Hidden Hazards Sbr

Hidden Hazards in the Ocean of Hidden Hazards in the Ocean of MicrowaveMicrowave

Dr. Sudhabindu Ray (PhD, IIT Bombay),Reader, Jadavpur University

[email protected]@etce.jdvu.ac.in, , [email protected]@iitb.org, , [email protected] [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

27/09/11 Hidden hazards in the ocean of microwaves - Dr. Sudhabindu Ray 2

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to my teacher Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay who played the key role to bring me in this area of research.

My gratitude also goes to the teachers and colleagues of ETC Dept., Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur for helping me to carry out research in this field.

My sincere thanks goes to teachers colleagues of Jadavpur University, Kolkata for their continuous support.

I am also grateful to my student Faruk Ali for his help to produce this document.


Microwaves

✔ A short electromagnetic wave (longer than infrared but shorter than radio waves); used for radar and microwave ovens and for transmitting telephone, facsimile, video and data.

✔ Cook or heat in a microwave oven; "You can microwave the leftovers"

✔ Kitchen appliance that cooks food by passing an electromagnetic wave through it; heat results from the absorption of energy by the water molecules in the food

✔ Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz (0.3 GHz) and 300 GHz. …


Electromagnetic Rules


EM wave propagation


Standing waves, Interferences, Nodes and anti-nods


Microwave oven hot spot effects


Ocean of Microwaves


Electromagnetic wave based applications










Typical power/voltage rating of common applications






A very common GSM 17 dB (Gain = 50) panel antenna


Typical CDMA 800 BTS


RF sources in India


Type of RF exposure

Almost infinite combination of each of the five following factors:

FREQUENCY - Certain frequencies are absorbed in the body more than others.

DURATION - How long you are exposed to the radiation DISTANCE - How close you are to the antenna. Energy

levels decrease with the square of the distance. POWER LEVEL - What the strength of the signal is. This

is measured in microwatts, mill-watts and watts.


Power density calculation (W/m^2)


Power density at various distances from a 17 dB (Gain = 50) for P = 20 Watt

>> [P G]

ans =

20 50

>> [R;S]

ans =

0.5000 1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 10.0000 20.0000 30.0000 50.0000 100.0000 318.3099 79.5775 19.8944 8.8419 3.1831 0.7958 0.1989 0.0884 0.0318 0.0080

>>


Received power calculation Received power

Pr = S x (Effective aperture area of receiver)

Where S is power density

# REM Effective height of a person is slightly higher than his actual height when he is placed on free space :))

# REM if a person is placed on a large conductor then his effective height will be more than double of his actual height

# REM if we consider a person as cylinder, then for certain frequencies and conditions, the whole cylindrical surface will contribute to the effective aperture area instead of cross sectional area depending upon diffraction and resonance modes.


Power received by a person for 17dB antenna and 20 W power

For a cylinder (person here) with 6' effective height of and 40'' circumference provides 2 sq. m surface area.

[R;S;2*S]

ans =

0.5000 1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 10.0000 20.0000 30.0000 50.0000 100.0000 318.3099 79.5775 19.8944 8.8419 3.1831 0.7958 0.1989 0.0884 0.0318 0.0080 636.6198 159.1549 39.7887 17.6839 6.3662 1.5915 0.3979 0.1768 0.0637 0.0159

Transmitted 20W and received 636 W !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


Power received by a baby for multiple 17dB antennas and 20 W power/carrier

A baby with 1.2' x 6'' effective area will receive 0.26 Watt/s for ICNIRP upper limit. (Power density limit = 4.7 Watt/s for 900 MHz occurs at 4.11m).

