NTIA REPORT 89-242
HANDBOOK OF RADIO WAVEPROPAGATION LOSS, PART II
(100 - 20,000 MHz)
William E. Frazier
u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCERobert A. Mosbacher, Secretary
Alfred C. Sikes, Assistant Secretaryfor Communications and Information
April 1989
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FOREWORD
The NLAMBDA Ground Wave Model, a computerized propagation predictionmodel, was used to calculate the propagation loss values in this document.The methods in the model predict the median value of radio wave propagationloss at far field distances over a smooth spherical earth for the 1ine-ofsight modes of surface wave, free space, and multipath; and for the beyond1ine-of-sight modes of smooth earth diffraction and tropospheric scatter. Theprogram includes routines that automatically select the appropriatepropagation mode, based on input parameters and path geometry. The NLAMBDAmodel was developed using propagation methods described in CCIR Study Group 5,Volume V entitled "Propagation in a Non-Ionized t1edia." The fundamentalpropagation methodologies used in the NLAMBDA model and a similar Ground WavePropagation (GRWAVE)1 model are similar except the NLAMBDA model includes thetropospheric forward scatter mode. The following 1ists reference CCIR StudyGroup 5 documents descri bi ng the propagation methods incorporated in theNLAMBDA model:
Exponentialanin
Report 229
RecommendationRecommendationRecommendationRecommendationRecommendationRecommendation
Recommendation 310 - Definitions of Terms Relating to Propagation inthe Troposphere
341 - The Concept of Transmission Loss for Radio Links369 - Reference Atmosphere for Refraction453 - The Formula for Radio Refractive Index525 - Calculation of Free Space Attenuation526 - Propagation by Diffraction527 - Electrical Characteristics of the Surface of the
EarthRecommendation 530 - Propagation Data Required for Design of
Tropospheri c-Scatter Trans-Hori zon Radi 0 Re1 aySystems and Earth-Space Telecommunication SystemsE1 ectri cal Characferi sti cs of the Surface of theEarthPropagation Data Required for Trans-Horizon RadioRelay Systems
- Radiometeorological Data- Ground-wave Propagation
Atmosphere
Report 238
Report 563Report 714
1 CCIR Report 714-1, "Ground-wave Propagation in an ExponentialAtmosphere ,II Volume V, Propagation in Non-Ionized Media, XVIth PlenaryAssembly, Dubrovnik, Poland, 1986.
iii
Report 717Report 719Report 878
- World Atlas of Ground Conductivities- Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases- Special Features of the Concept of Transmission
Loss in the Ground-Wave Propagation Case
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Special appreciation is expressed for the efforts of Robert Wilson (NTIA)for applying the NLAMBDA computer model for calculating the transmission lossvalues, for applying graphics programs for preparing the curves and graphsincluded in this report, and for providing suggestions that were helpful in
completing this task.
ABSTRACT
This handbook is intended to provide estimates of radio wave propagationloss between transmitting and receiving antennas of various heights andtransmission frequencies above the assumed smooth-earth surface calculatedusing the NLAMBDA computer model. For many cases involving electromagneticcompatibility analysis, the curves of predicted transmission losses in thisreport may be used to estimate the transmission losses of the desired andundesired signals. These estimated loss values are given in dB as BASICMEDIAN TRANSMISSION LOSS for antennas with effective heights up to 5000meters, operating in the 100 to 20,000 MHz frequency range, over land or sea,at great circle earth surface distances up to 1000 kilometers. This handbookis an expanded version of the initial handbook 2 and includes curves for theadd it i ona1 frequenci es of 500 MHz, 2000 MHz, 5000 MHz, 7000 MHz, and 20, 000MHz.
KEY WORDS
Basic Median Transmission LossElectromagnetic Compatibility
Radio Wave PropagationTransmission Loss
2 Frazier, William E., Handbook of Radio Wave Propagation Loss (100-10000~HZ), NTIA Report TR-84-165, National Telecommunications and Informationdministration, Washington, DC, December 1984, (NTIS-PB-85-200012).
v
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1SCOPE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1BASIC MEDIAN TRANSt1ISSION LOSS CURVES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5EFFECTIVE ANTENNA HEIGHTS ••.•••......•.•.•.•..••..••••.........•.•...•....8
SECTION 2
EXAMPLE APPLICATION
GENERAL ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •-•••••••••••••••••••••• •• 13Example Problem•••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•.••••.• 15
SECTION 3
SIGNAL ATTENUATION FORMULAS
INTRODUCTION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••• 19TRANSMISSION LOSS •••••••••••••.•••••.....•.••••••.••.•..•••••••••....••.. 20MODIFICATIONS TO THE SMOOTH-EARTH MEDIAN TRANSMISSION LOSS •••••••••••••• ~23
REFERENCE LIST FOR SECTION 3•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••25
TABLE 1
FIGURE 1.FIGURE 2A.FIGURE 28.
FIGURE 3.
FIGURE 4.
FIGURE 5.
