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Crude Oil Loading / Unloading

The Chief Officer shall prepare a detailed cargo loading / unloading plan prior arrival at a port with the ships stability and stress conditions, crude oil wash and ballast operations taken into account The loading / unloading plan shall be posted in the CCR and distributed to and signed by all personnel directly involved in the cargo operation

PREPARATION FOR CARGO TRANSFERName of each grade of crude oil to be loaded and the quantity

Anticipated specific gravity and loading / unloading temperature of each grade of cargo

Identify the tank each grade will be loaded into / unloaded from

PREPARATION FOR CARGO TRANSFERThe pipeline system and loading path for each grade, including setting of valves, identified by their unique identification numbers

Agree manifold number and size of connections

Sequence of loading of cargo grades and tanks

Sequence of ballasting / de-ballasting

Inert Gas operations

PREPARATION FOR CARGO TRANSFERFinal ullage for each cargo tank

Stand-by time required by the terminal for reducing flow rate or stopping the cargo loading / unloadin

Anticipated departure draft

Bunkers and ballast to be on board at departure

PREPARATION FOR CARGO TRANSFERIdentification of all valves to be sealed closed before, during and / or after loading

Maximum flow rates to be allowed and flow rates expected with the terminal

PREPARATION FOR CARGO TRANSFERFlow rate to be used for topping off tanks

Tank stripping procedures

COW procedures

Special precautions with respect to moorings

Equipment required, radios, ullage tapes, etc.

PREPARATION FOR CARGO TRANSFERPoints in the loading when the chief officer is to be called or extra manning is required

Reference to standing orders for cargo operations

Deck Watch and Personnel Arrangement

Requirement that shore terminal regulations be read and signed by each cargo watch officer

PREPARATION FOR CARGO TRANSFER

Preparations for H2S cargo

When the vessel is ordered to load sour crudes, the master must ensure that:

Vapour control system, including automatic tapes and vent lines, is carefully inspected

Self contained breathing apparatus is checked for condition and readiness Pumproom lines, fittings and connections are checked for tightness and any necessary repairs are completed before loading

Portable H2S detector is in good operating condition. If sampling tube testers are used, ensure that an adequate supply of test tubes are on board

Preparations for H2S cargo

PREPARATION FOR PRODUCT TRANSFERShip & shore safety check list Pre-transfer meetingTank inspectionEntry into encloses spaces

PRE-TRANSFER AND TRANSFER GOLDEN RULESAll personnel are trained and certified in oil transfer procedures

Are constantly alert during the transfer operation

Maintain communication with vessel and terminal

Identify and correct problems early

Are prepared to stop the transfer operation if an unsafe condition is detected

THE SHIP/SHORE SAFETY CHECKLISTMooringAccessCommunicationsLoading, unloading, bunkering and ballastingEmergency proceduresPollution preventionCovers the following basic items:SUMMARY OF SAFETY CHECK KEY STEPSSafety checks on boards the vesselPre-transfer meetingTransfer operationsVessel departureATTENDEES AT PRE-TRANSFER MEETINGShore personnel:

Berth operator / Loading MasterCargo SurveyorChief Officer

INFORMATION EXCHANGED AT THE PRE-TRANSFER MEETINGSafety and security of vessels

Methods of communication

Emergency procedures

Hose and loading arm operation

COW procedures

Limitations-maximum draft, Environmental Mooring Limit etc.INFORMATION EXCHANGED AT THE PRE-TRANSFER MEETING continuedArrangements for slops/ballast/bunker fuelCargo details Product characteristics Densities / temperaturesTransfer plans and proceduresQuantities and intended distribution on boardHandling requirements and MSDSOther grades on board from other terminalsSAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR CARGO SURVEYEnsure that there are no ignition sources nearbyObtain data on tank condition from vessel staffInvolve vessel staff in inspectionDo not inhale any gas or vapourStand crosswind and wear appropriate PPECheck material data sheetsBe aware that certain tank coating may release vapoursOPERATING PROCEDURESPre - checksConnectionCargo TransferDisconnectionMain CategoriesOPERATING PROCEDURESManifold connection criteria Loading arm / cargo hose emptyShips personnel aware of loading arm / cargo hose limitationsPre - checksPRECAUTIONS AGAINST STATIC ELECTRICITYLimit the initial inflow rate to 1 metre/secondLimit the maximum flow rate in the line entering the tank to:

6.3 m/s (20 ft/s) for tanks less than 38 m311 m/s (35 ft/s) for tanks larger than 38 m3When loading a static accumulator, take the following precautions to reduce static accumulation and avois sparking:PRECAUTIONS AGAINST STATIC ELECTRICITYAvoid top or splash loadingAllow at least 30 minutes relaxation time before introducing metal tapes, sample cans or dip rods into tanks - these must be groundedNever use synthetic fibre for samplingAvoid air blowing into tanksExercise extreme caution when switching between tanks

PRESSURE SURGESA pressure surge is a sudden increase in pressure in a pipe or hose which is caused by an abrupt change in liquid flow rate

Caused by:- closing a valve too quickly- shutting off against a running pump- starting suddenly

Consequences- Burst hose or damaged pipeworkPRESSURE SURGES continuedPrevent by:

Good valve maintenance and good communication between ship and shore personnel

Ensuring that supplying pumps are always shut down when emergency system trip valves closed

CARGO OPERATION - INITIALOpen valves in the receiving line fullyOpen one manifold valveStart vessel pumps at low speed while the following checks are performed: Ensure that product is flowing through opened lineCheck manifold sample to confirm correct productCheck flow established to correct ship / shore tankCheck for leaks on vessel and shoreDURING CARGO OPERATIONEnsure that allowable working pressure in the reiceiving system is not exceededCheck flow rates at ship and inshore tankAs a safety precaution and to avoid cavitation in hard arm, check that velocity of product flow in pipeline is below specified limit:- less than 6 metres/second for tanks less than 38m3- less than 9-11 meters/second for tanks greater than 38 m3Following items shall be recorded in Tanker Cargo Log Book hourly:

Loading Quantity (Rate) to compare it with that of the terminal side

Regular ship/shore comparisons of loaded cargo figures shall be carried out and changes in difference to be investigated / reported.

Monitor of levels in tanks not being discharged

DURING CARGO OPERATIONStress and Stability of the vessel

Tank pressure

If the Duty Deck Officer cannot account for the variation of rate then he must call the Chief Officer immediately.

Manifold Pressure / Temperature,

Draft & Trim

DURING CARGO OPERATIONCOMPLETION OF CARGO OPERATIONSNotify Berth Operator that transfer is complete

Berth Operator instructs vessel to shut down pumping system

Ensure that shore and berth manifold valves are closed

Before disconnecting loading armCheck pumped product tanks are emptyCheck no other tanks contain productInspect ballast tanks, coffer dams, etc.Before the cargo hoses are disconnected, the ships figures must be calculated in order to check that the correct quantity of cargo has been loaded COMPLETION OF CARGO OPERATIONSBERTH OPERATOR or INDEPENDENT CARGO SURVEYOR:Gauges each tankCalculates cargo loaded / unloadedChecks for waterTakes temperature readingsChecks empty ballast tanks, etc.COMPLETION OF CARGO OPERATIONSDISCONNECTING LOADING ARM / CARGO HOSE FROM THE SHIP1.Drain the arm of remaining product2. Check that draining is complete by opening the drain valve on the bottom of the triple swivel joint unless the arm / hose has contained toxic or hazardous substances3.If the arm / hose has contained hazardous material refer to local procedures for checking drainage completeness4.Disconnect the arm / hoseInstall a blank on the manifold

THINGS TO MONITORVessel position

Environment

Mooring Line LoadsThe following reference publications provide useful informationSOLAS (latest consolidated version)MARPOL 73/78 (latest consolidated version)International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Manuals (ISGOTT)Procedure and Arrangements Manual (Approved by Class)Certificate of Class (tank strength for high density cargoes)Ships VEC System Operating Manual (Approved by Class)Guide to Port EntryShip to Ship Transfer GuideSafety in Oil TankersIMDG CodeSupplement to IMDG Code (Including MFAG and Ems)SOPEP / SMPEPClean Seas Guide for Oil TankersTank Coating Manufacturers Compatibility ListsPrevention of Oil Spillage through Cargo Pumproom Sea ValvesMSDS for particular cargo carriedTank Cleaning GuideAPI publications

The following reference publications provide useful information