[R;S;Pr_1o_1c;Pr_2o_2c;Pr_3o_3c;Pr_4o_4c;Pr_5o_5c]

ans =

0.5000 1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 4.1100 5.0000 10.0000 20.0000 30.0000 50.0000 318.3099 79.5775 19.8944 8.8419 4.7109 3.1831 0.7958 0.1989 0.0884 0.0318 17.7432 4.4358 1.1089 0.4929 0.2626 0.1774 0.0444 0.0111 0.0049 0.0018 70.9727 17.7432 4.4358 1.9715 1.0504 0.7097 0.1774 0.0444 0.0197 0.0071 159.6886 39.9221 9.9805 4.4358 2.3634 1.5969 0.3992 0.0998 0.0444 0.0160 283.8908 70.9727 17.7432 7.8859 4.2015 2.8389 0.7097 0.1774 0.0789 0.0284 443.5793 110.8948 27.7237 12.3216 6.5649 4.4358 1.1089 0.2772 0.1232 0.0444


The dielectric effect on polar molecules has been known since 1912 (DeBye). Polar molecules are those which possess an uneven charge distribution and respond to an electromagnetic field by rotating. The angular momentum developed by these molecules results in friction with neighboring molecules and converts thereby to linear momentum, the definition of heat in liquids and gases. Because the molecules are forced to rotate first, there is a slight delay between the absorption of microwave energy and the development of linear momentum, or heat.

Polar molecules as dielectric


Equivalent Recipe for brain


Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)

SAR (specific absorption rate) is an indication of the amount of radiation that is absorbed into a head

Higher the SAR rating the more radiation that is absorbed into the head.

A SAR value is a measure of the energy absorbed by a unit of mass of exposed tissue, averaged over a given time.

SAR values are usually expressed in units of watts per kilogram (W/kg) in either 1g or 10g of tissue.


FCC


ICNIRP


EXPOSURE LEVELS: CELLULAR BASE-STATIONS AND POWER LINES


Exposure limit in India


International Exposure Limits


Exposure limit for handsets


SAR limits in different countries


IMC Recommendations for handsets

Adoption of SAR level for mobile handsets limited to 1.6 Watt/Kg, averaged over a 6 minutes period and taken over a volume containing a mass of 1 gram of human tissue as per the FCC norms of United States.

SAR value information is to be embossed and displayed in the handset.

Mobile hand set manufactured and sold in India or Imported from other countries should be checked for compliance of SAR limit and no hand sets of SAR value above the prescribed standard adopted in India should be manufactured or sold in the country.


IMC Recommendations for base stations

The RF exposure limits in India may be lowered to 1/10th of the existing level.

To provide static continuous testing / measuring centers for online monitoring of radiation level at prominent places in metro/cities and the data to be sent to the central server for information.

Apart from self certification for compliance of radiation norms on EMF exposure as is presently being done, the mobile service providers should also measure the radiation level of certain prominent places and display it for information of the general public. They should also have mobile unit for its measurement wherever necessary.


Regulations regarding Mobile Telephony Towers issued by Environment Department, Government of West Bengal

No. EN/939/T-IV-1/001/2006, Dated: April 24th. , 2008.

Installation of Base Station Antennas within the premises of schools and hospitals may be avoided because children and patients are more susceptible to Electro Magnetic Field.

Installation of Base Station Antennas in narrow lanes should be avoided in order to reduce the risks caused by any earth quake or wind related disaster.

The Base Station Antennas should be at least 3 m away from the nearby building and antennas should not directly face the building. Further, the lower end of the antenna should be at least 3 metre above the ground or roof.


Typical Site (Data copied from Internet, may be incorrect)


Leading experts: “We are safe”

Delhi, 21st December, 2010: The first of its kind study, specific to the Indian environment carried out independently by the Premier Engineering Institutes revealed that “Levels of Radiation” from cellular base stations in Delhi fall hundreds of times below international safety standards. The independent study was commissioned by the Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI) and Association of Unified Telecom Service Providers of India (AUSPI) as a proactive measure stemming from the concern for the public health and safety issues.Leading experts from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai (IITM), Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai (TCE) and Centre of Excellence in Wireless Technology, Chennai (CEWIT), while carrying out measurements on the electromagnetic radiation at over 180 locations in New Delhi found that in all circumstances, the “Cumulative Measurements” were well below the compliance limit set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), adopted by the Government for the Telecom sector in India, bringing it at par with the International safety standards.


