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Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

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Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015
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Page 1: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Honors Biology

Module 4

Kingdom Fungi

October 1, 2015

Page 2: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Class Challenge

Who can do the most sit-ups in one minute!?!

Page 3: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Next week’s class challenge

Who can grow the most unique mold? Everyone has to participate in this !!!

Colorful

Prolific

What other categories???

Page 4: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Questions from this week’s homework

Page 5: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Question 1What are these pictures an example of ?

Page 6: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Questions 2 - 4

Members of phylum Pyrrophyta are often

referred to as _________________. They

have two ____________. One species in

this phylum, Gymnodinium brevis, have

blooms that are called ____________.

Page 7: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Question 5

5. What is Red Tide?

Page 8: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

6. What are the large deposits of diatoms called?

7. List two uses of these deposits?

Page 9: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Question 1What are these pictures an example of ?

DIATOMS

Page 10: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Questions 2 - 4

Members of phylum Pyrrophyta are often

referred to as DINOFLAGLETTES.

They have two FLAGELLA. One

species in this phylum, Gymnodinium brevis,

have blooms that are called RED TIDE.

Page 11: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

What is Red Tide?

5. Red tide is an algae bloom of dinoflagellates, which belong to phylum Pyrrophyta.

Page 12: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

6. What are the large deposits of diatoms called?

Diatomaceous earth

7. List two uses of these deposits?

Abrasives and filters

Page 13: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Kingdom Fungi

Page 14: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Characteristics of Fungus

Although mushrooms are the most common fungi, there are many other kinds as well. 

Some fungi are pathogenic (disease-causing), but there are also helpful fungi:  some fungi are used in making cheese, others are used in baking, and even some in medicine.

Page 15: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Fungus

Most fungi are multicellular; a few are single-celled.  But whether multicellular or unicellular, their cells are all eukaryotes (each cell having membrane-bound organelles, each organelle performing a particular job). 

Their cells usually have many nuclei.

Page 16: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Kingdom FungiMost of the organisms in this kingdom

are heterotrophs (can't make their own food). Some of these heterotrophic fungi are parasitic (feed on living matter), but most are saprophytic(feed on dead matter). 

The saprophytic fungi are decomposers that promote the decay of once-living matter.  Otherwise, leaves would pile up each fall year after year, not to mention dead animals, and other things that decompose.

Page 17: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Kingdom Fungi

In a single autumn, the average elm tree will drop as much as 400 pounds of leaves on the ground. If it were not for fungi and other decomposers, those leaves would continue to pile up until the tree choked on its own dead leaves in just a few seasons.

Because of decomposers, the leaves will be broken down into chemicals that can then be re-used by the tree and other organisms in creation.

Page 18: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Kingdom Fungi

Saprophytic or parasitic, they both digest their food outside of their bodies. 

They secrete a chemical onto the food that digests the food before it is ingested (eaten). 

The digested food is then absorbed into the cell of the fungus.

Page 19: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Extracellular (outside the cell) digestion can be beneficial to other organisms that can often absorb some of the nutrients before the fungus has a chance to absorb them.

Page 20: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

General characteristics of Fungi

Saprophytic: Feeds on remains of dead organisms.

Parasitic: Feeds on living host. Not as common.

Extracellular digestion: Digest their food outside of their body.

Spore reproduction: All produce spores for reproduction.

Page 21: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Mycelium: The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food.

Hypha: A filament of fungal cells.

Page 22: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

General Structure of a Mushroom

See figure 4.1 (page 98)

Page 23: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

• The general structure of a mushroom is easy to see. 

• There is the cap, which has the gills underneath (where the spores grow), and the stalk which is called the stipe.

• This is all called the fruiting body.

Page 24: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Mycelium

The mycelium isnot a root systemfor the mushroom.This is the main partof the mushroom. Each strand is a hypha.

