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HORTIKULTURA: FRUITS
PRODUCTION(Industry, Fresh, Functional)
Shared by: L. Setyobudi
Acquaah, George. 2005. Horticulture. Principles and Practices
E.W.M. Verheij and R.E. Coronel (edit), 1992. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No.2 : Edible Fruits and Nuts. Prosea.
Bogor. Indonesia. 446 pp.
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L. Setyobudi
n., pl. fruit or fruits
The ripened ovary or ovaries of a seed-bearing plant, together with accessory parts, containing the seeds and occurring in a wide variety of forms.
An edible, usually sweet and fleshy form of such a structure.
A part or an amount of such a plant product, served as food: fruit for dessert.
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FRUIT TEXTURE
fleshy = pericarp soft
& fleshy upon
maturation
dry = pericarp is
papery, leathery or
woody upon
maturation
dehiscent - ripe fruit
splits open
indehiscent - ripe
fruit does not split
open
FRUIT
CLASSIFIED
Simple = from a single pistil ( stigma + style + ovary) such as an apple
Aggregate = from a cluster of ovaries on a common receptacle or flower ( raspberry)
Multiple = from a cluster of flowers on a common receptacle as in a pineapple
Accessory fruit = composed of the ripened ovary + additional parts, such as receptacle, bracts. (apple, cucumber, strawberry)
Fruits
Simple
Fleshy
Berry
Drupe
Pome
Dry Dehiscent
Follicle
Legume
Capsule
Silique
Dry In-Dehiscent
Achene
Grain
SamaraAgregate
Flashy
Dry
MultipleFlashy
Dry
Fruit Classified
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Simple fleshyA. Berry
multiple carpels, soft, fleshy throughout i.e. tomato, bell pepper, grape
Specific types in addition to the simple berry:
hesperidium
leathery rind
pulp separated into compartments i.e. orange, grapefruit
pepo
accessory fruit
receptacle tissue fuses with ovary i.e. cucumber, squash
B. Drupe
thin exocarp ( skin)
fleshy mesocarp hard & stony endocarp (contains toxins) envelopes seed (ovary in seed) i.e. olive, peach, plum, cherry
C. Pome
accessory fruit ( see
above )
'core line' separates
cortex from pith
ovary is at center of
core (parchment-like
texture that gets stuck
in your teeth ) i.e.
apple, pear
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Simple dry dehiscent
A. Follicle
derived from one
carpel which splits
on its side at
maturity i.e.
milkweed
fibers transport
seeds
single suture line
B. Legume
derived from one
carpel and splits
on both sides at
maturity i.e.
beans, peas, pean
uts
C. Capsule
develops from compound ovary and consists of multiple carpels
capsule splits in multiple segments at maturity, splitting lengthwise or by pores (lily, iris, snapdragons, poppy)
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D. Silique
consists of two fused carpelsthat separate at maturity i.e. shepherd's purse and mustard fruits
Simple dry indehiscent
A. Achene
( strawberry seed,
sunflower seed)
once-seeded fruit
thin shelled,fruit
coat free from
seed
seeds germinate
and breaks open
B. Grain ( wheat, corn)
one small seed which fuses to inner layer of pericarp
example is corn; each kernel is a fruit
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C. Samara
distinct winged
fruit, i.e. maple seed
D. Nut• one - seeded fruit very hard,
thick pericarp which may be
surrounded by a cup i.e.
acorn
• very hard, thick pericarp
may be surrounded by
husk i.e. filbert, chestnut,
pecan
Aggregate fleshy
strawberry and blackberry at maturity
Strawberry fruits are aggregates made up of several small fruits, each with one seed called an achene. The flesh of the strawberry is actually an enlarged receptacle, non-reproductive material
individual fruits of strawberry :red part is accessory and little gritty parts are acheneseeds
blackberry contains cluster of dupes
Aggregate dry
magnolia and tulip
poplar fruits
magnolia contains
individual fruits
called follicles
tulip poplar is
aggregate
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Multiple fleshy
multiple flowers
examples are:
pineapple,
mulberry, and fig
Multiple Dry
separate fruits
many ovules
many flowers
consist of cluster of
capsules
example: sweet gum
balls
1. The many ways in which fruits and fruit trees
are used
2. Data on production and consumption
3. The export trade
4. Fruit growth and development
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The many ways in which fruits
and fruit trees are used
Consumed because tasty and healthy:
Vitamins and minerals to balance diet
Bananas and Breadfruit (Jack fruit, durian, and avocado) as staple diet
Medicinal uses : Exp: citrus, avocado, papaya etc.
