Report In C.P. 12
Report In C.P. 12Fabellon, E. R.Halili, P. G. L.Villavicencio, J. G.Antonio, S. M.Gozun, P. C.Ver, I. T. V.Reyes, R. A.Garcia, J. A. F.Pangilinan, J. E. L.Magpale, A. V.
Prof: Mary Grace B. GatanGroup 1 | BSA II-DI. Mango Disease Management
Fruit Diseases1. Anthracnose1. AnthracnoseAnthracnose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (perfect stage Glomerella cingulate), is probably the most important disease of mango wherever it is grown. It is the limiting factor for mango production in areas that are wet. 1. AnthracnoseThe fungus is ubiquitous and responsible for many fruit diseases of other tropical fruits such as papaya, banana, avocado, coffee, and many others. Although isolates from one host have been inoculated successfully to other hosts, the pathogen is basically host specific.1. AnthracnoseOn mango, the fungus affects the inflorescence, young leaves and branches and fruit.
SymptomsInflorescence. All parts of the inflorescence are susceptible. The disease first appears as small dark spots that enlarge, coalesce, and eventually affect the entire panicle under rainy conditions. Infected flower parts and young fruits fall off the inflorescence. SymptomsLeaves and stems. Infections of young leaves start as small dark flecks that enlarge to irregular dark lesions, often with a distinct yellow halo. SymptomsFruit. Infection on young fruits (less than 4-5cm) appears as dark, irregular, sunken lesions and causes the fruit to abscise from the panicles. Infection of larger fruits usually remains latent (dormant) until the fruit ripens. Lesions are black, expand rapidly in size, and produce pinkish-orange spore masses under wet conditions. Disease CycleThe fungus survives between seasons primarily on infected and defoliated branch terminals and mature leaves. Conidia are produced in fruiting bodies, referred to as acervuli, over a wide range of temperatures and especially under rainy or humid conditions. Disease CycleConidia are spread by splashing rain or irrigation water. They are readily produced on all infected tissues and serve as secondary inoculum to spread the disease.ControlSite selection. The best way of controlling anthracnose is to avoid planting mangos where conditions are favorable for disease development. Mango production is best suited for hot and dry areas. ControlResistant varieties. Select varieties that are resistant to anthracnose. There are wide differences in anthracnose resistance among mango cultivars. ControlSanitation. Because the fungus survives from season to season on diseased branch terminals, leaves and old flower panicles, sanitizing orchards by pruning and removing debris from under trees should reduce inoculum and, therefore, disease levels.I. Mango Disease Management
Fruit Diseases1. Anthracnose2. Stem End Rot2. Stem End RotIn fruit from drier areas, stem end rot may be a more serious post-harvest disease than anthracnose in mangoes.
CauseThe fungiDothiorella dominicana,Phomopsisspp.,Botryodiplodia theobromaeandLasiodiplodia theobromaecause stem end rot in mango.SymptomsA dark rot develops from the stem end as fruit ripen after harvest.A dark brown to black rot begins at the stem end as a dark brown ring and the rot proceeds towards the other end. The rot produces dark streaking of the water-conducting tissues (this symptom distinguishes stem end rot from anthracnose).Disease CycleThese fungi are natural inhabitants on the branches of the mango tree and grow into the stem of the fruit before harvest. Fruit placed on the ground for desapping can also be infected from the bark, twig litter or the soil.ControlAs water stress during fruit development may predispose fruit to infection, manage irrigation and root rot control carefully. Pre-harvest sprays of fungicides to control bacterial black spot or anthracnose may reduce the incidence of stem-end rot in fruit. Prune trees to improve ventilation and spray penetration. Remove dead branches from trees.ControlAvoid harvesting immature fruit. Cool fruit immediately after harvest and store in well-ventilated containers.ControlAvoid harvesting immature fruit. Use appropriate registered chemicals for post-harvest treatment to help to control the disease. Fruit from orchards with a history of stem end rot losses should be rejected for long-term storage.I. Mango Disease Management
Fruit Diseases1. Anthracnose2. Stem End Rot3. Bacterial Black Spot3. Bacterial Black SpotThe bacterium that causes black spot is called Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferae-indicae. It can attack leaves, twigs and fruit. It is a very serious disease of mangoes. In infected orchards, chemical disease control is difficult and on some farms 90% of fruit has had to be discarded.