Page 25: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Anatomy and Life Cycle

Page 26: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Hyphae

In some fungi, the hyphae are composed of individual cells separated from one another by cell walls, called Septate Hypha

(Figure 4.2)

Other fungi have hyphae that look like one big cell. There are no walls, and the nuclei are spread throughout the hypha. These are called Nonseptate hyphae.

Page 27: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Hypha

Even when a fungus is composed of septate hypha, its cells are not completely separated from one another because the pores in the cell walls allow cytoplasm to be passed between the cells.

This is a characteristic that is unique to kingdom Fungi.

Page 28: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Colonial protistans and monerans have cells that group together, but the cells do not exchange cytoplasm.

Plants and animals are multicellular, but their individual cells are completely separate; they do not exchange cytoplasm.

In kingdom Fungi, the cells are not completely separate.

Page 29: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Rhizoid hyphaIs a hypha that is imbedded in the material

on which the fungus grows. If the hypha is part of the mycelium, it is called a rhizoid hypha.

These are responsible for supporting the fungus and digesting the food. They are considered the main body of the fungus.

Page 30: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Other types of HyphaFigure 4.3

Aerial hypha: is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows.

This hypha sticks up in the air. It can do one of three things: absorb oxygen from the air, produce spores or asexually reproduce to form new filaments.

If the hypha performs one of these jobs, it is further specified as either a sporophore or a stolon.

Page 31: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.
Page 32: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Sporophore: Specialized aerial hypha that produces spores.

Stolon: An aerial hypha that asexually reproduces to make more filaments.

Page 33: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Haustorium:

A hypha of a parasitic fungus that enters the host’s cells, absorbing nutrients directly from the cytoplasm.

Page 34: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

ChitinMost fungi have cells walls that contain chitin.

This is a chemical that provides toughness and flexibility.

This chemical makes fungus hardy, it provides protection, like an armor.

It is the same chemical found in shells (exoskeletons) of arthropods (spiders, beetles, ants and lobsters).

Page 35: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Reproduction in Kingdom Fungi

Page 36: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

• In addition to other various means of reproduction, the one means of reproduction all fungi have in common is by making spores.

Page 37: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

• Most fungi are multicellular, and will grow a specialized structure for that particular type of fungus for the purpose of producing spores.

• For example, a mushroom has basidia on which their basidiospores form.  

Page 38: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.
Page 39: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

• A spore print can be made by laying a mushroom cap on paper for several hours or overnight, covered by a bowl or jar to prevent air currents from disturbing the spores.

Page 40: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

The sexual reproduction that usually occurs in fungi involves forming specialized structures called fruiting bodies.

Once the fruiting body is formed, it rises out of the mycelium and releases its spores.

The cap and stalk that we normally call a mushroom are just parts of the fruiting body of the mycelium of a fungus.

Page 41: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.
Page 42: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.
Page 43: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Although spore formation is the reproductive mode common to all fungi, most can also reproduce by other asexual means.

The hyphae cells in the mycelium can reproduce asexually, increasing the size of the mycelium

Page 44: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.
Page 45: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Also when the stolon is formed, the cells within it will reproduce asexually , lengthening the stolon.

After the stolon reaches a certain length, it will begin to reproduce into hyphae that will form the mycelium of a new fungus.

Page 46: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.
Page 47: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.
Page 48: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Mr. Anderson on Fungi

http://youtu.be/dj9m7Oc36wM

Page 49: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Experiment 4.1Phylum Basidiomycota

Object: To observe fungi that are readily found in most areas and to understand how members of phylum Basidiomycota grow and reproduce.

Page 50: Honors Biology Module 4 Kingdom Fungi October 1, 2015.

Homework

1. Prepare bread mold sample for next week’s experiment.

2. Continue reading Module 4 p. 109-120

3. Answer OYO questions 4.1 – 4.8.

4. Answer Study Guide questions: a-I and 2-13

5. Finish Lab 4.1 in lab book.

6. Class challenge: Bread mold beauty contest.

7. Label structure of a mushroom.


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