PATH SURFACE ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2
APPENDIX A
CURVES OF BASIC MEDIAN TRANSMISSION LOSS
LIST OF FIGURES:
Transmission loss"and path geometry •••••••••••••••••••••••••••4Sample format of transmission loss curves •••••••••••••••••••••6Sample format of transmission loss curves with
multiple curves •••••••••••••••••••••••• ·•••••••••••••••••••7Example of different effective antenna heights for the
same structural antenna heights •••••••••••••••••••••••••••9Transmission loss for different effective antenna
heights ••••••••••••••••••• ~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••• 10Graphic depiction of terms used in describing
signal attenuation ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19
vii
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) is
responsible for managing the Federal Government's use of the radio frequency
spectrum. NTIA's responsibilities include establishing policies concerning
spectrum assignment, allocation and use, and providing the various departments
and agencies with guidance to ensure that their conduct of telecommunications
activities is consistent with these policies. 3 In support of these
requirements, NTIA periodically develops aids to assist in spectrum
engineering and analysis techniques. This handbook provides estimates of
radio wave far field propagation loss between transmitting and receiving
antennas above the assumed smooth surface of the earth using the NLAMBoA (N~)
computer model. The objective of this handbook is to assist in the manual
analysis techniques that must be used when an automated analysis is not
possible. This handbook is an expanded version of the initial handbook (see
reference 2) and includes curves for the additional frequencies of 500 r~Hz,
2000 MHz, 5000 MHz, 7000 MHz, and 20,000 MHz.
SCOPE
The curves in this handbook provide estimates of radio wave propagation
loss between transmitter and recei ver termi nal s el evated above the assumed
smooth surface of the earth. The NLAMBDA (~A) computer model was used to
calculate or predict all transmission loss values. 2,4,5 These NA computer
3
4
5
NTIA, Manual of Regul at ions and Procedures for Federal Radi 0 FrequencyMana~ement, National Telecommunications and Information Administration,Washlngton, DC, Revised January 1989.
NTIS, National Technical Information Service, Master Propagation Systems(MPS11) User's Manual, NTIS-PB83-178624, (Computer Tape NTIS-PB83173971), 1983.
Maiuzzo, M.A. and W.E. Frazier, A Theoretical Groundwave PropagationModel - N~ Model, ESD-TR-68-315, 000 EcAc, Annapolis, MD, December 1968.
1
model predictions were plotted using a graphics program and a computercontrolled plotter. The values are given in dB, as BASIC MEDIAN TRANSMISSION
LOSS, Lbm , as defined in Section 3. 'This terminology is based on theassumption that the transmitting and receiving antennas are isotropic and thatthe predicted loss is the median (50%) value in dB. An isotropic antenna is atheoretical point source that radiates' equally in all directions.
The BASIC MEDIAN TRANSrlISSION LOSS predictions are for antennas, up to5000 meters in height, operating in the 100-20,000 MHz frequency range overgreat-circle distances up to 1000 kilometers. The antenna heights are"effective antenna heights" above the smooth surface of the earth. Effectiveantenna heights are discussed in detail later. All predictions are based onvertically polarized transmissions over a homogeneous earth surface, havingelectrical parameters of either sea water or average land, and a sea levelvalue of refractivity of No=301. Sea water is typical of ocean water, havinga high salt content that results in a good conducting surface along thetransmission path. Average land is assumed to have a moisture content thatresults in a conductivity characteristic of soil that is neither too moist nortoo dry. The conductivity and relative permittivity (dielectric constant)values for sea water and average land assumed in this report are given belowin TABLE 1.
TABLE 1
PATH SURFACE ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS
SURFACE
Sea WaterAverage Land
CONDUCTIVITY
4.64 mhos/meter0.005 mhos/meter
RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY
8115
Transmi ssi on paths are a,ssumed to be over a smooth spheri cal earth withan effective earth radius adjusted to compensate for ray bending at low-to
medium antenna elevations. An exponential reference atmospheric model wasused to compensate for ray bending at high antenna elevations.
2
The transmission loss curves may be used to estimate the signal level
(field strength or power density) at the receiver antenna. The curves are
based on a median signal level which occurs 50 percent of the time. This is
most representative of the desired signal. In an interference situation,
there is an interference signal (undesired signal), that is present less than
50 percent of the time. When the transmission loss curves are used for
predicting transmission loss for the interference signal, the loss values
should be adjusted for a lower probability of occurrence. For example,
undesired signal levels due to ducting propagation (not considered in the
NLAMBDA Model) occur less than 10 percent of the time and may be 10 dB higher
(or more) than the median value obtained from the curves.
Effects of terrain roughness, vegetation, fading relative to the median
loss, and tropospheric ducting are not included in the transmission loss
curves. References are gi ven for methods and data that may be used to
estimate these effects relative to the transmission loss in this handbook.
Figure 1 illustrates the association between smooth-earth-path geometry
and the propagation modes represented by the transmi ss i on loss curves. The
lower part of Fi gure 1 shows the profile geometry of a smooth -earth path
between two antennas. The upper part of Figure 1 shows the transmission loss
relative to the path profile given in the lower part of the figure. On the
profile, the antennas are separated by a distance that is equal to the smooth
earth radio 1ine-of-sight (LOS) distance. This is the maximum distance at
which the radio waves will be unobstructed by the curved surface of the earth
for the specified antenna heights. The radio LOS distance is greater than the
optical LOS distance on earth in a normal atmosphere for the specified antenna
heights. Figure 1 shows that the maximum path distance where the free-space
loss is less than the smooth earth loss for specified antenna heights is less
than the radio LOS distance. The curve in the upper part of Figure 1 shows
that, at short distances, the transmission loss is due to free space or
multipath, and at long distances, the transmission loss is due to diffraction
or tropospheri c scatter. At path 1engths 1ess than the maximum free-space
loss distance, reflections from the smooth earth may cause multipath fading as
indicated in Figure 1. The smooth earth curves in this handbook do not show
3
the multipath lobes since they follow the peak envelope of the multipath lobes
and thus, the transmission loss at short distances is shown to be slightlyless than the free-space loss.
~---SMOOTH-EARTHLOSS
TROPO-SCATTER
FREE-SPlICE IDSS
MAXIMUM DISTMK:E BEIWEEN AN'l'ENW3 1,2 roR-sPlICE LOSS
PA'lli I DISTlIOCEII
RX RADIO IHORIZON
TX RADIOHORIZON
MULTIPA'lliFADING
RADIO LI NE-OF-SIGHT I
AN'l'J!mA 1
PAm DIS'ma
4/3 FARm
Figure 1. Transmission loss and path geometry.