SymptomsLeaf spots are black and raised. They tend to be angular in shape because they are confined by the larger veins. Twig and stem lesions are black and cracked and can be an important means of survival for the black spot bacterium. Black scabby spots are formed on fruit, often with star shaped cracks within them. The spots have water-soaked margins. Life CycleThe bacteria are harbored in stem lesions (cankers) on seedlings and on bud wood which act as reservoirs from which the disease can spread to leaves and fruit. The bacteria may be present without visible symptoms and may not be detected until the mango plant has grown. It is in this form that the bacterium is most likely to be introduced into new areas. Life CycleThe disease can spread from tree to tree in the field by wind-driven rain or through implements used for management activities such as pruning. Infection is favored by warm humid conditions with intermittent rain. ControlUse disease-free planting stock. Prune to remove infected branches (sources of inoculum) and to improve aeration within the tree. Practice hygiene such as sterilization of pruning and harvesting implements. Provide windbreaks to minimize wind damage (creation of infection sites) and the spread of the bacterium by wind. I. Mango Disease Management
B. Flower and Leaf Diseases1. Powdery Mildew1. Powdery Mildew Worldwide, mango powdery mildew is a sporadic but very severe disease of mango leaves, panicles, and young fruits; up to 90 percent crop loss can occur due to its effect on fruit set and development.
SymptomsPowdery mildew is primarily a disease of flowers, young shoots, and young fruits. From a distance, the infected parts of the tree have a grayish haze resulting from the of conidia and fungal growth on the surface. Closer inspection will show a white growth. The fungus grows primarily on plant surface but obtains its nutrients from living plant cells through a system of haustoria that grows within the infected plant cells.Disease CycleThe fungus survives in old leaves and branch tips when young growth is not present on the tree. Spores spread short distances by wind and long by infected scion wood. Unlike most fungi, of the fungus do not require free water or humidity for germination.ControlAs with any disease, the use of resistant varieties is the ideal control measure. Varieties vary considerably in their susceptibility to powdery mildew. I. Mango Disease Management
B. Flower and Leaf Diseases1. Powdery Mildew2. Malformation Disease2. Malformation DiseaseMango malformation disease (MMD) is a fungal disease of mango. It occurs throughout many mango-production areas in the world. Mango malformation disease causes abnormal flower and leaf development, resulting in reduced plant growth and fruit yield.
2. Malformation DiseaseMango (Mangifera indica) is the only known host of mango malformation disease.
CausesMango malformation disease is caused by specific species of the fungusFusarium.Symptoms and DamageAbnormal, compact development of shoots and flowers are common signs of mango malformation disease. Both normal growth and mango malformation disease-affected growth may be present on a plant at the same time.Symptoms and DamageShootsGrowing points such as leaf and stem buds produce misshapen shoots with short internodes and brittle leaves. The leaves are significantly smaller than those of healthy plants and re-curve towards the stem giving a squat, bunchy-top appearance.Symptoms and DamageFlowersAffected flower stems or panicles are thickened and highly branched, producing up to three times the normal number of flowers.Symptoms and DamageThe flowers are enlarged, sterile and do not bear fruit. There are often high numbers of male flowers compared with perfect flowers. Panicles may also form dwarfed and distorted leaves instead of flowers.Symptoms and DamageThe flowers are enlarged, sterile and do not bear fruit. There are often high numbers of male flowers compared with perfect flowers. Panicles may also form dwarfed and distorted leaves instead of flowers.Symptoms and DamageMango fruitThere are no impacts on human health from mango malformation disease and mango fruit is safe to eat.ControlEstablish new plantings with pest-free nursery stock. Grafting or marcot material should never be taken from an infected orchard. Nurseries should not be established in orchards affected by mango malformation disease.ControlThorough cleaning of pruning equipment between trees reduces the spread of pests and disease.ControlEnsure that workers, visitors, vehicles and equipment are decontaminated before they enter and leave your farm.I. Mango Disease Management
B. Flower and Leaf Diseases1. Powdery Mildew2. Malformation Disease3. Scab3. ScabMango scab was first described in 1943 from specimens from Cuba and Florida. Now it is found in most of the mango growing areas around the world, including South East Asia. It is considered a very minor disease in the USA and the Philippines.
