FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND LANGUAGES
SEMESTER SEPTEMBER 2012
HBPE4403
SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
MATRICULATION NO : 790205125499002
IDENTITY CARD NO. : 790205-12-5499
TELEPHONE NO. : 0198023167
E-MAIL : [email protected]
LEARNING CENTRE : Institut Perguruan Keningau
Table of contents
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction of 2D and 3D
kinematic analysis and its benefits 1 - 2
1.2 2D and 3D kinematic analysis benefits 2 – 6
2.0 Justification of the comparison of 2D and 3D Kinematic Analysis 6 - 9
3.0 Analysis of 2D and 3D kinematic data collected 9 - 10
4.0 Suggestions for the importance of 2D and 3D
Kinematic Analysis to the development of Athlete performance 11
5.0 Conclusions 12
References 13 - 14
HBPE4403
1.0 Introduction
Biomechanics is the application of the laws and knowledge of mechanics to the anatomical
(structural) and physiological (functional) aspects of a living system. Biomechanics also can
define as the application of the principle of mechanics to study the biological systems.
Application of the principles from mechanics and engineering in the field of sports is known as
sports biomechanics. Biomechanics is the sport science field that applies the laws of mechanics
and physics to human performance, in order to gain a greater understanding of performance in
athletic events through modeling, simulation and measurement.
It is also necessary to have a good understanding of the application of physics to sport, as
physical principles such as motion, resistance, momentum and friction play a part in most
sporting events. Sports bio mechanists or movement analysts study and analyzed human
movement patterns in sport to help people perform their chosen sporting activity better and to
reduce the risk of injury. Biomechanical analysis of sport performance provides an objective
method of determining performance of a particular sporting technique. In particular, it aims to
add to the understanding of the mechanisms influencing performance, characterization of
athletes, and provide insights into injury.
1.1 Introduction of 2D and 3D kinematic analysis and its benefits
A detailed understanding of the biomechanics of human motion in sports generally requires the
service of a multiple camera three-dimensional motion analysis system to film, capture, and
track, digitize and analyze motion over time. A variety of motion analysis capture methods such
as optical, electromagnetic and image-based techniques can be used. However, they all serve a
common objective to obtain raw positional data of segment points that can be filtered and used to
calculate various kinematic and kinetic derived variables. These variables are applied to quantify
and experimentally validate descriptions of sports technique, and also provide biomechanical
explanations of the motion patterns observed in sports.
Computer systems are increasingly being used for sports training. Two kinds of computer-aided
sports training systems are commercially available: 3D motion-based systems and 2D video-
1
HBPE4403
based systems. A 3D motion-based system uses multiple cameras to track the motion of
reflective markers attached to the performer’s body. The markers’ 3D positions are recovered
and used to compute the performer’s 3D motion, which can be analyzed by the coach or
compared with a 3D reference motion of an expert. Such a system can provide accurate motion
analysis. However, it is very expensive and difficult to use for the general users.
A 2D video-based system captures the performer’s motion using an off-the-shelf video camera
and loads the video into a computer system. The system displays the performer’s video and a
pre-recorded expert’s video side by side, and provides tools for the user to manually compare the
performer’s motion with the expert’s motion. The system is affordable to general users.
However, it cannot perform detailed motion analysis automatically.
3D Motion Analysis has a number of uses including Sport Science. This makes it possible to
observe how people move when they are playing sports. Computers have made lots of things
possible, and this includes tracking movement. You can use virtually any computer to do this as
long as it is quite new. There are many different pieces of software which can be used to analyze
movements in all three dimensions. When the 3D motion is rendered, it is then possible to play it
back and analyze it. This makes it simple to analyze your behavior when playing sports and
improve your techniques.
1.2 2D and 3D kinematic analysis benefits
2D and 3D motion has a number of uses including medical, physiotherapy and sport therapy. To
analyze this information, you will need to have a powerful computer which is reliable and won't
let you down. Motion analysis can be used to store the information about the dynamic and
kinematics movements.
The need for biomechanical analysis has become fundamental in any sport with complex
movements. 2D and 3D Biomechanical Motion Analysis will directly lead to improved
performance and injury prevention. It will identify "power leaks" and their causes, so that
incomplete sports training can develop into superior performance-enhancement. For example to
detail a few achievable goals: throwers will see better command of pitches, increased velocity
2
HBPE4403
and number of pitches, with significant reduction of elbow, shoulder and back pain; hitters will
see more power output and higher batting average; runners will benefit from increased stride
rate, stride length and lowered risk of leg muscle strains; golfers will get more distance and
straighter drives from a more consistent swing, with less fatigue and body aches.