4
BASIC MEDIAN TRANSMISSION LOSS CURVES
The basic transmission loss curves in Appendix A are plotted on
standardi zed format graphs as shown in Fi gures 2a and 2b. All the curves are
done on two-cycle semilog graph paper, with the ordinate giving basic median
transmission loss, in dB, and the abscissa giving the great-circle distance,
in kilometers, along the surface of the earth between the transmitter and
receiver antenna sites. The straight line on each graph is the Free-Space
Transmission Loss. This is the loss determined by the given frequency and
di stance in free space, whi ch does not i ncl ude the effects of the earth or of
antenna heights. The other curves give the Smooth-Earth Transmission Loss.
This loss includes the effects of a smooth spherical earth and is the value
that should be used for the frequency, distance, and effective antenna heights
given. All the figures in this handbook have a standardized and abbreviated
summary of the parameters under the figure. These standardized abbreviations
of the parameters include the transmission frequencY,(f), in MHz; one antenna
height (hI)' in the meters; the other antenna height (h 2), in meters; V.P. for
vertical polarization; and the path surface type (sea water and or land).
Note that the path transmission loss will be the same regardless of which
antenna is identified as the transmitter or receiver.
All graphs have smooth earth loss curves for vertical polarization (VP)
over sea water and land, however, only the first eight graphs, A-I through
A-8, show separate curves for sea water and land similar to the curves in
Fi gure 2a. This is because the curves for sea water and 1and are different
for graphs A-I through A-8, while the sea water and land curves on graphs A-9
through A-79 are identical. ~
The graphs A-9 through A-79 have multiple smooth earth curves that
represent h2 antenna heights from 10 m to 5000 m similar to the curves in
Figure 2b. In order to include all of the h2 heights on the curves in the
abbreviated summary of parameters under the graph, the words land, sea water,
and VP have been replaced with h2 heights for the curves on the graph. Please
note that a11 the curves on all of the graphs A-9 through A-79 are for both
land and sea water, and Vertical Polarization (VP).
5
80
m 100-0---(.f) 120(/)0.....J
z 1400Vl(J) 160~(/)Z
0'1<t: 180u:::!-
~ 200CIw~ 220(.)
(J)
CiS 240
26010
Space Loss
Water
100GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)
f=100MHz,h,=1m,h 2 =100m,V.P.,Land and Sea Water
Figure 2a. Sample format of transmission loss curves.
h2 = 10m, 50m, 100m, 200m, 500m, 1 km, 2 km, 5 km/ / / / . / / ,
/ / / VV VII VI""'- / /
~ ~/ V II V /7'V 'V-
~~ 7'..
~I/~ """ ~
I~~n4~ '" --I--
r'-... "- - r--- ;-- I--
"'" '""- \ \ \ \'" f\
'"1\ ~ \ !\'\ 1\1\ ~\\ \ \~~
.,;;;:::
~
~ .~~
~ "'"~
~
~~~
~~.. ~
~.\.I
~
~~28010 100 1000
GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)f=2GHz.h 1= 1Om,h2 = 1Om,50m.l OOm.200m,500m, 1km,2km,5km
100
co 120'U'--'
(/) 140(/)0-J
z 1600Vl(/) 180~(/)z« 2000:::I-
....... ~ 2200w~ 240u{/)
Q§ 260
Figure 2b. Sample format of transmission loss curves with multiple curves.
An appropriate interpolation procedure should be used to estimateintermediate values of transmission loss from the curves in APPENDIX A forfrequency and antenna heights that are different from those on the curves, butwithin the range of parameter values on the curves.
EFFECTIVE ANTENNA HEIGHTS
An effective antenna height is the height of the center of radiation ofthe antenna above the average terrain elevation along the transmission path.The effective antenna height should not be less than the structural antennaheight. The structural antenna height is the height of the center ofradiation of the antenna above the local site elevation. The input antennaheights to the NJ\ model must be the effective antenna heights in order toobtain a valid prediction from the model. Therefore, in order to utilizetransmission loss values from the curves, the antenna heights on the curvesmust be representative of the effective antenna heights for the transmissionpath.
Figures 3 and 4 are illustrated examples of effective antenna heights andthe transmission loss prediction errors that could result from using incorrecteffective heights. Figure 3 shows two different transmission path geometriesalthough both have structural antenna heights of 50 meters at each end of thepath. Path A has the 50-meter structural antennas located on local terrainelevations of 500 meters, while the average terrain elevation along the path
for the left antenna site is 60 meters, and for the right antenna, the averageelevation is 20 meters. For this example, these average terrain elevations of60 km and 20' km are determined for the terrain along the path from 2 km to10 km along the path from each antenna. For the left antenna, the center ofradiation is 550 meters from sea level and 490 meters above the averageterrain at the end of the path. Similarly, the right antenna height is 550
meters above sea level and 530 meters above the average terrain elevation atthe end of the path. The effecti ve antenna hei ghts for the upper path arethus, 490 meters and 530 meters.
8
\0
21an
.. PATH A
co-- i_,10 1an
som
som Effective hei~t 1 Effect~height ,som. ~
SOOni
PATH B
Figure 3. Example of different effective antenna heights for the same structuralantenna heights.
......... 80en"0......-(/) 100(/)
0-l 120z0(/) 140(/)
~(/) 160
--' z0 <t:
a:::~ 180z«o 200w~
(.) 220(/)
«en 240
10
Free Space Loss
490m-530m
Smooth Earth Lossf= 100MHz,Vert.Pol.,Land
100GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)
1000
Figure 4. Transmission loss for different effective antenna heights.
Path B has the same 50-meter structural antennas located on a smooth
earth surface (plateau) that is 500 meters above sea level. For this path, no
terrai n adjustments are necessary, since the structural antenna hei ghts arethe effective antenna heights. This is because the average terrain elevationalong the path is equal to each site elevation. Thus, for Path B, the
transmission loss will be the same as if the 50-meter antennas were placed at
sea level (assuming atmospheric refractivity changes are negligible).