CauseThe cause of the disease is a fungus, Elsino mangiferae, also called Denticularia maniferae. This fungus will only survive on living plant tissue. There are no reports of it affecting other plants apart from mangoes. Where Does It Appear?Mango scab appears in swampy low-lying areas or on the lower parts of a sloping farm or in areas where fogs settle. In drier areas, prolonged rain at flowering and early fruit-set can lead to its appearance. Where Does It Appear?It is also seen in mango nurseries where lush young tissue, combined with generous irrigation, provides the right combination of factors for the appearance of the disease. Small young trees in a moist environment in an orchard may develop the disease. DamageNewly set fruit develops small black spots. When affected by several black lesions, the fruit drops off. Affected fruit remaining on the tree develops scar tissue which renders it unmarketable or causes it to be downgraded. In contrast to anthracnose, the scab lesions do not expand after harvest, nor develop into a rot.DamageNewly set fruit develops small black spots. When affected by several black lesions, the fruit drops off. Affected fruit remaining on the tree develops scar tissue which renders it unmarketable or causes it to be downgraded. In contrast to anthracnose, the scab lesions do not expand after harvest, nor develop into a rot.SymptomsFruit. The most noticeable symptoms are on the fruit. Small black lesions form on newly-set fruit and heavily affected fruit falls off. Lesions on Kensington Pride cultivar fruit which remains on the tree develop into light brown scabs or scar tissue, either as small scabs or as large irregular scars when lesions join up. SymptomsStem, flower and fruit stalk. The most common symptom on stem tissue is the occurrence of numerous slightly raised grey oval to elliptical lesions, 1 to 2 mm in diameter. If the environment is somewhat dry, the lesions will be black in color and smaller in size. SymptomsLeaves. Common symptoms are brown spots with haloes, edge lesions, corky lesions on the lower surfaces of leaves and elongated dark lesions along main veins under the leaves. In wet weather, numerous small brown lesions or shot holes may form on young leaves leading to their defoliation.ControlFor orchards, it is recommended that protective copper sprays be applied as soon as the flower panicles emerge and continue at two to three weekly intervals up till the fruit has grown to half size. Weekly sprays of copper fungicides may be required in mango nurseries to prevent defoliation, especially in wet weather. II. Mango Insect Pest Management
1. Fruit-Spotting Bug
Scientific Name: Amblypelta nitida1. Fruit-Spotting BugDescription of adultAdult bugs are green-brown and about 15 mm long. When disturbed, they may fly away, somersault to lower branches or quickly hide on the plant behind fruit or under leaves.1. Fruit-Spotting BugImmature stagesFruit-spotting bug eggs are 1.7 mm long and somewhat triangular with rounded corners in cross-section, pale green in color when first laid, turning darker with a slight opalescence as they age. They are laid singly on flowers, fruit or foliage. The bugs pass through five nymphal stages before they become adults. The first instar is green and black, and has an ant-like appearance. Later instars are orange-brown or green.Life CycleAn adult female lays only a few eggs each day, but during its life may lay more than 150 eggs. The eggs hatch in 6-7 days and development from egg to adult averages around 42 days in summer. The insects pass through 3-4 generations a year: one in spring, one or two in summer and one in autumn. Adults of the autumn generation survive the winter and begin a new generation when temperatures increase in spring. The adults tend to infest certain groups of trees forming 'hot spots' in orchards.DamageMajor, frequent pests in certain areas, especially where orchards are situated close to alternative native or ornamental hosts.Both adults and nymphs feed by piercing fruit and sucking the juice from the tissue. They insert their long mouthparts into the fruit and in feeding, exude saliva containing enzymes that break down the cells of green fruit such as avocado. This causes deep-set breakdown of significant areas of tissue.
ControlExamine five green fallen fruit under 20 trees widely spaced throughout the crop. Dissect green fruit that have fallen from the tree immediately after fruit set and for a further month.ControlCulturalBe aware of the relationship of natural bug breeding areas to the orchard, and localised damage. If possible, avoid planting trees close to areas of scrub.