Regardless of a particular style or school of thought for sports techniques, from a mechanics
standpoint, the body can only move optimally in one way. This is due to the alignment of bones,
the direction of muscle fibers and the designated contractile properties of those fibers. These
very different sports all rely on rotational movements, and since the body can only rotate its parts
in one ideal way, these seemingly individual sports rely on the same sequencing of parts.
The analysis in 2-D and 3-D system is an athlete’s mechanics; whether for running, throwing,
swinging, kicking, cycling, squatting, jumping are analyzed using electromagnetic body sensors,
real-time motion-capture video, and state-of-the-art computer software. The analysis generates a
2-D and 3-D digital animation, which allows people to understand every aspect of their
movements, while assessing proper kinetic sequence, body posture, range-of-motion, etc.
Seeing data broken down to 240 frames per second (the human eye can only see between 30 and
60 frames per second) and with accuracy up to 1/10th of a degree, it becomes easy to pin-point
the exact, undetectable moment when a complex motion might be creating stress or negatively
affecting performance. And with that detailed biomechanical data, training or rehab can become
completely individualized and, therefore, markedly more dramatic.
In sports coaching, a coach assesses the movements of a sportsman to provide coaching
instructions. The coach analyzes many factors in the sportsman’s motion such as the positions,
orientations, speeds and motion directions of his body parts. For movements that require
precision, such as golf swing, it is very difficult for a human coach to assess the movement
quantitatively and precisely without instrumental aids. For long and complex movements such as
Taichi, it is impossible for the coach to remember all the mistakes of the performer throughout
the whole Taichi sequence. The coach needs to stop the performer’s movement to provide
coaching instructions, disrupting the smooth flow of the movement. Computer systems can assist
the coach in all the above aspects of sports coaching.
3
HBPE4403
This analysis allows coaches to identify a potential location and time for error to occur and
obtain quantifiable data to track progressions of athletes’ improvement by providing a freeze-
frame description of the critical phases of a skill and numerically annotates the position of
anatomical structures. The application of video filming and motion analysis may help athletes
and their coaches to examine the techniques used and to explore ways to improve their
performance. Below are the examples of benefits from the 3D kinematic analysis
Movement Geometry
4
HBPE4403
Using a high speed camera we have the capability to record any high speed motion (such as
pitching) and calculate distances and linear velocities which are impossible with a standard
definition camera.
Trajectory Analysis depicts in serial pictures the trajectory of an anatomical structure,
object, or implement. By tracking the trajectory of an object or body segment coaches and
players will obtain visual information of flight path. This baseball example contrasts flight
path from a catcher’s perspective between pitches.
The main outcome of such analyses is to allow coach and athlete to make immediate educated
choices, based on actual data, in relation to changes in throwing technique, physical preparation
and possible future frame design. These analyses are also helpful to clearly identify and
prioritize the research focus to be conducted in experimental conditions and during real events.
For example, an analysis conducted on the Australian world-record holder in the class F34 men,
during a representative of the technique performed by elite athletes while competing in a world-
class event. It is difficult to fully replicate the environment of a world-class competition, which
often includes the stress and pressure due to the presence of other opponents, mass-media,
referees in charge of applying the rules strictly, the use of official equipment, etc.
5
HBPE4403
2.0 Justification of the comparison of 2D and 3D Kinematic Analysis
2.1 There are two basic approaches to analyze motion, two dimensional (2D) analyses and three
dimensional (3D) analyses. The 3D system uses multiple cameras to track reflective markers
attached to the body. 3D systems are considered to be ac-curate for motion analysis, but tend to
be expensive and difficult to use for the average person. Some applications of 2D video based
systems can capture the video with an inexpensive off the shelf camera. This video can be
streamed instantly or loaded on a computer at a later time for analysis.
2.2 in the Throwing techniques involving a significant rotation in the transverse plane will therefore require 3D analysis.
2.3 2D video analyses can provide some visual information about an activity. 3D analyses provide the greatest visualization and allow a full digital reconstruction of the activity.
2.4 In a two-dimensional (2D) video analysis, biomechanical evaluations are performed with
high-speed video cameras. In the Mass General Sports Performance Center, 2 to 3 video cameras
are placed to view an athlete from different angles. Activity can be recorded at speeds to 1000
frames per second. The cameras record the athlete during an activity simultaneously. The 2D
analysis allows clinicians and athlete's to review the video of the sporting activity and look at the
athlete at a key event such as at the moment when a pitcher releases the baseball or when a golfer
strikes the ball. The images for analysis, however, are limited by the view of the camera, and no
force data is obtained.