Tannin or dye : Coca
Cosmetic : Manggis,
Pisang
Etc
Average yearly consumption and spending inIndonesia in 1996
Urban Urban + VillagesVillages
Amount(kg)
36.45
Amount(kg)FruitsAmount
(kg)Fruits
1. Bananas 10.302. Papayas 2.293. Mango 2.034. Rambutan 2.035. Jack fruits 1.256. Snake fruits 1.097. Pineapple 1.048. Citrus 0.789. Watermelon 0.5210. Durian 0.5211. Others 1.65
1. Bananas 6.812. Papayas 3.953. Rambutan 3.224. Citrus 2.245. Mango 2.296. Snake fruits 1.467. Apple 1.408. Watermelon 1.209. Pineapple 0.6810. Durian 0.5711. Others 2.50
1. Bananas 9.052. Papayas 2.863. Rambutan 2.444. Mango 2.135. Citrus 1.306. Snake fruits 1.207. Jackfruits 0.998. Pineapple 0.949. Watermelon 0.7810. Durian 0.6811. Others 2.07
Total 24.44Total17.84Total
Fruits
Consumption
Average yearly consumption and spending inIndonesia in 1996
Urban Urban + VillagesVillages
Value(Rp)
36.452
Value(Rp)FruitsValue
(Rp)Fruits
1. Bananas 5.9282. Rambutan 3.2363. Mango 2.0284. Citrus 1.4565. Snake fruits 1.1446. Papayas 9367. Apple 8328. Durian 7289. Jackfruit 67610. Pineapple 46811. Others 1.404
1. Bananas 6.3962. Citrus 6.3443. Apple 5.4604. Rambutan 4.3165. Mango 3.3806. Papayas 2.3927. Snake fruits 1.9248. Durian 1.3009. Watermelon 98810. Duku 62411. Others 3.328
1. Bananas 6.1362. Citrus 3.2243. Rambutan 2.9644. Mango 2.4965. Apple 2.4966. Papayas 1.4567. Snake fruits 1.4048. Durian 9369. Jackfruit 62410. Watermelon 52011. Others 8.320
Total 24.440Total17.84Total
Fruits
Spending ($ 1= Rp 3,500.-)
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Consumption of bananas and plantains Kg/ca/yr, 2000, Source FAO
Africa Uganda 222,8
Rwanda 145,4 Gabon 145,4 Sao Tome and 115,9 Principe Cameroon 90,1
Latin America andCaribbean Ecuador 90,6
Bolivia 80,3 Saint Lucia 70,4 Venezuela 62,9 Panama 61,3
Asia & Pacific Papua New Guinea 118,1 Vanuatu 57,4 Kiribati 46,1 Philippines 34,2
Sri Lanka 29,2 Indonesia 15,5
Near East United Arab Emirates 22,6 Israel 20,2 Lebanon 15,4 Kuwait 12,4 Cyprus 10,3
Banana and plantain production 2001, Metric Tonnes, Source FAO
Africa Total 27 539 700 Uganda 10 506 200 Cameroon 2 250 000 Ghana 1 942 000 Nigeria 1 902 000 Côte d'Ivoire 1 717 000
Asia & Pacific Total 36 517 013
India 16 000 000 China 5 393 000 Philippines 5 060 782 Indonesia 3 600 000 Thailand 1 720 000
Latin America &Caribbean Total 32 058 381
Ecuador 8 036 843 Brazil 5 744 200 Colombia 4 207 474 Costa Rica 2 322 000 Mexico 1 976 664
Near East Total 1 197 061
Egypt 735 999 Lebanon 110 000 Israel 100 100 Yemen 90 099 Iran Islamic Rep of 40 000
Edible Fruit
About 400 species bearing edible fruit
Habit: herbaceous plants 10%, woody plant 90%
Product: dry fruits, nuts or seeds 12%, fleshy
fruits 88%
domestication: cultivated 45%, growing wild
55%
Source: Verheij & Coronel (1992). Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 2. Edible Fruit. PROSEA. Bogor.