Figure 4 has transmission loss curves that correspond to Path A and
Path B shown in Figure 3. The Path A curve is for effective antenna heightsof 490 meters and 530 meters, and the Path B curve is for effective heights of
50 meters and 50 meters. The loss differences between the two curves on
Figure 4 are solely due to the differences in the effective antenna heightsused in the NA smooth earth model. As shown in Figure 4, for a transmissionpath distance of 50 km, the transmission loss difference between the curves is
22.4 dB. At a distance of 150 km, the loss difference is 45.5 dB. The
22.4 dB and 45.5 dB differences represent the prediction error that would
result for the paths in Figure 3 if the effective antenna heights used in theNA computer model do not represent the path geometry.
11
---_.. _----
SECTION 2
EXAMPLE APPLICATION
GENERAL
Transmission loss is only one parameter in the equation to determinereceived signal level in, and system performance of, a telecommunicationlink. It is important to know the relationship of transmission loss to other
parameters such as, transmitter power, antenna gains, and interference
criteria. To demonstrate this relationship, a summary of the system coupling
equation and the important parameters are given in the following section forsimple system models. A sample problem is given to illustrate the applicationof the transmission loss curves in the solution of an interference problem.
The simplest system model for evaluating electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC) is one that represents standard deterministic prediction equations for
the desired and undesired signals at the receiver input. 6 The desired signal
power at the receiver input is determined by Equation 2-1.
(2-1 )
where:
SIN = desired signal at the receiver input
ST = desired signal from the transmitter
GT = desired transmitter antenna gain (typically mainbeam gain)
GR = receiver antenna gainLp = propagation loss for desired signal path (see Section 3).
6 CCIR, Handbook, Spectrum Management and Computer-Aided Techniques,Geneva, Switzerland, 1983.
13
A simple evaluation would be to compute SIN and compare this value with aperformance threshol d. If the level of SIN exceeds the threshol d, then alevel of acceptable desired signal performance is available. The signal couldalso be readily converted to a signal-to-noise ratio (SIN) since, inEquation 2-2:
(SIN) IN(dB) = SIN(dBm) - NIN(dBm) (2-2)
where:
(S/N)IN = signal-to-noise ratio at the recei ver input
NIN = equivalent input noise power
and all other terms are previously defined. A similar analysis can also be.performed for the interfering signal in terms of the input power or the inputinterference-to-noise ratio (liN). The evaluation of liN is often employed inEt1C analyses.
The undesired signal at the receiver input is given similarly by
Equation 2-3.
(2-3)
where:
lIN = undesired receiver input powerIT = undesired transmitter signal powerGTI = undesired transmitter antenna gain (mainbeam or sidelobes)GR = receiver antenna gain in direction of interferenceLI = basic transmission loss for undesired signal path,
(see Section 3).
The next logical step in increasing the complexity of the calculationswould be to compute (S/I)IN and compare this to a performance threshold to
determine if the level of performance is acceptable or not acceptable. The
(S/l)IN is given by Equation 2-4.
14
and the criteria are:
(S/I) IN (dB) > (S/I)TH (dB)
(S/IhN (dB) < (S/IhH (dB)
where
(2-4 )
acceptable performance
unacceptable performance
= desired-to-undesired performance threshold criteria(see CCIR Report 526 for typical performance criteria)
and all other terms are previously defined.
Example Problem
To demonstrate application of the transmission loss curves in thishandbook, the curves are used in the solution of an example telecommunicationsproblems. This example problem involves a mobile station receiving twocochannel vertically polarized FMsignals simultaneously; one desired signaland one undesired signal. The objective is to determine whether theinterference to the mobile station receiver is acceptable. The followingparameters are known for the telecommunications systems.
15
Parameter
ST = 100 wattshT = 10 metersGT := 8 dBi
--------- ------
Base Station(desired signal transmitter)
Base station transmitter output powerBase station effective antenna heightBase station antenna gain
hR = 1 meterGR = a dBiNIN = -128 dBm
(SIN) IN = 15 dB(SjI) TH = 7 dB
IT = 15 wattshI = 50 metersGn = 7 dBi
Mobil e Stat ion(desired signal receiver)
Mobile station effective antenna height
Mobile station antenna gainMobile station input noise levelMobile station input signal-to-noise ratioMobile station criteria for FM to FM marginalperformance
Interfering Station(undesired signal transmitter)
Interfering station's transmitter output power
Interfering station's effective antenna heightInterfering station's antenna gain
The di stance between the base stat i on and a speci fi c 1ocat i on of themobile station is known to be 60 km over a land path. Since the terrain issmooth along the path, the smooth-earth transmission loss curves in APPENDIX Amay be used to estimate the propagation loss. The basic median transmissionloss between the base station and the mobile station is determined, using the
curve for land in Figure A-I, to be Lb = 171 dB for hR = h1 = 1 m, hT = h2 =
10m, and f = 100 MHz at a distance of 60 km. The level of desired signal atthe input to the mobile station can now be determined using Equation 2-1.
SIN(dBm)SIN(dBm)
SIN(dBm)
= ST(dBm)= 50
= -113
+ GT(dBi) + GR(dBi)+ 8 + a
16
The (S/N)IN at the mobile receiver is determined using Equation 2-2.
= -113 - (-128)
(S/N)IN(dB) = 15
The distance between an interfering station and the specific location of
the mobil e station is known to be 53 km over a smooth 1and path. The
propagat ion loss between the i nterferi ng stat i on and the mobile stat i on is
thus determined, using the curve for land in Figure A-128, to be Lr(dB) = 153
dB for hR = hI = 1 m, hI = h2 = 50 m, and f = 100 MHz at a di stance of 53 km.