2.5 The 3D reconstruction provides us a method to calculate the actual position and speed of
each part of the body during an activity. Joint force, torques and power can be calculated. The
biomechanical efficiency of your movement can be assessed. The resulting 3D reconstruction
allows us to analyze the athlete’s movements with precise measurements, revealing a wealth of
information that can help you improve and gain a competitive edge. This is impossible for 2D.
2.6 3D Motion analyses provide the best visualization of an activity and provide the ability to
track your progress over time. Concepts such as "swing efficiency" can be evaluated. Specific
forces on parts of your body can be measured.
6
HBPE4403
(Source:http://www.massgeneralsportsperformance.org/content/name/technology/2d-versus-3d-evalu)
The comparison was also better seen in the study on the using 2D and 3D kinematic analysis to
know their preferences. Nine athletes participated in the study. The standard of sporting
performance ranged from ‘keen recreational’ to ‘elite’ level. Participants completed a bespoke,
online survey (www.marrc.co.uk/quest/quest), which covered areas such as accessibility, reasons
for analysis, clarity of feedback, and application.
The Results shows that all 3D users chose the analysis to improve their performance compared to
50% of 2D users; the remaining 2D users had various reasons. The area of performance focused
on was technique for all participants. Below are the results
Table1. Comparison of Usefulness between 2D and 3D analysisLevel of Usefulness 2D users 3D Users
Very useful 62.5% 100%
Somewhat useful 25% 0.0%
Not very useful 0.0 % 0.0%
Not useful at all 12.5% 0.0%
All 2D participants had their analysis presented by video footage, with 25% of those also having
force pressure data and 12.5% kinematics. All 3D users had kinematic data shown. Of those
66.7% also had video footage and a further 33.3% had force pressure and the visual guidance of
overlaid images Of 3D users 66.7% received the level of detail from their analysis that they were
expecting compared to 62.5% of 2D users. More 2D (71.4%) than 3D users (66.7%) felt their
results were explained to them in a comprehendible manner. All 3D users compared to 75% of
2D users would use the analysis again.
Table 2 : Format in which 2D and 3D users received their results
Format Types 2D users (%) 3D Users (%)
7
HBPE4403
Video footage 87.5 66.7
Verbal 62.5 100.0
Written 25.0 33.3
Graphics 9.4 33.3
Interactive CD 0.0 0.0
Table 3 : Which personnel coordinated each part of the analysis
Section of Analysis Personal 2D Users (%) 3D Users(%)
Suggested the analysis Coach 62.5 66.7
Other 50 33.3
Collecting the data Coach 37.5 33.3
Friends/Family 12.5 0.0
Other 62.5 100.0
Analysing the data Coach 50.0 33.3
Themselves 37.5 0.0
other 37.5 66.7
Altering the training Coach 50.0 66.7
Themselves 25.0 0.0
other 50.0 33.3
Two prominent results are that 3D users rated the whole experience more positively and
confirmed that they would use the service again.
According to McLean et al., (2005), within the medical sector, 3D analysis presents financial,
spatial and temporal costs, thus limiting use. These limitations may also be apparent in the
sporting market. Anecdotal evidence showed that preparation time and space was disrupting for
8
HBPE4403
the athlete, but they were not aware of the cost. There were less 3D-respondent, which may
suggest a lack of awareness of 3D analysis.Only half of the 2D users used the analysis to
improve performance, suggesting 2D analysis is used for a range of reasons, this may be due to
its flexibility and accessibility.
Findings show that more 3D users received the expected level of detail from their results than 2D
users. However 2D users felt the results were better explained. This may indicate that although
3D is believed to be more detailed, the way in which feedback is provided to the athlete is
essential. This is supported by Guadagnoli (2002). This might explain why the most common
way of displaying results to 2D users is through video footage, whereas the most frequently used
format to provide 3D results is verbal.
