GREEN matrix UPloaded:

A new ecosystem variable for marine resources sector

Author: P. Lehodey (plehodey@cls.fr)

Date: 07/03/2016.

Version: v0

GREENUP

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GREENUP

The objective of GREENUP is to extent the CMEMS

products catalogue by developing a new product

covering a key ecosystem component at the mid-

trophic level, i.e., micronekton, to better address

the Marine Resources area of benefit.

Objective

Micronekton

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• Micronekton organisms at the intermediate trophic level (i.e.,

MTL: Mid-Trophic Level) are both prey of adult and predator of

eggs and larvae.

• Zooplankton are prey of larvae and juveniles of fish

• Zpk and MTL are two critical components of the system to

understand and predict habitats and behaviours of fish.

SURVIVING = Feeding + Avoiding predators + Avoiding unfavourable environment

Micronekton is central to understand fish behaviourMicronekton is central to understand fish behaviour

Zoopk

Micronk

eggs

larvae

REPRODUCING = Meeting congeners + Optimizing the survival rate of larvae (as above)

GREENUP

The missing link to the management of resources

Zooplankton and micronekton

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Davison et al (2013) estimated that migrant micronekton participate between <10% (mesotrophic) and >40 % (oligotrophic) of total carbon export in the Calcofi

region.

The biological

pump

GREENUP

Also a key component in the Carbon cycle (biological pump)

Micronekton: the missing link

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• No estimation about squids, deep shrimps, gelatinous organisms, …

• More recent studies based on acoustic suggest it is underestimated by one order of magnitude (at least).

• Only one global review of mesopelagic fish abundance to date, Gjosaeter and Kawaguchi (1980), based primarily on trawl surveys, and estimating

global biomass on the order of one billion tonnes.

Irigoien et al (2013)

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How to observe micronekton?

Source:

Rudy Kloser & Jock Young CSIRO,

Australia

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Kaardvelt et al (2012)

GREENUPHow to observe micronekton?

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Zooplankton: 1 functional group

Micronekton: 6 functional groups in 3 vertical layers; 3 groups with daily

vertical migrations

Dynamics: Time of Development linked to temperature (maturity = turn

over; mortality); Organisms drifiting with currents in their layers.

Forcing: Temperature, currents and Primary Production.

Parameters: 6 unknown parameters to define the energy transfer from PP

to functional groups. One optimization approach using acoustic data

References :

Lehodey et al 2010: Prog In Oceanog

Lehodey et a. 2015: ICES J.Mar. Sci.

GREENUPHow to model micronekton?

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Time of development in days (Log) of micronekton until age at

recruitment and maturity (tm) relatively to the ambiant water

temperature

Age at maturity:

797 d

255 d

88 d

199 d

64 d

22 d

Age at recruitment:

Dynamics:

Spatial dynamics:

Eulerian transport model = Density fluxes in each point of a grid according to advection (currents) + diffusion (accounting

for currents in vertical layers and the time spent in these layers)

GREENUPHow to model micronekton?

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Simulation

¼° deg x week

temperature & currents from MERCATOR-Ocean (+

corrections!)

& Satellite derived Primary prod.

Biomass distributions (2015) of epipelagic and

lower mesopelagic (non-migrant) biomass

GREENUPHow to model micronekton?

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GREENUPHow to evaluate micronekton?

Menkes C., Allain V. Rodier M., Gallois F., Lebourges-Dhaussy A., Hunt B., Smeti H., Pagano M., Josse E. Daroux A., Lehodey P., Senina I., Kestenare E., Lorrain A., and S. Nicol. (2015).

Seasonal oceanography from physics to micronekton in a south-west Pacific ecosystem. Deep Sea Research

Direct observation / comparison

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GREENUPHow to evaluate micronekton?

Parameters optimisation from data assimilation06-11-2005 Aus-NZ start lat-40.4317 end lat -40.689

Dep

th m

Longitude d.d150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168-95

-90

-85

-80

-75

-70

-65

mea

n S

v dB

Longitude d.d

10-80 m

80-400 m400-1000 m

Lehodey, P., Conchon, A., Senina, I., Domokos, R.,

Calmettes, B., Jouanno, J., Hernandez, O., and Kloser, R.

(2015) Optimization of a micronekton model with acoustic

data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72(5): 1399-1412

Projects:

• OSMOSIS (ESA)

• Mycto3Dmap ( French ANR)

• MESOPP (H2020: EU-Australia)

• AtlantOS (H2020)

• AMORAD (French ANR)

One PhD: Anna Conchon

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GREENUPHow to evaluate micronekton?

Indirect observations

epipelagic MTL component

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 15050

45

40

35

30

25

Longitude (E)

Latit

ude

(S)

SBT tracking data (1998-2000) from S. Bestley (CSIRO)

Austral bluefin chase epipelagic prey in the subtropical

convergence

Elephant seals feed on deep forage, diving continuously between

400 and 1000 m !

Lower mesopelagic MTL component

GREENUPHow to evaluate micronekton?

Track of Seals leaving Kerguelen colony overimposed with micronekton (Thèse Lauriane Massardier,

Univ. Sofia Antipolis)

Indirect observations

GREENUPHow to evaluate micronekton?

Hernandez O., Lehodey P., Senina I., Echevin V., Ayon P., Bertrand A., Gaspar P., (2014).

Understanding mechanisms that control fish spawning and larval recruitment:

Parameter optimization of an Eulerian model (SEAPODYM-SP) with Peruvian anchovy

and sardine eggs and larvae data. Progress in Oceanography 123, 105-122.

Optimal parameterization of spawning

habitat based on eggs and larvae density

observations

Modeling

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GREENUPHow to evaluate micronekton?

