Groundwater. Objectives Students will review the water cycle Students will identify properties of...

Groundwater

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ObjectivesObjectives• Students will review the water cycle • Students will identify properties of aquifers that

affect the flow of groundwater.• Students will describe factors that affect the

water budget.• Students will identify approaches to water

conservation and reclamation

• Students will review the water cycle • Students will identify properties of aquifers that

affect the flow of groundwater.• Students will describe factors that affect the

water budget.• Students will identify approaches to water

conservation and reclamation



Arizona State StandardsArizona State Standards• Strand 6: Concept 1: PO1 Identify ways water is cycled within the Earth system.• Strand 6: Concept 1: PO 5 Describe factors that impact current and future water quantity and quality.• Strand 6: Concept 1: PO 6 Analyze methods of reclamation and conservation of water.

• Strand 6: Concept 1: PO1 Identify ways water is cycled within the Earth system.• Strand 6: Concept 1: PO 5 Describe factors that impact current and future water quantity and quality.• Strand 6: Concept 1: PO 6 Analyze methods of reclamation and conservation of water.



Water CycleWater Cycle• Water is essential to all life on Earth.• Water is constantly changing from one form to

another.• Water vapor falls from the sky as rain.• Glaciers melt to form streams.• Rivers flow into oceans.• Water flows through the rock below Earth’s

surface.

• Water is essential to all life on Earth.• Water is constantly changing from one form to

another.• Water vapor falls from the sky as rain.• Glaciers melt to form streams.• Rivers flow into oceans.• Water flows through the rock below Earth’s

surface.



Label the parts to the water cycleLabel the parts to the water cycle



Do youknow whereyour waterhas been?



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2

3

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6

The Water Cycle RapThe Water Cycle Rap

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Partner WorkPartner Work

• List 2 ways in which water reaches the ocean.

• Outline the major stages of the water cycle.

• List the forms of precipitation.• Explain the difference between

condensation and precipitation.

• List 2 ways in which water reaches the ocean.

• Outline the major stages of the water cycle.

• List the forms of precipitation.• Explain the difference between

condensation and precipitation.

GroundwaterGroundwater• Where does the water from your faucet come

from?• Where does the water from your faucet come

from?



Water Beneath the Surface

Water Beneath the Surface

• Groundwater is the water that is beneath the surface

• Aquifer: a body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater

• Porosity is the percentage of the total open spaces in rock or sediment

• Permeability is the ease at which water flows through open pore spaces.

• Groundwater is the water that is beneath the surface

• Aquifer: a body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater

• Porosity is the percentage of the total open spaces in rock or sediment

• Permeability is the ease at which water flows through open pore spaces.

Zones of AquifersZones of Aquifers



Forms a coneof depression

Water forms afilm around grains of topsoil.

Zone ofaeration

Zone ofsaturation

Recharge zones are areas where water from the surface can travel through permeable rock to reach an aquifer.

Recharge zones are areas where water from the surface can travel through permeable rock to reach an aquifer.



The Ground Water SongThe Ground Water Song




• Identify the difference between porosity and permeability, and explain how permeability affects the flow of groundwater.

• Name and describe the two zones of groundwater.

• Define the term cone of depression.• Compare the rock layers in an artesian

formation with those in an ordinary well• Which type of well would provide a community

with a more constant source of water: an ordinary well or an artesian well?

• Why is protecting the environment from pollution important for communities in recharge zones?

• Identify the difference between porosity and permeability, and explain how permeability affects the flow of groundwater.

• Name and describe the two zones of groundwater.

• Define the term cone of depression.• Compare the rock layers in an artesian

formation with those in an ordinary well• Which type of well would provide a community

with a more constant source of water: an ordinary well or an artesian well?

• Why is protecting the environment from pollution important for communities in recharge zones?

Water BudgetWater Budget

• The continuous water cycle establishes the water budget.

• Factors that affect the water budget:

1. Temperature2. Vegetation3. Wind4. The amount and duration of rainfall

• The continuous water cycle establishes the water budget.

• Factors that affect the water budget:

1. Temperature2. Vegetation3. Wind4. The amount and duration of rainfall

• The local water budget varies geographically.

• When precipitation exceeds evapo-transpiration the result is moist soil.

• Tropical forest receive more rainfall than what is evaporated.

• The local water budget varies geographically.

• When precipitation exceeds evapo-transpiration the result is moist soil.

• Tropical forest receive more rainfall than what is evaporated.



• When evapo-transpiration exceeds precipitaion, the soil is dry.