Hidden Hazards in the Ocean of Microwaves


Impact of mobile phones on the density of honeybees

Sainudeen Sahib S. ,Department of Zoology, S.N. College, Kollam-691001, Kerala, India


Microwaved food – think twice Microwaving distorts and deforms the molecules of

whatever food or other substance you subject to it.

Microwaving fatty foods in plastic containers leads to the release of dioxins (known carcinogens) and other toxins into your food

A problem with microwave ovens is that carcinogenic toxins can leach out of your plastic and paper containers/covers, and into your food.

Blood is normally warmed before being transfused into a person. Now we know that microwaving blood products damages the blood components. In fact, one woman died after receiving a transfusion of microwaved blood in 1991 , which resulted in a well-publicized lawsuit.


High-powered doppler radar kills bird @ Beebe, Arkansas

At about 11:30pm, on New Years Eve, thousands of red-winged blackbirds began falling from the sky over Beebe. Beebe is located just under 30 miles form the Little Rock radar sight.


HAARP: Controlling the Ionosphere?

High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program.


Space-based solar power

Multi-gigawatt power satellite (30 mW/cm^2 at microwave

beam center)

Christian science Monitor, November 9 2010,

In a step toward solving the global energy crisis, a new plan aims to harvest the sun's energy from space with satellites then beam it down to Earth. The initiative, announced Nov. 4, is spearheaded by former president of India A.P.J. Kalam and the National Space Society, a nonprofit dedicated to making humanity a spacefaring civilization.


Hidden hazards behind SAR rules?

SAR Simulation


CST Studio

HUGO Human Body Model The CST STUDIO SUITE™ product family allows to import arbitrary voxel data sets. The most

prominent and most often used one is the anatomical data set of the Visible Human Project® . The so-called Voxel Man is based on a dissected male corpse sliced into several thousand layers.


SEMCAD X MED

Models Database Largest library of CAD based phantoms available on the market Standard and measurement phantoms (SAM, SAM V4.5, Eli, DASY phantoms) Grid-independent (not based on voxel data), CAD based anatomical phantom data

(axial resolutions < 0.1mm) More than 5 full body anatomical human phantoms (HUGOs, Virtual Family, etc.) More than 10 anatomical head models (children, adult, male, female, European,

Asian, etc.) More than 10 small animal models (rat, mouse, young, adult, male, female, pregnant,

etc.) Large animal models via Brooks AF Base voxel data 3-D voxel based data importer, smoothing, interpolation, compound model conversion 3-D High resolution CAD based Virtual Family Models Segmentation tool to convert MRI/CT data to CAD model Generic birdcage CAD models


FEKO Highly Inhomogeneous Bodies Volume discretisation techniques such as the Finite

Difference Time Domain (FDTD) or Finite Element Method (FEM) are most suitable, and therefore popular, for the analysis of highly inhomogeneous dielectric bodies.

The hybrid MoM/FEM as implemented in FEKO, is particularly suitable for cases where there is a free space region of arbitrary size between the antenna and the dielectric body. The advantage offered by the MoM/FEM hybrid is that the free space between the MoM region (antenna) and the FEM region (dielectric body) does not have to be discretised leading to a reduction in memory and runtime requirements.


Zeland Fidelty


XFDTD


Limitation of commercial software

Many parameters remains unknown Many parameters can not be changed

manually Many hidden results Incompatibility Very costly In most cases medical data supplied by 3 rd

party


CST with modified Zubal phantom


Simulation without commercial software

Develop your own biomedical voxel model from available scan data and write FDTD/FEM code


CT Scan data available in public domain

27/09/11 Hidden hazards in the ocean of microwaves - Dr. Sudhabindu Ray 57Geometry of human head model along with dipole antenna used in the simulation.

