sale of alcoholic
beverages. People ignoredthe law through smuggling,moonshining [making yourown alcohol], speakeasies(private clubs), and the rise ofthe Mafia.
Prohibition was repealed bythe 21st Amendment.
Events that define theGreat Depression
Stock Market Crash (1929)
New Deal
Federal Deposit InsuranceCorporation
Social Security Act
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The People Associatedwith World War II, Cold
War and the 1960s
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Hitler
Stalin
Churchill
Harry Truman
Martin Luther King Jr.
Rise of dictators
The increased influenceof fascist dictators
during the 1920s and1930s (Hitler/Germanyand Mussolini/Italy) was
one major cause ofWWII.
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Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941 aday that will live in
infamy whenJapanese planes
attacked the U.S. NavalBase in Hawaii. This
event brought the United
States into WWII.
World War IIA Multiple Front War
World War II was foughtin two major areas
Europe/North Africa andthe Pacific. Each of
these fronts wasimportant to the Allied
efforts to win the war. In
Europe the main targetswere Germany and Italy.In the Pacific the main
target was Japan.
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Holocaust
During the World War II erathere was systematic
persecution, relocation, andexecution of over 10,000,000
people by the Nazi Germangovernment. Jewish peoplethroughout Germany and
occupied Europe were a majortarget of this racism. The
concentration camps and deathcamps of the Nazis killed over
6,000,000 Jews and 4,000,000others victims targeted forextinction.
Battle of Midway
A turning point in the
Allied war effort in thePacific. This important
naval battle in 1942stopped the Japanesemovement across the
Pacific and began acounter-offensive by theUnited States to defeat
Japan.
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D-Day (Invasion ofNormandy)
A turning point in thewar in Europe. This
battle (June 6, 1944)
started with an attack bythe Allies on thebeaches of Normandy(northern France) and
launched the Allied planthat caused Germany to
surrender in May of1945.
Atomic bomb
When the Japanese refusedto surrender in the summer of
1945, the United Statesdropped the first atomic bomb
on the Japanese city ofHiroshima on August 6, 1945.
After Japan still refusedsurrender, a second bomb
was dropped on Nagasaki onAugust 9, 1945. TheJapanese surrendered onSeptember 2, 1945 andWorld War II was over.
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World War IIEffects
on the Homefront Rationing
Female employment
End of the Depression
GI Bill
Internment of Japanese-
Americans
Cold War milestones
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
NATO
McCarthyism
Korean War
Sputnik I
Vietnam War
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Civil Rights movement In the 1950s and 1960s
an organized campaignby individuals and
groups to extend basiccivil and personal rights
to minorities.
Brown v Board of
Education(1954)
This court case overturnedPlessy v Ferguson (1896
separate but equal,segregation)) and began tochange schools and public
facilities from racially segregatedto integrated.
Thurgood Marshall successfullyargued the case before the
United States Supreme Court.He later became the first African-American to be nominated andto serve on the Supreme Court.
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Civil Rights Act of
1964
Great Societylegislation
This law was part of themassive civil rightslegislation of the
1960sit specificallybanned racial
discrimination in all
public facilities and as aconsideration for
employment.
Voting Rights Act of1965
Great Societylegislation
Put the voter registrationprocess under Federalcontrol and banned the
use of restrictivepractices to prevent
people, particularlyminorities, from
registering and voting.
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Great Society
The name given to PresidentLyndon Baines Johnsonsdomestic policy and reform
program in the 1960s. The GreatSociety programsincluded keyCivil Rights legislation, HeadStart Kindergartens, and theElementary and Secondary
Education Act.
Medical programs such asMedicare and Medicaid were
also part of the Great Societyprogram.
Key TechnologicalInnovations
=
Electricity Thomas Edison
Telephone Alexander GrahamBell
Medical vaccines
Telegraph Samuel Morse
Petroleum-based products Edwin Drake
Computers
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