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ASSIGNMENT - 1
SUBMITTED TO
Prof. S . Kumar
SUBMITTED BYT . Srinivasulu 10011PA010
G. Yagna Priyanka 10011PA014
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INTRODUCTION
Source : Housing Financing in India
India is home to over 1.1 billion people. With about one in every sixth
person in the world living in India, therefore housing perforce assumes
significant importance.
Successive Indian governments have regarded housing as a primary need
of the people. The need to provide affordable housing has been the reason
behind State interventions in the sector.
Economy stability and the housing sector are linked. It is estimated that
for every Indian rupee (INR) invested in housing, INR 0.78 is added to the
countrys GDP gross domestic product of the country.
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FIVE YEAR PLANS
For the smooth functioning of any economy, The Planning Commission
has been entrusted with the responsibility of the creation, development and
execution of India's five year plans. India's five year plans are also
supervised by the Planning commission
A perspective on the evolution of housing policies in India appears in the
successive Five-Year Plans, which reflected a centrally planned mode of
development. Development activities in India have been structured on the
basis of Five-Year Plans since 1951.
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Indias 1st Five-Year Plan (1951-56) introduced housing in the national
policy framework.
Affordability was emphasised as the key issue, and government support
through subsidies and loans was deemed necessary.
A separate Ministry of Works and Housing was established and the
National Buildings Organisation (NBO) was created. This plan in fact
became the benchmark for Five-Year Plans over the next two decades.
An industrial housing Scheme was also initiated.
The center subsidized scheme to the extent of 50% Towards of land
construction
FIVE YEAR PLANS
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The 2nd Five year Plan (1956-61) strengthened the schemes laid out in its
predecessor through expanded coverage.
A policy shift was initiated as the central government decided to provide
assistance to State governments to develop low-income housing, instead
of directly providing loans to low-income groups. This gave rise to State
Housing Boards that are stillin existence today.
three new schemes were introduced , namely , rural Housing, slum
clearance and sweepers hosing.
Town and country planning legislations were enacted in many states
and necessary organizations were set up for preparation of master plans.
FIVE YEAR PLANS
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3rd Five-Year Plan (1961-66), followed by a triennial plan (1966-69),
together placed emphasis on planned development and land acquisition,
particularly for urban areas.
Both plans added a focus on the need to target low-income groups. State
Housing Boards resources were increased and they were expected to
address the housing shortfall in their respective States.
A scheme was introduced In 1959 to give loans to state govt ., for a
period of ten years for acquisition and development of land
Master plans for major cities were prepared and the state capitals of
Gandhinagar and Bhubaneswar was developed.
FIVE YEAR PLANS
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4th Five-Year Plan (1969- 74) the government was faced with the dual
problem of a rapidly growing population and a slow-growing housing
stock.
The government decided to encourage private and co-operative housing
schemes by providing financial assistance
The government also recognised the need to provide housing finance to
low-income groups and accordingly set up the Housing and Urban
Development Corporation (HUDCO) in 1970.
HUDCOs mandate was to provide loans below peak interest rates and
with longer repayment periods.
FIVE YEAR PLANS
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HUDCO also sought to finance urban development activities to help
decongest cities.
HUDCO actively bought bonds floated by various State Housing Boards
and sought to provide other forms of financial assistance.
A scheme for environmental improvement of urban slum was under
taken in the central sector from 1972-73, to provide minimum level of
services like water supply, sewerage drainage, street pavements in 11
cities with a population of 8 lakhs and above. The scheme was later
extended to 9 more cities.
FIVE YEAR PLANS
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It was during the 5th Five Year Plan (1974-79) that the Urban Land (Ceiling and
Regulation) Act (ULCRA) was adopted.
ULCRA sought to prevent concentration of land holdings in urban areas and to
make more land available for equitable disbursal. the legislation failed to achieve
its goals and the repercussions are still being felt today.
Indias first retail housing finance company, known as the Housing Development
Finance Corporation (HDFC) was set up in 1977).
HDFC sought to provide financial assistance to individuals, groups and
cooperative societies, as well as to companies for staff housing.
A task force was set up for development of small and medium towns.
FIVE YEAR PLANS
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To cope with increasing urbanisation, the thrust of 6th Five Year Plan (1980-85)
was on providing more housing in small and medium-size towns.