3.0 Analysis of 2D and 3D kinematic data collected.
From the data collected they were several application 2D and 3D kinematic analyses especially
in Sports. A research done by Kirmizibayrak C.et al(2011) on Digital Analysis and
Visualization of Swimming Motion has used The 3D visualization is augmented with tools to
show information about speed and acceleration of joints or user selected points on the swimmer
using numerical outputs, traces and graphs. Even though swimming is a widely popular sport
and seeing an accurate computational fluid dynamics simulation of a world-class swimmer could
help educate a swimming coach or an up-and-coming young swimmer, these effects would be
improved if this process can be individualized. Swimming is a very technical sport that requires
cyclical and precise motions athletes perfect after intensive training. Since the stored motions in
the library are normalized in our acquisition step, swimmers of different capabilities can be
displayed together. This can be a powerful comparison tool, which would enable an amateur
swimmer to compare his swimming style to an Olympic champion. Even Olympic-level
swimmers study video to compare and learn from other Olympians, so the flexibility in
comparing techniques and ease of seeing the sometimes subtle differences is critical for an
analysis tool to be practical and widely used. By transferring the captured motion from 2D video
to 3D rendering, a more flexible and effective visualization can be achieved. The process enables
the athletes of various ability levels to digitize their captured motions, and morph prototypical
polygonal models to end up with a visualization tailored to that specific swimmer. These models
9
HBPE4403
can then be used to visualize and compare with other motions stored in a library, enabling
swimmers to compare their techniques to world-class athletes and finding areas to improve.
Mohd Khairi Zawi & Mohd Safrusahar Yusoff. ( 2007 ). Kinematic Analysis of the Kuda and
Sila Service Techniques in Sepak Takraw. purpose of the following series of studies was to
examine selected response characteristics of the kuda service, in comparison to the sila service in
terms of overall kinematic and response efficiency. To address these issues, video analyses based
on recordings during actual championship plays were conducted on both styles of serves. The
first study employed a two-dimensional (2D) analysis technique on the following kinematic and
response parameters; (i) body (axis) lean during the execution of service, (ii) ball contact height
during ball-foot contact phase, (iii) linear velocity of serving foot, and (iv) ball velocity at
postball-foot contact. The mentioned parameters were determined based on their potential
influence in terms of generating movement deception and optimum serving velocity. The second
study provided a closer kinematics examination of both the serving techniques via three-
dimensional (3D) analysis. The analyses involved similar movement parameters, and in addition
to the following: (i) angular velocity of serving foot during pre-contact, (ii) changes in position
of centre of gravity at ball-foot contact, and (iii) relative angle of contact during ball-foot contact
phase. The kinematics and notational analysis using 2D and 3D has help to determine whether
such efficiency necessarily translates into any form Malaysian Term of tactical advantage.
4.0 Suggestions for the importance of 2D and 3D Kinematic Analysis to the development of Athlete performance
It is very important to apply the 2D and 3D Kinematic Analysis to develop the athlete
performance. 2D and 3D motion analysis is a must in today’s world of sport in order to help the
athletes to increase their performance. 2D and 3D kinematic analysis has typically done for
complex, rotating or similar movements for all kinds of sports. Scientists in sports biomechanics
10
HBPE4403
and medicine often use 2D and 3D analysis in order to describe a body's movements. It has help
the athletes for example to
4.1 Injury Prevention and Recovery
Injuries are a part of every sport, but with the help of 2D and 3D motion analysis, it can help
prevent reinjure and new injuries. The technique you use to run, swim, hit the golf ball or throw
a pitch sometimes is a contributing factor in sustaining an injury. With 2D and 3D motion
analysis, we can study your technique and pinpoint areas that must be changed to avoid injuring
in the future.
4.2 Discover Weaknesses
By using 2D and 3D analysis of individual or team performance, we can discover weaknesses
that may be holding us back.. Once the weak link is discovered, it can be modified and improved
upon.
4.3 Model the BestOne way that using 2D and 3D analysis can help improve performance by analyzing the motion of the best athletes that had ever made.
By using the 2d and 3D kinematic analysis, biomechanists can apply motion analysis to improve
athletes performance in the following ways:
1. To develop a detailed descriptive biomechanical analysis of sports technique
2. To establish the biomechanical criteria those are characteristic of optimal technique
3. To establish the validity of coaching intervention measures on selected performance outcomes
4. To perform a biomechanical performance blueprint or profile
5. To perform a quantitative talent identification survey.
5.0 Conclusion
Kinematics is the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, bodies
(objects) and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without consideration of the causes of
motion. Kinematic analysis is the process of measuring the kinematic quantities used to describe
motion. In engineering, for instance, kinematic analysis may be used to find the range of
11
HBPE4403
movement for a given mechanism, and, working in reverse, kinematic synthesis designs a
mechanism for a desired range of motion. 2D and 3D motion has a number of uses including
medical, physiotherapy and sport therapy. To analyze this information, you will need to have a
powerful computer which is reliable and won't let you down. Motion analysis can be used to
store the information about the dynamic and kinematics movements. The need for biomechanical
analysis has become fundamental in any sport with complex movements. 2D and 3D
Biomechanical Motion Analysis will directly lead to improved performance and injury
prevention. It will identify "power leaks" and their causes, so that incomplete sports training can
develop into superior performance-enhancement.