• Deserts have more evaporation than precipitation

• When evapo-transpiration exceeds precipitaion, the soil is dry.

• Deserts have more evaporation than precipitation



Local Water BudgetLocal Water Budget

• Affected by the seasons• Affected by the seasons




• What processes establish the Earth’s water budget?

• Explain why most local water budgets are not balanced.

• Describe how vegetation and rainfall affect the local water budget.

• How does the local water budget differ from the water budget of the whole world?

• In Earth’s water budget, what processes are losses, or expenses?

• What processes establish the Earth’s water budget?

• Explain why most local water budgets are not balanced.

• Describe how vegetation and rainfall affect the local water budget.

• How does the local water budget differ from the water budget of the whole world?

• In Earth’s water budget, what processes are losses, or expenses?

Factors that affect the quantity and quality of water supplies

Factors that affect the quantity and quality of water supplies

• Drought/Climate Change• Overuse• Geographic location• Water Pollution• Agriculture

• Drought/Climate Change• Overuse• Geographic location• Water Pollution• Agriculture

DroughtDrought



OveruseOveruse



Geographic LocationGeographic Location



Water PollutionWater Pollution



Pollution From AgriculturePollution From Agriculture



Water ConservationWater Conservation

• The World Health Organization of the United Nations states that:

1. 400 million people today are affected by water shortages.

2. By 2025, 2.7 billion people will be affected.

3. By 2050, 4 billion people will be affected.4. If the world continues to consume water at

the current rate, southwestern states with little precipitation, such as Arizona will face severe shortages by 2025.

• The World Health Organization of the United Nations states that:

1. 400 million people today are affected by water shortages.

2. By 2025, 2.7 billion people will be affected.

3. By 2050, 4 billion people will be affected.4. If the world continues to consume water at

the current rate, southwestern states with little precipitation, such as Arizona will face severe shortages by 2025.

Now For a Brief DemonstrationNow For a Brief Demonstration



Reflection QuestionsReflection Questions• Given that there is a fixed amount of fresh

water on the planet, what will happen to the distribution of water resources as global population increases?

• What happens when people do not have enough water to meet their basic needs?

• What happens when a fresh water resource is polluted? Why is it important to protect fresh water resources from pollution?

• What are some other purposes/uses of fresh water aside from human consumption?

• How can we reduce our personal water use?

• Given that there is a fixed amount of fresh water on the planet, what will happen to the distribution of water resources as global population increases?

• What happens when people do not have enough water to meet their basic needs?

• What happens when a fresh water resource is polluted? Why is it important to protect fresh water resources from pollution?

• What are some other purposes/uses of fresh water aside from human consumption?

• How can we reduce our personal water use?

Water FactsWater Facts

• 25% of people in the world lack access to safe drinking water.

• 1,300 gallons of water is used each day by the average person in the United States.

• Agriculture accounts for 65-70% of water use: Industry 20-25%: Domestic about 13%

• 25% of people in the world lack access to safe drinking water.

• 1,300 gallons of water is used each day by the average person in the United States.

• Agriculture accounts for 65-70% of water use: Industry 20-25%: Domestic about 13%

Water ReclamationWater Reclamation

• Water reclamation is a process by which wastewater from homes and businesses is cleaned using biological and chemical treatment so that the water can be returned to the environment safely to augment the natural systems from which it came. It is used today as both an aquifer and stream enhancement strategy.

• Water reclamation is a process by which wastewater from homes and businesses is cleaned using biological and chemical treatment so that the water can be returned to the environment safely to augment the natural systems from which it came. It is used today as both an aquifer and stream enhancement strategy.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer

Waste Water Treatment Tour

Waste Water Treatment Tour



CAP Water For YouCAP Water For You

• Central Arizona Project is designed to bring about 1.5 million acre-feet of Colorado River water per year to Pima, Pinal and Maricopa counties.

• CAP carries water from Lake Havasu near Parker to the southern boundary of the San Xavier Indian Reservation southwest of Tucson.

• It is a 336-mile long system of aqueducts, tunnels, pumping plants and pipelines.

• It is the largest single resource of renewable water supplies in the state of Arizona.

• Central Arizona Project is designed to bring about 1.5 million acre-feet of Colorado River water per year to Pima, Pinal and Maricopa counties.

• CAP carries water from Lake Havasu near Parker to the southern boundary of the San Xavier Indian Reservation southwest of Tucson.

• It is a 336-mile long system of aqueducts, tunnels, pumping plants and pipelines.

• It is the largest single resource of renewable water supplies in the state of Arizona.

Central Arizona Project, Part 1








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