Indonesia.
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Genetic Diversity
Di-, tri-, tetraploid
Wild – cultivated
Accuminata - balbissiana
Dessert – cooking
Banana – plantain – abaca
Nutrient – medicine
L. Setyobudi
Variasi BuahTropika
Sub-tropika
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Standar Mutu/Quality Buah
WELCOME TO GREAT GIANT PINE APLLE FARM - LAMPUNG
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PINE APLLE WASTE FOR CATLE FEED
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FRUIT GROWING
AIR ?
KARBON
DIOKSIDA
(CO2)OKSIGEN
(O2)
LINGKUNGAN TUMBUH TANAMAN
(FAKTOR ABIOTIK)
TANAH ?
SELEKSIPOHON
INDUK DANPERBAIKAN
VARITAS
PERBANYAKANBATANG ATAS
PERBANYAKANDAN
PENYEDIAANBIBIT
PERBANYAKANBATANG BAWAH
DISTRIBUSITRANSPORTASIDISPOSISI
HASILPENGELOLAAN
PRODUKSI
PEMBUKAAN/PENGADAAN
KEBUN
FaktorPengelolaan Tetap
Lokasi geografisKultivar lokalSkala kebun dan jarak tanamBatang bawahFumigasi sebelum tanamdan lainnya
PEREMAJAANPENGGANTIAN
TANAMAN
PengolahanPasar buah segarPenyimpananPasar lokalKios tepi jalanAgrowisatadan lainnya
Faktor PengelolaanMusiman/Tahunan
Pengelolaan tanahPengairanPemupukanPemangkasanArsitektur pohonZat pengatur tumbuhPenyerbukanPenjarangan buahPengendalian HPTPanendan lainnya
PEMULIAANDAN
PEMBIBITAN
PASCA PANENDAN
PEMASARAN
BUDIDAYATANAMAN
KOMPONEN DAN FAKTOR
DALAM SISTEM PRODUKSI BUAH
(Setyobudi, 1990)
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Defoliasi + Bahan Kimia Pemacu Pembungaan
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stigma
anther
03/03/2009 L. Setyobudi, PhD.51
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03/03/2009 L. Setyobudi, PhD.52
Fahami Pola Pertumbuhan Tanaman
Mombin
E D
Sumber: Verheij 1986
Ayoo sebenarnya kita bisa menghasilkan buah, tanpa harus
import buah. Kebun ini di dataran rendah < 50 m dpl)
rasa manis kering dan daging buah tebal.
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10/03/2009 58 L. Setyobudi
ARSITEKTUR POHON
Citrus reticulata
var. Batu 55
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SWEET ORANGE:
Citrus sinensis
10/1/2012 L. SETYOBUDI, PhD.62
10/1/2012 L. SETYOBUDI, PhD.63
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10/1/2012 L. SETYOBUDI, PhD.64
Sunkist adalah nama koperasi petani buah khususnya jeruk di
California
10/1/2012 L. SETYOBUDI, PhD.65
10/1/2012 L. SETYOBUDI, PhD.66
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10/1/2012 L. SETYOBUDI, PhD.67
LEMONEN
OIL TANGERIN
OIL
LEMON
OILLIME
OIL LEMONEN
GRAPE FRUITS
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PT. GREAT GIANT PINEAPLE - LAMPUNG
Selling bananas at the market in
Cameroon. Photo: Kim
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Harga Pisang di Pasar Adelaide, AU
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Pusat Perbelanjaan Adelaide
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L. Setyobudi
HARGA BUAH di FAMERS MARKET, LA, USA
L. Setyobudi
PT. GREAT GIANT PINEAPLE - LAMPUNG
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KEDEPAN
(2030)
TECHNICAL
FOOD
FUNCTIONAL
FOOD
EMOTIONAL
FOOD
ASSIGNMENT # 4
Apakah dan bahas isu terkini tentang produksi
dan perdagangan buah di Indonesia dewasa ini
10 Jenis buah Indonesia yang bernilai ekonomi
Isu Produksi
Isu Perdagangan
SEE YOU
NEXT
WEEK