The level of the undesired signal at the input to the mobile station is
determined using Equation 2-3.
= 42 + 7 + o 153
= -104
The desired-signal to interference-signal ratio at the mobile receiver
input is determined using Equation 2-4.
= -113 - (-104)
(S/I)IN(dB) = -9
17
-------
The calculated value of (S/I)IN(dB) = -9 is compared to the desired-to
undesired performance threshold criteria (S/I)TH = +7. Since the calculated
value of (S/I)IN is less than the threshold value of (S/I)TH' an unacceptableinterference situation exists between the interfering station and the mobile
station.
18
SECTION 3
SIGNAL ATTENUATION FORMULAS
INTRODUCTION
There are many ways of expressing attenuation of signals transmitting
between a transmitter and a receiver. The CCIR Study Group 5 has defined some
terms concerning tropospheric radio wave propagation for use in the
international community. These are contained in CCIR Recommendation 341-2,
"The Concept of Transmission Loss for Radio Links." The CCIR defined terms of
particular interest are: system loss, transmission loss, basic transmission
loss, free space basic transmission loss, ray path transmission loss, and loss
relative to free space. For convenience, portions of these definitions are
given below with the aid of Figure 5.
..
....
ERP
pIt~_-o--<
G .t
....
P'Propagation Loss (Lpl ~__-ir
Gr
Transmission Loss (L)
System Loss (Ls )
Total Loss (LN)
Figure 5. Graphic depiction of terms used in describing signal attenuation.
19
Terminology used in Figure 5 and throughout Section 3 is presented to be
consistent with the terminology in CCIR Report 341-2.
ERP Effective Radiated Power, watts
TX Transmitter
Pt Transmitter Power, wattsP~ Transmitter Power less line losses, watts
TXLN - Transmitter transmission line
Gt Transmitter antenna gain
Gr Receiver antenna gain
RCVR ReceiverRCLN Receiver transmission line
PrpI
r
TRANSMISSION LOSS
Receiver input power, wattsPower received from the antenna, watts
1. Radio wave propagation loss, (Lp)o
The attenuation of a radi 0 wave that occurs when propagat i ng between a
transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna and, thus, does not include
antenna gains.
2. System Loss (Ls )
The ratio, usually expressed in decibels,-, for a radio link, of the radio
frequency power input to the termi na1s of the t ransmi tt i ng antenna and
the resultant radio frequency signal power available at the terminals of
the receiving antenna
= =
20
dB (2-1)
wherePt = radio frequency power in dBW input to the terminals of the
transmitting antenna andpi = resultant radio frequency signal power in dBW available atr
the terminals of the receiving antenna
3. Total Loss (LN)
The ratio, usually expressed in decibels, between the power supplied bythe transmitter of a radio link and the power supplied to thecorresponding receiver.
4. Transmission Loss (L)
The ratio, usually expressed in decibels, for a radio link between thepower radiated by the transmitting antenna and the pov.Jer that would beavailable at the receiving antenna output.
Sa. Basic Transmission Loss (Lb)
The transmission loss that would occur if the antennas were replaced bytheoretical isotropic antennas with the same polarization as the realantennas.
Sb. Basic Median Transmission Loss (Lbm )
The basic median t.ransmission loss in dB represents the median value(50%) of a large distribution of measured propagation losses for a givenpath. Thi s means that if a 1arge number of loss measurements are madeover a given path, half of them would be above the median loss and halfwould be below the median loss. The NLAMBDA model predicts basic mediantransmission loss.
21
--~-------
6. Free-space Basic Transmission Loss (Lbf )
The transmission loss that would occur if the antennas were replaced byisotropic antennas located in a perfect dielectric, homogeneous,isotropic and unlimited environment.
Lbf(dB) = 20 log (4~D/A)
where
o = distance between antennasA = wavelength in meters
This loss may also be expressed in decibel form by the equation:
Lbf(dB) = 20 log f(MHz) + 20 log 0 - K1
where
(2-2)
f =
=
frequency
37.9 (for 0 in feet)27.6 (for 0 in meters)32.45 (for 0 in kilometers)
-36.6 (for 0 in statute miles)-37.8 (for 0 in nautical miles).
7. Loss Rel ati ve to Free Space (A)
The difference between the bas i c transmi ss ion loss and the free-space
basic transmission loss, expressed in decibels
22
MODIFICATIONS TO THE SMOOTH-EARTH MEDIAN TRANSMISSION LOSS
Modifications of the smooth-earth transmission loss from terrainroughness, mixed path surface, foliage, rain, and long-term time-dependentpower fadi ng must be determi ned from other sources and added to the smoothearth transmission loss predictions obtained using the methods in thishandbook. Comments on the effects of these phenomena, relative to the smoothearth transmission loss, are given in the following paragraphs.
Terrain roughness along the transmi ss i on path can produce transmi ss i onloss variations above and below the median loss. Generally, the loss willincrease over rough terrain for beyond-the-horizon paths relative to the samedi stance over a smooth earth (provi di ng that effective antenna hei ghts areused in the smooth earth case). Line-of-sight transmission over rough terraincan produce 'short-term multiple reflections that are referred to as multipathor fast fading. Multipath is characterized by rapid variations about the freespace loss that could range from a 6 dB less loss to a deep fade of 30 dB ormore of the signal. References for the effects of multipath and rough-eartheffects are available from Rice, Powell, and the CCIR9,10,11,12 and
reference 4.
Mixed path surface transmission can be significantly different fromtransmission over a path having uniform electrical characteristics. A typicalmixed path would be from a ship at sea to an inland station. Propagationcharacteristics could change abruptly at the land-sea boundary. Thisphenomenon is important for low antennas at frequencies below about 160 MHz.A pri mary reference for the effects of mi xed path propagat ion is the work ofMillington 13 (also see reference 12).