Efforts were made towards improving living conditions in the slums while
emphasising the need for more support to private groups.
provision of roads, pavement, minor civic works ,bus stands, markets, shopping
complex etc. positive inducements were proposed for setting up new industries
and commercial and professional establishments in small, medium, and
intermediate towns
The integrated development of small and medium towns (IDSMT)was launched in
towns with population below one lakh
During this period, other housing finance companies also entered the market.
FIVE YEAR PLANS
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7th Five Year Plan Stressed on the need to entrust major responsibility
of housing construction on the private sector.
A three-fold role was assigned to the public sector, namely, mobilization
for resources for Housing, provision for subsidized housing for the poor
and acquisition and development of land.
National Housing Bank was set up to expand the base of housing
finance. NBO was reconstituted and a new organization called Building
Material Technology
Promotion Council (BMTPC) was set up for promoting commercial
production of innovative building materials.
FIVE YEAR PLANS
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A network of building centers was also setup during this plan period.
The seventh plan explicitly recognized the problems of the urban poor and
for the fist time
An Urban Poverty Alleviation Scheme known As Urban Basic Services For
The Poor (UBSO) was launched.
National Housing Policy(NHP) was announced in 1988.
The long term goal of the NHP was to eradicate houselessness, improve the
housing conditions of the inadequately housed and provide a minimum level
of basic services and amenities to all.
FIVE YEAR PLANS
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The 8th Five year Plan understood the role and importance of urban
sector for the national economy.
The growth rate of employment in the urban areas averaged around
3.8% per annum, It dropped to above 1.6% in the rural areas. therefore,
the urban areas have to be enabled to absorb large increments to the
labor force.
The plan identified the key issues in the emerging urban scenario:
The widened gap between demand and supply of infrastructure services
badly hitting the poor whose access to the basic services like drinking
water, sanitation education and basic health services is shrinking.
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Un divagated growth of urban population aggravating the accumulated
backlog of housing shortages, resulting in proliferation of slums and
squatter settlement and decay of city environment
High incidence of marginal employment and urban poverty as reflected
in NSS 43rd round those 41.8 million urban people lived below the
poverty line .
The response of the plan to this scenario was the launching of urban
poverty and Alleviation program of Nehru yojana (NRY).
FIVE YEAR PLANS
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9th Five Year Plan India runs through the period from 1997 to 2002 with the
main aim of attaining objectives like speedy industrialization, human development,
full-scale employment, poverty reduction, and self-reliance on domestic resources.
The 10th Five Year Plan India( 2002-2007) aims to transform the country into the
fastest growing economy of the world and targets an annual economic growth of
10%. This was decided after India registered a 7% GDP growth consistently over the
last decade.
Both the 9th and 10th Plans recommended reforms to enable the government to
play its role as facilitator and encourage development of the mortgage market.
Particular emphasis was laid on market-friendly reforms in both taxation an
infrastructure in a bid to increase capital spending in housing.
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Objectives OF 11th Five Year Plan ( 20072012)
Working Groups Urban Development (excluding Urban Transport),
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (including low cost sanitation),
sewerage and sold waste management) and Urban Environment
Urban Transport including Mass Rapid Transport Systems
Urban Housing and Urban Poverty with focus on Slums
Housing for Police Personnel and Judicial Officers
Steering Committees Urban Development, Urban Housing and Urban
Poverty
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FACTS & FIGURESTable : Capital Expenditure on Housing under Five-Year Plans (IRN billion)
Plan Period Public Investment Investment Total Private Investment
1st (1951-56) 2.50 9.00 11.50
2nd (1956-61) 3.00 10.00 13.00
3rd (1961-66) 4.25 11.25 15.50
4th (1969-74) 6.25 21.75 28.00
5th (1974-79) 7.96 36.40 44.36
6th (1980-85) 14.91 1 180.00 194.91
7th (1985-90) 24.58 290.00 314.58
8th (1992-97) 315.00 660.00 975.00
9th (1997-02) 520.00 990.00 1,510.00
10th(2003-07)* 4,150.00 3,113.00 7,263.00
Source: NHB Trend & Progress Report, 2003
*Estimated fi ures as er Plan documents.
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Table : Percentage Distribution of Households with Dwelling Units
by Type of Structure (%)
Area Type Pucca Semi-Pucca Katcha
Rural 36 43 21
Urban incl. Slum &
Squatter areas)
77 20 3
Source: NSSO, 2004
Table : Tenure Status in Urban and Rural Areas ( %)
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Rural
Owned 93.6 93.8 93.0 94.5 95.4
Rented 6.4 6.2 7.0 5.5 4.6
Urban
Owned 46.2 47.1 53.5 65.9 71.5
Rented 53.8 52.9 46.5 34.1 28.5Source: NHB Trend & Progress Report, 2004, Census 2001
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HUDCO - Housing And Urban Development Corporation Ltd was
incorporated on 25th April 1970. HUDCO India was formed to assist
various agencies and authorities in upgrading the housing conditions in
the country.