In-house program: MLSAR Analysis in a Realistic Grounded Human Head Model for a Dipole Antenna using FDTD method


LDipole

GroundPlane

d

L

Dipole

GroundPlane

D

(a) (b)

Geometry of the realistic grounded human head model along with a dipole antenna in (a) YZ plane and (b) XZ plane.

The head is comprised of twenty two types of tissues; i.e., brain, cerebellum, skin, bone, muscle, fat, lense, eyeball, tongue, blood, cartilage, CSF, parotid gland, retina, teeth, trachea, spinal chord, nerve, eye sclera, bone marrow, pituitary gland and mouth cavity/sinuses.

In-house program: Study of Induced EM Field Parameters Inside A Realistic Human Head Model


Value of maximum local electric field is 40.64 V/m.

Value of maximum local magnetic field is 0.121 A/m.

Value of maximum local induced current is 2.674 mA.

Value of maximum local power density is 2.197

mW/cm2.

Variation of maximum local (a) electric field, (b) magnetic field, (c) induced current and (d) power density with D for

d = 4 mm

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

In-house program: No hidden parameter


Measuring SAR?

Accurate RF dosimetry measurements in simulated humans are difficult to perform, yet they are essential in establishing the compliance of the phone with the relevant compliance standards. The new harmonized SAR test method adopted by CENELEC and IEEE will ensure that the measurement regimes used to test compliance with either the ICNIRP or IEEE exposure standards are largely the same. The following provides only an outline of the complicated process used in measuring the SAR values.

Essentially the SAR measurement system comprises a phantom human head, specially developed liquids, a robot fitted with a measurement probe, and a mobile phone powered up to its maximum certified power level.


The Phantom

The phantom is filled with a liquid that correlates with the dielectric properties of human head tissue. The dielectric properties of ‘head tissue’ have been calculated taking into account the properties of human brain tissue and the matching effects of the outer tissue layers of the head (e.g., skin and skull) to provide a conservative overestimate of the values. Different ‘recipes’ are used for tests on different frequencies.


Recorded SAR


Limitation of SAR concepts

Mostly related to temperature rise

SAR measurement or simulation is difficult for higher resolutions and 10gm or 1 gm average is not enough

Time average of SAR cannot take care of sudden abrupt rise of radiations.


1.6 W/kg SAR averaged over 6 min

1.6 W/kg SAR consistently for 6 min 3.2 W/kg SAR consistently for 3 min and next 3

min without radiation 9.6 W/kg SAR consistently for 1 min and next 5

min without radiation 57.6 W/kg SAR consistently for 10 sec and

next 5 min 50 sec without radiation 576 W/kg SAR for 1sec and … …


1.6 W/kg SAR averaged over 1gm 0.0016 W/gm SAR distributed over 1000 1gm

cubic mass 1.6 W/gm SAR for a single 1 gm cubic mass

and other 999 1gm cubic mass in that local area without radiation

AGAIN 1.6 W/gm = 1.6 W/cell and other ~1gm cells without radiation

EM wave may create hot spots


SAR: 10gm/1gm average is not enough

✔About 6x10e13 cells in a human body, of about 320 different types. ✔The cell sizes may vary depending on the cell type and circumstances. ✔For instance, a human red blood cell is about 5 microns (0.005 mm) in diameter, while some neurons are about 1 m long (from spinal cord to leg). ✔Typically the diameter of animal and plant cells are between 10 and 100 microns.


Human cells


Human chromosome chart


Existing resolution of SAR level & DNA

Simulation requires Mixed classical quantum theory, experiment will become very expansive


Some researchers claimed shown single and double stranded DNA breakage in cell cultures after several hours of cell phone radiation.

Although DNA molecules are too stable to be damaged directly by non-ionising radiation, they can still be damaged indirectly as a result of enzyme leakage from lysosomes.