Foliage attenuation must be considered when either antenna is very near,or emersed in, trees or other foliage. Determining the effects of foliage onthe propagating signal requires detailed knowledge of the environment.Although in some cases, foliage may reduce the signal attenuation, the usual
effect is increased attenuation relative to the median. References forfoliage attenuation are available in the literatureI4 ,15,16 (also see
references 11 and 12).
23
Rain attenuation becomes important for transmissions at frequencies above
10 GHz. This phenomenon produces the largest variations in signal phase and
ampl itude on earth-space 1i ne-of-si ght paths. References for the effects of
rain attenuation are available from Crane17 and the CCIR18 (also see
reference 12).
Time-dependent power fading (long term) must be considered for
propagation over beyond-the-horizon paths. This phenomenon causes variations
relative to the median loss due to large-scale slow changes in the
atmosphere. It is a function of time of day, time of year, and geographic
location. The transmission loss curves in this handbook provide estimates of
the median loss (50%) of log normal distribution of transmission losses. The
variation about this median for any other percentile (10%,90%, etc.) can b_e
estimated using an empirical model for long-term time~dependent power fading
given in the references below. As an example, for some propagation paths, the
transmission loss for a 10% probability may be 10 to 15 dB less than the
median loss (50%) and for a 90% probability, the loss may be 30 dB more than
the medi an loss. The method and data to estimate long-term time-dependent
power fading are well documented (see references 4,9,10, and 12).
Tropospheric ducting is a significant anomalous propagation mode for
frequenci es above 100 MHz. The probabil ity of occurrence of tropospheri c
ducting typically is less than about ten percent of the time. The ducting
mode is not typically a reliable or continuous mode of propagation but can
produce strong interference signals for intermittent periods of time. Ducting
occurs as the result of atmospheric stratification and inversion layers that
is found typically in coastal regions. Tropospheric ducting can produce
unusually high signal levels relative to the ~edian value. Estimates of the
worldwide probability of occurrence of tropospheric ducting and the resultant
signal enhancement from ducting may be obtained using newly developeddata .19, 20
24
REFERENCE LIST FOR SECTION 3
7. CCIR, Recommendation 525-1, "Calculation of Free Space Attenuation,"Volume V, Propagation in Non-Ionized Media, XVI Plenary Assembly,Dubrovnik, Poland, 1986.
8. CCIR, Recommendation 341-2, liThe Concept of Transmission Loss for RadioLinks," Volume V, Propagation in Non-Ionized t~edia, XVI PlenaryAssembly, Dubrovnik, Poland, 1986.
9. Rice, P.L., et al., Transmission Loss Predictions for TroposphericCommunications Circuits, Technical Note 101, Volumes I and II,National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, May 1966.
10. Powell, J.R., The Terrai n Integrated Rough Earth Model (TIREr~), ECAC-TN83-002, DOD ECAC, Annapolis, MD, September 1983.
11. CCIR, Report 236-6, "Influence of Terrain, Irregularities and Vegetationon Tropospheric Propagation," Volume V, Propagation in a Non-IonizedMedia, XVI Plenary Assembly, OUbrovnik, Poland, 1986.
12. Weissberger, M., et al., Radiowave Propagation: A Handbook of PracticalTechniques for Computing Basic Transmission Loss and Field Strength,EcAc-HDBK-82-049, DOD ECAc, Annapolis, MO, September 1982, NTISAOA122090.
13. Millington, G., Groundwave Propagation Across a Land/Sea Boundary,Nature, January 22, 1949.
14. Saxton, J.A., "VHF and UFH Reception, Effects of Trees and OtherObstacles," Wireless World, May 1955.
15. Kinase, A., "Influences of Terrain Irregularities and EnvironmentalClutter Surroundings on the Propagation of Broadcasting Waves in theVHF and UHF Bands, II NHK Techni ca1 Monograph No. 14, JapanBroadcasting Corporation, Tokyo, Japan, March 1969.
16. J&B, Jansky and Bailey Engineering Department, Tropical PropagationResearch, Final Report, Volume I, Atlantic Research Corporation,Alexandria, VA, 1966.
17. Crane, R., Prediction of Attenuation by Rain, Environmental Research andTechnology Incorporated, Concord, MA, August 1979.
18. CCIR, Report 721-2, "Attenuation by Hydrometeors, In ParticularPrecipitation, and Other Atmospheric Particles," Volume V,Propagation in a Non-Ionized Media, XVI Plenary Assembly, DUbrovnik,Poland, 1986.
25
19.
20.
CCIR, Report 718-2, "Effects of Large-Scale Tropospheri c Refraction onRadio Wave Propagation," Volume V, Propagation in Non-Ionized Media,XVI Plenary Assembly, Dubrovnik, Poland, 1986.
Ortenburger, L.N., et al., Radiosonde Data Analysis Ill, Summary of Mapsof Observed Data, GTE Sylvania Incorporated, Mountain View, CA,December 1978.
26
APPENDIX A
CURVES OF BASIC MEDIAN TRANSMISSION LOSS
This appendix contains curves of Basic Median Transmission Loss in dBover a smooth spherical earth for frequencies of 100 MHz, 500 MHz, 1000 MHz,2000 MHz, 5000 r~Hz, 7000 MHz, 10,000 MHz, and 20,000 MHz. Estimates oftransmission loss for frequencies between 100 MHz and 20,000 MHz may bedetermined by interpolation between the curves. TABLE A-I is included to helplocate the transmission loss curve for a particular combination of frequencyand antenna heights.