3324 Words
Bibliography
A. Aleksić-Veljković ET AL.(2011). Comparative kinematic analysis of release of the best serbian shot putters. Facta Universitatisseries: Physical Education and Sport Vol. 9, No 4, Special Issue, 2011, pp. 359 – 364. Retrieved on 20.10.2012 from acta.junis.ni.ac.rs/pe/pe201104/pe201104-01.pdf
Georgina M.Fenton, Sarah M.Churchill1 and Paul C.Castle.(2002). How Useful Do Athletes Find 2D Video Analysis Compared with 3D Motion Analysis?’.: A Preliminary Study
12
HBPE4403
Motion Analysis Research and Rehabilitation Centre .(MARRC) University of Worcester, UK School of Sport and Exercise Science Department, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK. ‘Retrieved on 20.10.2012 from htpp:// www.marrc.co.uk
Gongbing Shan and Xiang Zhang .( 2011 ).From 2D leg kinematics to 3D full-body biomechanics-the past, present and future of scientific analysis of maximal instep kick in soccer. Retrieved on 10.10.2012 from : http://www.smarttjournal.com/content/3/1/23
How Useful Do Athletes Find 2D Video Analysis Compared to 3D Motion Analysis? - A Preliminary StudyFenton, Georgina and Churchill, Sarah and Castle, Paul (2007) How Useful Do Athletes Find 2D Video Analysis Compared to 3D Motion Analysis? - A Preliminary Study. In: International Symposium on Computer Science in Sport, 3rd-6th June 2007, Calgary, Canada. (Unpublished)
Ilie M.(2010). Researches concerning the utilization of the kinematic analysis movement software in 2d system – dartfish© in the male triple jump event technique monitoring. Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Pitesti, ROMANIA. Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport / SCIENCE, MOVEMENT AND HEALTH., Issue 2 suppl. 2010. Etrieved on 10.10.2012 from www.analefefs.ro/anale-fefs/2010/issue-2-supplement/files/36..pdf
Moataz Eltoukhy et al.(2012). Evaluation of the Performance of Digital Video Analysis of Human Motion: Dartfish Tracking System. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2012 1 ISSN 2229-5518 IJSER © 2012. Retrieved on 20.10.2012 from http://www .ijser.org
Mohd Yusof Baharuddin, Mohd Sayuti Mohd Salim & Adilah Hashim.(2009). Biomechanics Analysis on Running.Biomedical Electronics Engineering Program, Proceedings of International Conference on Applications and Design in Mechanical Engineering (ICADME) 11 – 13 October 2009, Batu Ferringhi, Penang, MALAYSIASchools of Mechatronics, University Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia. Retrieved on 22.10.2012 from space.unimap.edu.my/.../Biomechanics%20Analysis%20on%20Run
Plagenhoef S. (1971): Patterns of Human Motion. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
René E.D. Ferdinands.(2010). Advanced Applications of Motion Analysis in Sports Biomechanics.Exercise and Sports Science, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia XXVIII International Symposium of Biomechanics in Sports . Retrieved on 20.10.2012 from https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/view/4383
Ruixuan Wang, Wee Kheng Leow, Hon Wai Leong.(2008).3D-2D Spatiotemporal
13
HBPE4403
Registration for Sports Motion Analysis.Dept. of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Computing 1, Singapore 117590. Retrieved on 18.102012 from ww.comp.nus.edu.sg/~leowwk/thesis/wangruixuan-thesis.pdf
Wei Xieet al.(2001). Overview of video data collection for 3-dimensional motion analysisduring the final rounds of thomas & uber cup 2000 badminton championships. Biomechanics Symposia 2001 / University of San Francisco. Retrieved on 15.10.2012 from https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/view/3818
Wee Kheng Leow · Ruixuan Wang · Hon Wai Leong.(2010). 3-D–2-D spatiotemporal registration for sports motion analysis. Machine Vision and Applications
DOI 10.1007/s00138-011-0371-7.L Retrieved on 15.10.2012 from ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4587528
Xie Wei . (2010). Application of filming and motion analysis in movement studies Sports Medicine and Research Center, Singapore Sports Council, Singapore. Retrieved on 18.10.2012 from https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/viewFile/2520/2367
14