70ControlBiologicalA number of egg parasitoids have been recorded, and assassin bugs and spiders prey upon the bugs.71ControlChemicalIf bug feeding damage is evident, apply a spray and repeat 2-3 weeks later if damage continues. Two sprays should be sufficient, but continue to monitor fallen fruit and respray if necessary. Choose a chemical that is less damaging to parasites and predators.722. Mango Stem MinerScientific Name: Spulerina isonoma
2. Mango Stem MinerDescriptionLarvae are white in color with a distinctive segmented appearance.2. Mango Stem MinerStem blisters- dirty-white colored blisters (20-25 mm in diameter) form at the base of new shoots. Blisters are formed by larvae feeding under the epidermis, with the epidermis becoming paper-thin over time. The layers stay affixed to the stem at the edges of the blister and mostly remain intact long after the adult has emerged.Larvae- white, segmented.DamageWhere it attacks healthy trees in commercial growing situations, mango stem miner does not appear to adversely affect flowering and fruiting. It does not significantly affect production.3. Fruit-Piercing MothScientific Name: Eudocimasp.
3. Fruit-Piercing MothDescription of adultThere are three widely occurring species of fruit piercing moth:Eudocima salaminia,E. fullonia, E. jordaniandE. materna.The adult moths are large and stout-bodied, with a wingspan of 100 mm. The forewings can be mainly brown, cream or green. Hind wings are yellow orange, with black patches and spots.3. Fruit-Piercing MothImmature stagesLarvae are velvety-black. The larvae ofEudocimaspp. have two large spots (mainly white with dark centers) on either side of the body just before the first pair of prolegs.Life CycleLarva feed on native vines for about three weeks, progressing through five or six stages, or instars, before forming a dark-brown pupa in a delicate silk cocoon between webbed leaves. After 2 weeks adults emerge from the pupa. DamageMajor and sporadic. Several genera of noctuid moths are fruit piercing but the most damaging areEudocima fullonia, E. materna, E. jordaniandE. salaminia.DamageMoths feed at night by penetrating the skin of the ripe or ripening fruit with their strong proboscis and sucking the juice. Internal injury consists of a bruised, dry area beneath the skin. Secondary rots develop at the puncture site. Secondary-moth feeders often visit fermenting fruit, taking advantage of the access holes the fruit-piercing moths drill. Early summer is the most important period.ControlNot determined, but would depend on individual fruit value. Nightly inspections with a strong torch are recommended when fruit is nearing maturity. The red eyes of the moths will reflect the light from a torch, aiding detection.ControlCulturalNetting trees or bagging fruits is very effective. Early harvest, where it doesn't jeopardize maturity standards, will help to reduce losses.ControlBiologicalSeveral native parasitic wasps are known but have limited impact during summer.
ControlChemicalNo satisfactory chemical control measure is known. Hand collection of moths and various traps have had limited success.4. Mango Seed WeevilScientific Name: Sternochetus mangiferae
4. Mango Seed WeevilDescription of adultAdult weevils are dark brown to black with grey markings and are 6-9 mm long. They possess typical weevil features and a tough exoskeleton. Adult weevils can live for two years, so even with a crop failure in one season some weevils can survive into the following year.4. Mango Seed WeevilDescription of adultDuring flowering the adult weevils leave their sheltered areas under loose tree bark and litter under the trees and move into the outer canopy of the tree to feed on new growth and to mate prior to egg-laying.4. Mango Seed WeevilImmature stagesEggs are first laid on small young fruit about 30 mm in size. Female weevils lay eggs over a number of weeks and egg-laying can continue in the orchard until a month before harvest. The eggs are elongated and creamy white. The egg has a protective brown covering with two tiny tails at one end. 4. Mango Seed WeevilImmature stagesAt laying, the weevil cuts a very small nick into the fruit and the resulting sap flow covers the egg case. This helps to protect the eggs and adheres them to the fruit. Several eggs may be laid on each fruit and each female can lay up to 15 eggs per day and up to 300 eggs during the season.Life CycleThe time from egg to adult takes 5-8 weeks and only one generation is produced each year.DamageThe mango seed weevil is considered a minor pest as it causes no significant economic damage to fruit. The minute egg-laying scars are barely discernable at harvest and the weevil is present only within the seed. The fine tunnel in the flesh the young larva causes as it burrows towards the seed heals, leaving no sign of its earlier presence in the flesh. ControlMonitoring for egg-laying on young fruit is the best way to detect adult activity during fruit growth. If weevil eggs are detected, chemical control can be used to reduce weevil populations to low levels. Treatments timed to coincide with early fruit set when weevil adults are in the canopy will give the best results. Target known hot spots to maximize the benefits of treatments.ControlA weevil control program should use three strategies to control weevil infestation; quarantine, hygiene and chemical control.5. Mango LeafhopperScientific Name: Idioscopus nitidulusand Idioscopus clypealis