A-I
:rN
TABLE A-l: CURVES OF BASIC MEDIAN TRANSMISSION LOSS
LIST OF TRANSMISSION LOSS FIGURES
f(MHz)
~1 10 50 100 200 500 lK 2K 5K
h1(m)
100 1 A-I A-2 A-3 A-4 A-S A-6 A-7 A-810 A-9 A-950 A-IO A-IO
100 A-ll A-ll200 A-12 A-12500 A-13 A-13
lK A-14 A-142K A-IS A-ISSK A-16
500 1 A-17 A-1710 A-18 A-1850 A-19 A-19
100 A-20 A-20200 A-2I A-21500 A-22 A-22
lK A-23 A-232K A-24 A-24'iK A-2S
1000 1 A-26 A-:Lb
10 A-27 A-2750 A-28 A-28
100 A-29 A-29
200 A-30 A-30
500 A-3I A-3I
lK A-32 A-32
2K A-33 A-33
5K A-34
:rw
TABLE A-I: CURVES OF BASIC MEDIAN TRANSMISSION LOSS
LIST OF TRANSMISSION LOSS FIGURES
f(MHz)
~1 10 50 100 200 500 1K 2K SK
h1(m)
2000 1 A-35 A-3510 A-36 A-3650 A-37 A-37
100 A-38 A-38200 A-39 A-39500 A-40 A-40
1K . A-41 A-412K A-42 A-42ilK A-43
5000 1 A-44 A-4410 A-45 A-4550 A-46 A-46
100 A-47 A-47200 A-48 A-48500 A-49 A-49
1K .. A-50 A-502K A-51 A-515K A-52
7000 1 A··~j A-5310 A-54 A-5450 A-55 A-55
100 A-56 A-56200 A-57 A-57500 A-58 A-58
lK A-59 A-592K A-60 A-605K A-61
:r.J:-o
TABLE A-1: CURVES OF BASIC MEDIAN TRANSMISSION LOSS
LIST OF TRANSMISSION LOSS FIGURES
f(MHz)
~1 10 50 100 200 500 1K 2K 5K
h1(m)
10,000 1 A-62 A-6210 A-63 A-6350 A-64 A-64
100 A-65 A-65200 A-66 A-66500 A-67 A-67
1K . A-68 A-682K A-69 A-69'iK A-70
20,000 1 A-71 A-7110 A-72 A-7250 A-73 A-73
100 A-74 A-74200 A-75 A-75500 A-76 A-76
1K .. A-77 A-77
2K A-78 A-78'iK A-79
1 -
1050
100200500
1K2KSK
r--- -- -r----r-- r--- I--I-----r---
~:------- -~
I---~I-
--........ --.......i"...~
l"- i'--.............
"""-i"... "'"'" "-
" '"~---~I--............
~~~
""I'\.
'"1\260 .
10 100 1000GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)
FIGURE A-1. f= 1OOMHz,h 1 = 1m,h 2 = 1Om,V.P.,Land and Sea Water
80
en 100u'--'
V1 120V10-1
z 1400V1V1 160~V1Z« 180~I-
~
~ 200I
U1
0w~ 220u(/)
a'5 240
I--
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~
~r-- I---
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I'-..... "'- I........ "-
~I'" '"I'-II
~ I~ I
r-.... I............
~ It"-. i..
'"'" '\.
i\
26010 100 1000
GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)FIGURE A-2. f= 1OOMHz,h ,= 1m t h 2 =50m t V.P.,Land and Sea Water
80
CD 100u-...-
If) 120l/)
0-J
z 1400l/)
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a§ 240
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10 100 1000GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)
FIGURE A-3. f= 100MHz.h 1= 1m.h2 =100m,V.P.•Land and Sea Water
80
en 100"0-..-
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i'-... I'-.. ro-l-t"'-... i'..
f'..... " I"-~"- ~.......
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26010 100 1000
GREAT CI~CLE DISTANCE (km)FIGURE A-4. f= 1OOMHz,h,= 1m,h 2 =200m,V.P.,Land and Sea Water
80
m 100u'--'"
(/) 120(/)0-l
z 1400(/)
(/) 160~(/jz« 180~l-
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Q§ 240
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----'26010 100 1000
GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)FIGURE A-5. f=1 OOMHz,h,= 1m,h 2 =500m,V.P.,Land and Sea Water
80
m 100-0.'--"
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tf) 160~tf)z« 1800::i-
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GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)FIGURE A-6. f=1 00MHz.h 1= 1m ,h 2 = 1km,V.P .• Land and Sea Water
80
,.....co 100"0'-'"
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GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)FIGURE A-8. f=100MHz,h,=1 m,h 2 =5km,V.P .• Lond o~d Sea Water
80
...-..CD 100""0---(/)
(/) 1200--.J
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GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)FIGURE A-g. f= 1OOMHz,h,= 1Om,h 2 = 1Om,50m, 1OOm,200m,500m,l km,2km,5km
80
r.o 100-0-..-
V1 120U10-l
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GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)FIGURE A-10. f= 1OOMHz.h ,=50m.h 2 =50m.1 00m,200m.500m, 1km.2km,5km
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GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)FIGURE A-ll. f= 1OOMHz,h 1= 1OOm,h2 = 1OOm,200m,500m, 1km,2km,5km
80
..........lD 100"0~
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10 100 1000GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)
FIGURE A-13. f= 1OOMHz,h,=500m,h 2 =500m. 1kr:l.2km,5km
80
--...!Xl 100"0.......,V')
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GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)FIGURE A-14. f= 100MHz.h 1= 1km ,h2 = 1km ,2km,5km
1000
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GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)FIGURE A-17. f=500MHz,h 1= 1m,h 2 = 1Om,50m, 1OOm,200m,500m, 1km,2km,5km
100
m 120-0"'-"
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GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)FIGURE A-1B. f=500MHz,h , = 1Om,h 2 = 1Om,50m. 100m.200m.500m, 1km.2km.5km
100
CD i20""C)'--'
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FIGURE A-19. f=500MHz,h l =50m,h 2 =50m, 1OOm,200m,500m, 1km,2km,5km
100
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GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)FIGURE A-20. f=500MHz,h, = 1OOm.h 2 = 1OOm.200m,500m. 1km,2km,5km
100
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FORM NTIA-29 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE(~·.II NAn. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET
1. PUBLICATION NO. 2. Gov't Accession No. 3. Recipient·s Accession No.
NTIA TechnicalReport 89-242 .