DNA fragmentation


Calcium efflux from the membranes of brain tissue in response to weak electromagnetic fields was first discovered by Bawin et al. (1975). It has since been repeated many times and also with other tissues such as frog heart muscle (Schwartz et al. 1990). The effects are strongest in the extremely low frequency range and in radio waves that have been amplitude modulated with extremely low frequencies). The phenomenon is curious in that it occurs only within “amplitude windows” with little or no effect at amplitudes above and below the window. However, the explanation is simple. Divalent positive ions such as calcium, because of their double charge, are more easily removed from the negatively charged membrane by weak alternating fields.

Calcium efflux effects


Protein leakage from blood vessels


The thermal and non-thermal dividing line currently used as the basis for safety standards of RF radiation exposures (SAR) is no more than a "red herring," a distraction from the publics understanding of the actual health effects of microwave radiation and therefore our ability to protect the public. It increasingly appears invalid to distinguish ionizing from non-ionizing radiation with respect to their health effects.

Don't be confused

http://www.rfsafe.com/research/rf_radiation/thermal_hazards/intro.htm

http://www.rfsafe.com/research/rf_radiation/non_thermal_hazards/intro.htm

http://www.rfsafe.com/research/rf_radiation/thermal_hazards/intro.htm

http://www.rfsafe.com/research/rf_radiation/non_thermal_hazards/intro.htm


The ultimate question for cancer development

Is not exactly related to the amount of radiation for non thermal non ionizing radiation. And the questions are: 1. Can the radiation cause DNA damage! 2. Can our body repair DNA damage without mutating genes?


SAFE SAR!!!!

ICNIRP/FCC guidelines are irrelevant if you are not only considering the immediate effects.

THE "SAR" GUIDELINES MAY BE THE BIGGEST SCAM ON THE EARTH!

"NO" SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) RATING can be called safe if it can make irrecoverable

damage in a single DNA with mutation in gene.


OUR GOVT. SHOULD ADOPT PRECAUTIONARY LIMITS UNTIL THESE COMPANY PROVE EXPOSURE

TO CELL PHONE RADIATION DOES NOT INVOKE "ANY" BIOLOGICAL CHANGES, AND IS SAFE FOR

EVERYONE!

Why these companies are always in complete denial mode?


Reducing Exposure - using your existing phone

Use your phone only when necessary, and keep the call short. Where possible, try to only use your phone in areas with the best signal Indoors, use your phone near the window and make sure it is between your body

and the window. Hold the phone away from your body immediately after dialing, as the phone uses

maximum power until the call is connected. Ideally, keep the phone away from your body (such as in a bag) when it is not in

use. If you have to keep it next to your body, a location such as rear trouser pocket will

help keep it away from major organs, and try to make sure the antenna is on the outer side.

Using a mobile phone in a car or train traps the fields inside the metal frame of the vehicle, and should be avoided except in an emergency.

If you are not imminently expecting a phone call, you can greatly reduce your exposure by having the phone switched off when you carry it around instead of just on standby, as your phone contacts the nearest mast every time you move into a different masts coverage, and also checks regularly even when you are stationary - This contact is always made at the phone's full power.


Is headset safer?


Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

Conducted Emissions (CE), Radiated Emissions (RE), Conducted Susceptibility (CS), and Radiated Susceptibility (RS).


EMC measurements


Is it possible to make handset safer?

Yes, by adding air gaps, pads, opto-coupler, optical-fibers and

repeaters.


Quiz

Q. How to warm a bottle of milk using microwave oven?


Quiz

Q. How to warm a bottle of milk using microwave oven?

Ans. Boil water in bowel and put the milk bottle in it. Be careful during boiling of water, avoid super heating and leakage radiation


Conclusion: The choice is yours

So, it's up to you. Our society runs pretty much on money. The multinational companies who make

microwave ovens/cellphones make a lot from the sale of them.

There is no money in telling people to stop microwave cooking/cellphoning.