Modeling

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Using directed movements along the gradient of habitat (temperature x

prey) + currentsUsing passive drift with currents only

Predicted distribution after one year of movements

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GREENUPProject overview

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GREENUPOrganization of the work

WP1: project coordination

Project management + Roadmap for a future transfer of the

R&D performed within this project

Management facilitated by proximity with Mercator-Ocean

and already well developed links

Only two other partners (well known)

Three project meetings: kick off, mid-term and final meeting

hosted in Toulouse (Mercator Ocean or CLS)

Participation to two CMEMS meetings and international

conferences to present the main results of studies and to

promote CMEMS.

=> Link with other project (MESOPP; ATLANTOS)

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GREENUPOrganization of the work

WP2: Prototype

- Atlantic forcing variables from C-MEMS

- Sensitivity of the MTL model to its forcing

(Feedback)

- Adding benthos group

- Improving parameterisation

- Hindcast simulations

Products Name Product Identifer

Physical

Global Ocean 1/12° Physics Analysis and Forecast

updated Daily

GLOBAL_ANALYSIS_FORECAST_PHYS_001_00

2

Global Ocean 1/4° Physics Analysis and Forecast

updated Daily

GLOBAL_ANALYSIS_FORECAST_PHYS_001_01

5

Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis GLORYS2V3 (1993-

2013)

GLOBAL_REANALYSIS_PHYS_001_009

Global Observed Ocean Physics Temperature Salinity

Heights and Currents Processing

GLOBAL_ANALYSIS_PHYS_001_016

Biogeochemical

Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Analysis and weekly

Forecast

GLOBAL_ANALYSIS_FORECAST_BIO_001_014

Global Ocean Biogeochemistry NON ASSIMILATIVE

Hindcast (PISCES) (1998-2013)

GLOBAL_REANALYSIS_BIO_001_018

Global Ocean Biogeochemistry NON ASSIMILATIVE

Hindcast (PELAGOS025) (1998-2013)

GLOBAL_REANALYSIS_BIO_001_019

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GREENUPOrganization of the work

WP3: Impact assessment

Two use cases:

-Atlantic mackerel

-Whales habitat

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GREENUPOrganization of the work

Left: Shifts in the observed spawning distribution of Mackerel between 2010 and 2013, as derived from Mackerel Egg Survey

observations. (M Payne, DTU Aqua, Unpublished data).

Right: Catch Per Unit Effort of juvenile mackerel at the age of zero in Oct-Dec 2005 and 2006. (from Jansen and Gislason, 2013)

Partner DTU-Aqua (Mark Payne)

Link to ICES stock assessment working group

Micronekton will be incorporated into existing forecast models for the distribution of

mackerel. These models use both near-real-time observations and forecasts of

environmental variables in an environmental-niche modelling framework to describe and

predict the distribution of this species: products updated on a regular basis (

www.fishforecasts.aqua.dtu.dk) and are being used to help design and implement

scientific surveys monitoring this fish population.

Model skill will be evaluated in the presence and absence of the micronekton product

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GREENUPOrganization of the work

Whales whatching is a valuable tourist

industry in Azores

Conservation measures require habitat

forecasting!

Partner Institute of Marine Research -

University of the Azores (IMAR-UAz),

Portugal

(Pedro Afonso; Mónica Almeida e Silva)

Link to a postdoctoral study (Frederic Van

Deperre)

Micronekton will help to predict local-scale habitats (e.g. General Additive Models and Maximum Entropy Models) and movements of marine top predators focusing on baleen whales. Data on whale

presence available from the European Ocean Biogeographic Information System (EurOBIS) at the ocean basin scale, and the Azorean Fisheries Observation Program (POPA) at the regional scale.

Performance will be evaluated by comparing predictive ability with that of models including only physical and biogeochemical variables

3/21/16 Optimal design of ecosystem module 23

Epipelagic layer

Upper

mesopelagic layer

Lower

mesopelagic layer

Noise

+++

++

+

+

++

++ ++

+

++

Observing System Simulation Experiments

$$$$$$$

Time series

Time

series

Transect

Bathymetry

< 1000m

GREENUPLink to other project

AtlantOS H2020

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GREENUPLink to other project

Mesopelagic Southern Ocean Prey and Predators

Participant no. Participant organization name Participant short

name

Country

1

(Coordinator)

Collecte Localisation Satellite CLS France

2 Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Center ACE-CRC Australia

3 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CSIRO Australia

4 Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies - University of Tasmania IMAS Australia

5 British Antarctic Survey BAS United Kingdom

6 Université Pierre et Marie Curie UPMC France

7 Institute of Marine Research IMR Norway

8 University of St Andrews UA United Kingdom

9 Australian Antarctic division AAD Australia

Type of funding scheme: Coordination and support Action

Work Programme topic addressed: Call H2020-INT-INCO-2015

Total budget request: 1,061,689 Euros

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GREENUPPlanning and deliverables

Project Review: KO, Mid-term review, Final reviewQuaterly progress report

# Respon-sible Title Due

WP 1.1 CLS Kick-Off T0

WP 1.3 CLS Prototype Implementation T0+9

WP 1.3 CLS Products delivery T0+12

WP 1.2 CLS Mid-term Review T0+12

WP 3.3 DTU Impact Assessment feedbacks T0+21

WP 1.4 CLS Final Review T0+23

WP 1.4 CLS Roadmap for future implementation T0+24

List of milestones

# Respon-sible Nature Title Due

D1.0 CLS Report Quarterly progress reports

Every 3 months

from T0+3,

T0+21

D2.0 CLS Report Mid-term report T0+12

D3.0 CLS Report Final report T0+23

D4.0 CLS Report Roadmap for future implementation TO+24

List of deliverables