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. Publicalion Dale
HANDBOOK OF RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION LOSS, PART II Aoril 1989(100 - 20,000 MHz) 6. Performing Organizalion Code
NTIA/OSM/SEAD7. AUTHOR(SI 9. ProjecllTaskIWOril Unil No.
Wi 11 iam E. Frazier8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 99019171
National Telecommunications and InformationAdministration (NTIA) 10. ConlracVGranl No.
179 A~~iralM~och~~n~lDrive\----- .';e Ian
11. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 12. Type 01 Repon and Period Covered
US Department of Commerce/NTIA179 Admiral Cochrane Drive Technical ReportAnnapolis, MD 21401 13.
14. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
15. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or leas fK'wl wmmary of mos' $ignifir:anl inform.'ion. /I documenl includes a signilicant bibliography or Iilera/uresut\llly. mentIon II here.)
This handbook is intended to provide estimates of radio wave propagation lossbetween transmitting and receiving antennas of various heights and transmissionfrequencies above the assumed smooth-earth surface calculated using the NLAMBDAcomputer model. For many cases involving electromagnetic compatibility analysis,the curves of predicted transmission losses in this report may be used toestimate the transmission losses of the desired and undesired signals. Theseestimated loss values are given in dB as BASIC MEDIAN TRANSMISSION LOSS forantennas with effective heights up to 5000 meters, operating in the 100 to20,000 MHz frequency range, over land or sea~ at great circle earth surface dis-tances up to 1000 kilometers. This handbook is an expanded version of theinitial handbook and includes curves for the additional frequencies of 500 MHz,2000 MHz, 5000 MHz, 7000 MHz, and 20,000 MHz.
16. Key Words (Alph./Je/ir:al order, separa,ed by s.",ir:OIons)
Basic Median Transmission Loss; Electromagnetic. Compatibility; Radio WavePropagation; Transmission loss
17. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 18. Security Class. (This reporl) 20. Number 01 pages
IXI UNLIMITED.UNCLASSIFIED 118
19. SecurilY Class. (This page) 21. Price:
0 FOR OFFICIAL OISTRlSUTION.
UNCLASSIFIED
~~---~--~ ~- -~-~--------
I I I I I' I II I I I I I I Ir I t
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-L-~I_ i~~ ----I I I I I 1 I U- I I I I IIL
120
ro 140"t.1'---'
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z 1800(/)
(/) 200~V)z~ 220!-»
I
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aw~ 260u(/)
ca 280
30010 100
GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)FIGURE A-77. f=20GHz t h,= 1km t h2 = 1km t 2km t 5km
1000
----- r---: r--- - t-- ----- ---~o- Pt-r- I--- -f--
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O§ 280
30010 100
GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)FIGURE A-78. f=20GHz,h t =2km,h2 =2km,5km
1000
r- I I -I I I I I I I6:--~~
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(I) 1600-J
Z0 180(/')V>~(/'; 200z«a:::I--
»Z 220I
ex>w «
0
~ 240u
~ 260CD
28010 100
GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE (km)FIGURE A-79. f=20GHz,h,=5km,h 2 =5km
1000
------'---
FORM NTIA-29 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,.•, NArL. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET
1. PUBLICATION NO. 2•. Gov" Accession No. 3. Recipiell"s Accession No.
NTIA TechnicalReport 89'-242
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. Publication Date
HANDBOOK OF RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION LOSS, PART II April 1989(100 - 20,000 MHz) 6. Performing Organization Code
NTIA/OSM/SEAD7. AUTHOR(SI 9. ProjecllTaskIWOrk Unit No.
Wi 11 iam E. Frazier8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS 99019171
National Telecommunications and InformationAdministration (NTIA) 10. ConlracVG,anl No.
E~,,~~~1~a1M~och~~~~lDrive11. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 12. Type 01 Report and Period Covered
US Department of Commerce/NTIA179 Admiral Cochrane Drive Technical ReportAnnapolis, MD 21401 13.
14. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
,
15. ABSTRACT (A 2OO-wold 01 leA fac'wl sumIMry of mos, $ignifican' informa,ion. It document includes a significant bibliography or litelaluresUIWY, mention il here.)
This handbook is intended to provide estimates of radio wave propagation lossbetween transmitting and receiving antennas of various heights and tr.ansmissionfrequencies above the assumed smooth-earth surface calculated using the NLAMBDAcomputer model. For many cases involving electromagnetic compatibility analysis,the curves of predicted transmission losses in this report may be used toestimate the transmission losses of the desired and undesired signals. Theseestimated loss values are given in dB as BASIC MEDIAN TRANSMISSION LOSS forantennas with effective heights up to 5000 meters, operating in the 100 to20,000 MHz frequency range, over land or sea, at great circle earth surface dis-tances up to 1000 kilometers. This handbook is an expanded version of theinitial handbook and includes curves for the additional frequencies of 500 MHz,2000 r1Hz, 5000 MHz, 7000 MHz, and 20,000 MHz.
16. Key Words (Alphabeticat oletel. separafed by semicolons)
Basic Median Transmission Loss; Electromagnetic Compatibility; Radio WavePropagation; Transmission Loss ..
17. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 18. Security Class. (This lepolt) 20. Number 01 pages
(Xl UNLIMITED. UNCLASSIFIED 11819. Security Class. (ThiS page) 21. Price:
0 FOR OFFICIAL DiSTR'BUTION.
UNCLASSIFIED