Special emphasis was laid on the development of housing facilities or
HUDCO Niwas Yojana for the lower income group (LIG) and the
economically weaker sections (EWS) of the society.
Starting with an initial equity base of Rs. 2 crores, HUDCO India has a net
worth of Rs. 3977 crores today.
HUDCO Inc primarily aims to provide financing for housing developments.
HUDCO
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HUDCO Financial Services are the task of HUDCO Bank that has
mobilized finances from:
- Financing institutions like LIC, GIC and other banking institutions
- International assistance from KFW, JBIC, ADB, USAID etc.
- Market borrowings through debentures, taxable and tax-free bonds
- Public deposits
HUDCO
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The activity areas of HUDCO :
Urban housing
Rural housing
Staff rental housing
Repairs and renewal
Shelter and sanitation facilities for footpath dwellers
Workingwomen ownership condominium housing
Housing through private builders/ joint sector
Individual HUDCO housing loans and HUDCO home loan for construction
and renovation through 'HUDCO Niwas'
Land acquisition
Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY)
Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JLNNURM)
HUDCO
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The National Housing Bank has been set up under the National
Housing Bank Act of 1987, which was passed on 9th July, 1988. It
is wholly owned by the Reserve bank of India and was established to
encourage housing- finance institutions and provide them with
financial support.
The National Housing Bank also provides several other channels of
support for housing-finance institutions, by dint of the authority
invested by the National Housing Bank Act.
The National Housing Bank also makes advances and gives loans to
scheduled banks and formulates schemes that lead to the proper
use of resources for housing projects.
NATIONAL HOUSING BANK
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The various objectives of the National housing bank are:
To encourage healthy system for housing finance and which meets the
needs of all the segments of the society
To encourage housing finance institutions
To gather resources and distribute them for housing projects
To make affordable the credit taken for housing
The National Bank for Housing gives registration certification to
companies so that they can carry out the business of financing houses.
The National Housing Bank also has a training division, besides its
lending operations.
NATIONAL HOUSING BANK
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NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY
.
The National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy 2007 (NUHHP-2007) has
been formulated keeping in view the changing socio-economic parameters of
the urban areas and growing requirement of shelter and related
infrastructure.
The Policy seeks to promote various types of public-private partnerships
for realizing the goal of Affordable Housing for All with special emphasis on
the urban poor.
The housing shortage and budgetary constraints of both the Central and
State Governments, the NUHHP-2007 focuses on multiple stake-holders
namely, the Private Sector, the Cooperative Sector, the Industrial Sector for
labour housing and the Services/ Institutional Sector for employee housing.
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The action plan of the NUHHP-2007 states that the Central Government
will encourage and support the States to prepare a State Urban Housing
and a concomitant State Urban Housing and Habitat Action Plan, which
may include passing of specific Acts the States/UTs for realizing the
policy objectives through legal and regulatory reforms, fiscal concessions,
financial sector reforms and introduction of innovative instruments, for
mobilizing recourses for housing and related infrastructure development
at the State/UT level.
NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY
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A.P. HOUSING BOARD
The A.P. Housing Board has come into existence with effect from
01.07.1960 under the A.P. Housing Board Act, 1956.
The Ex-City Improvement Board was formed in 1911 as a result a large
scale devastations which the City of Hyderabad suffered due to the Moosi
Floods in 1908. Its main function was to attend to general improvement of
city, opening out congested areas and forming of roads, construction of
houses by removing slums and improvement of general sanitary conditions
to safeguard public health.
The Town Improvement Trust of Secunderabad was formed in the year
1931 with more or less similar objectives with emphasis on development of
lands.
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The main objective of the Housing Board is to provide housing
accommodation to the needy citizens at an affordable price.
The Andhra Pradesh Housing Board is engaged in the following activities :
- Construction of houses under integrated / Composite Housing Schemes
and allotment of houses under Lower Income Group, Middle Income Group
and Higher Income Group categories.
- Self-Financing Scheme for Higher Income Group and Middle Income
Group Sites and Services
- Construction of shops, Commercial Complexes and Multi-storied
Buildings to be let out on rent to augment financial resources of the Board
A.P. HOUSING BOARD