5. Mango LeafhopperMango leafhoppers are small (4-5mm long) insects with a body shape similar to a cicada. Adults have a greenish-brown body with pale yellow on top of the head. Nymphs are yellowish-brown with two small red eyes.5. Mango LeafhopperThe pest usually occurs in high numbers on mango flowers during the spring and on leaves during the summer. When disturbed, the adults jump off the plant with a clicking sound, make a short flight and settle back on the plant. The nymphs cannot fly but move rapidly on the plant.DamageLeafhoppers are sap suckers. Their feeding and egg-laying in flowers causes physical injury and serious impairment of fruit development. They also secrete a sticky shiny liquid known as honeydew on which black sooty mold grows. Sooty mold interferes with photosynthesis in the leaves, reducing yield. Sooty mold can also be caused by other commonly occurring pests such as pink wax scale and mango flatid.DamageOverseas, crop losses from this pest have been up to 50%. Where the pest occurs in commercial orchards, chemical treatments are often required to produce good mango crops.DamageOverseas, crop losses from this pest have been up to 50%. Where the pest occurs in commercial orchards, chemical treatments are often required to produce good mango crops.III. Biology of Cecid Fly
Scientific Name: Procantarinia sp.III. Biology of Cecid Fly
Scientific Name: Procantarinia sp.III. Biology of Cecid FlyCommon names: Leaf gall midge, Gall fly and Mango leaf gallParts affected: Leaves and fruitsDestructive stage: Larvae, adult
DescriptionAdults which are mosquito-like in appearance prefer to lay eggs on new flushes (young leaves). The larvae, which develop from eggs, mine the leaves producing galls or swelling tissues. Under heavy infestations, the leaves wrinkle and remain yellow. DescriptionClose examination of the leaves shows dark green, circular galls randomly distributed on the leaves blade. When open, each gall contains yellow larvae of the cecid fly. When the adults emerged from this galls, the leaves produce circular spots or holes which are sometimes mistaken as fungal infections (anthracnose). The latter, is however, irregular in shape.
DescriptionWhile the damage of cecid fly is usually associated with galling of young leaves, infested fruits produce circular, brown to black, scab-like spots randomly distributed on the fruit surface. This damage is commonly called buti, armalite, and kurikong andsaksak walis by growers the water soaked spots with contains small, yellow larvae. Infested fruits retain the scabby lesions at harvest affecting their quality.Prevention/ControlOrchard sanitation is important. Clear weedy areas since adults prefer to stay on these plants.Young leaves are very attractive for egg laying. Spraying Sevin, Decis, Karate, and Stingray (3 to 4 tbsp per 16 L of water) will minimize damage. Spray insecticides in the afternoon, preferably 5:00 to 6:00 pm.
Prevention/ControlPrune crowded branches (particularly irregular branches) to allow light penetration.Bag the fruits 55 to 60 days after flower induction.Referenceshttp://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/hitahr_04-06-93_20-24.pdfhttps://www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/fruit-and-vegetables/fruit-and-nuts/mangoes/faqs-about-mangoes/faqs-about-pests,-diseases-and-problems-of-mangoeshttp://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Plant_Pest/605.pdfhttp://rfcarchives.org.au/Next/Fruits/Mango/MangoSpot7-87.htmhttp://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/PD-46.pdfhttps://www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/health-pests-diseases/a-z-significant/mango-malformation-diseasehttp://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Plant_Pest/709.pdfhttps://www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/fruit-and-vegetables/fruit-and-nuts/mangoes/pests-and-diseases-mangoeshttp://americanmushroom.org/?page_id=683http://mangoproduction.blogspot.com/p/integrated-pest-management.html
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