There is, however, the satisfaction of knowing that you are saving people's lives and future happiness by spreading the TRUTH


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Letter, vol. – 37. No.4, pp.305-308, May-2003. [47] A. Hirata, M. Morita and T. Shiozawa, “Temperature increase in the human head due to a dipole antenna at microwave frequencies”, IEEE Trans.

Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 45, pp. 109-116, Feb. 2003.

References


[48] N.S.Stoykov, J.W.Jerome, L.C.Pierce and A.Taflove, “Computational modeling evidence of a nonthermal electromagnetic interaction mechanism with living cells: microwave nonlinearity in the cellular sodium ion channel”, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-52, pp. 2040-2045, August. 2004.

[49] D. G. Choi, C. S. Shin, N. K. Kim and H. S. Shin, “Design and SAR analysis of Broadband PIFA with Triple Band,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research symposium 2005, Hangzhur, China, pp.22 – 26, August-2005.

[50] Md.Faruk Ali and Sudhabindu Ray, “SAR Analysis on Human Head Exposed to Radiating Dipole Antenna for 500 MHz – 5 GHz Frequency Band Using FDTD Method”, National Conference on Communications, IIT Bombay, India, pp.481-485, January - 2008.

[51] N. Homsup and W. Homsup, “FDTD Simulation of a Mobile Phone Operating Near a Metal Wall,” Journal of Computers, vol. 4, No. 2, Feb. 2009.

[52] Md.Faruk Ali and Sudhabindu Ray, “SAR Analysis Analysis in a Spherical Inhomogeneous Human Head Model Exposed to Radiating Dipole Antenna for 500 MHz – 3 GHz Using FDTD method”, National Conference on Communications, IIT Guwahati, India, pp.64-67, January - 2009.

[53] Md.Faruk Ali and Sudhabindu Ray, “SAR Analysis on Child and Adult Head Models for Radiating Dipole Antenna Using FDTD method”, International Symposium on Microwaves and Millimeterwaves : Basics and Technology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India, pp.46-48, January - 2009.

[54] Md.Faruk Ali and Sudhabindu Ray, “SAR Analysis in a Spherical Inhomogeneous Human Head Model Exposed to Radiating Dipole Antenna for 500 MHz –3 GHz Using FDTD method”, International Journal of microwave and Optical Technology, vol. 4. No.1, pp. 35-40, January -2009.

[55] Md.Faruk Ali, Sujoy Mukherjee and Sudhabindu Ray, “SAR Analysis in Human Head Model Exposed to Mobile Base-Station Antenna for GSM-900 band”, Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference, Loughborough, UK, pp. 289-292, November - 2009.

[56] Md.Faruk Ali and Sudhabindu Ray, “SAR Analysis in a Human Head Model for Tilted Dipole Antenna Near-Field in GSM-900 Band”, International Conference on Control Communication and Computing, College of Engineering, Thiruvananathapuram, Kerala, India, pp. 316-319, February - 2010.

[57] The Zubal Phantom data, MRI Head Phantom Data Description. http://noodle.med.yale.edu/phantom/getmridesc.htm.[58] Md.Faruk Ali, Santanu Mondal and Sudhabindu Ray, “MLSAR Analysis in a Realistic Grounded Human Head Model for a Dipole antenna

using FDTD method at 930 MHz”, IEEE CASCOM Post Graduate Student Paper Conference, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India, pp. 34-37, November - 2010.

[59] Md. Faruk Ali and Sudhabindu Ray, “Study of Induced EM Field Parameters Inside a Realistic Human Head Model”, International Conference on Communications Computers and Devices, IIT Kharagpur, India, Paper ID-82, December - 2010.

[60] Md. Faruk Ali and Sudhabindu Ray, “SAR Analysis in a Realistic Grounded Human Head for Radiating Dipole Antenna”, National Conference on Communications, IISc Bangalore, India, January - 2011.

References


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