Human RespirationHuman Respiration

Human RespirationHuman Respiration

Consists of cellular Consists of cellular respiration and gas respiration and gas exchange or breathingexchange or breathing

Follows typical aerobic Follows typical aerobic respirationrespiration

Without oxygen, Without oxygen, anaerobic reispiration anaerobic reispiration occurs and lactic acid occurs and lactic acid forms in the musclesforms in the muscles

Allows for gas exchange Allows for gas exchange with the external with the external environmentenvironment

Nasal CavityNasal Cavity

Exposed to air Exposed to air through nostrilsthrough nostrils

Lined with Lined with ciliated (hairs) ciliated (hairs) mucous mucous membranemembrane Filters, warms, Filters, warms,

and moistens the and moistens the airair

On to the PharynxOn to the Pharynx PharynxPharynx

Where the oral and nasal cavity meet.Where the oral and nasal cavity meet. Epiglottis prevents food from entering the Epiglottis prevents food from entering the

tracheatrachea

LarynxLarynx

Between the Pharynx and your Trachea is Between the Pharynx and your Trachea is you larynx or voice boxyou larynx or voice box

From the Pharynx to the From the Pharynx to the TracheaTrachea

TracheaTrachea Conducts air between the pharynx and Conducts air between the pharynx and

bronchibronchi Kept open by partial rings of cartilageKept open by partial rings of cartilage Line with a ciliated mucous membraneLine with a ciliated mucous membrane

BronchiBronchi BronchiBronchi

Trachea splits into two (2) bronchiTrachea splits into two (2) bronchi Same composition as tracheaSame composition as trachea

BronchiolesBronchioles Bronchi split up into many Bronchi split up into many bronchiolebronchiole::

lined mucous membrane but lack cartilagelined mucous membrane but lack cartilage

Where does it all end up?Where does it all end up? Bronchioles terminate at the Bronchioles terminate at the alveolialveoli::

Thin, moist, and surrounded by capillariesThin, moist, and surrounded by capillaries This is where gas exchange takes place This is where gas exchange takes place

between the outside and the bloodbetween the outside and the blood

BreathingBreathing

Caused by changing pressure in the Caused by changing pressure in the chest cavitychest cavity

Rate is affected by the amount of Rate is affected by the amount of COCO22 in the blood in the blood Affects the medulla of the brainAffects the medulla of the brain It’s a feedback mechanismIt’s a feedback mechanism Breathing into a paper bagBreathing into a paper bag

How is does the pressure How is does the pressure change in the chest cavity?change in the chest cavity?

The diaphragm:The diaphragm: A shelf of muscle extending A shelf of muscle extending

between the thorax and between the thorax and abdomen of mammalsabdomen of mammals

In other words it is a muscle at In other words it is a muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity the bottom of the chest cavity the expands and contracts.the expands and contracts.

When the diaphragm When the diaphragm expands, in enlarges the chest expands, in enlarges the chest cavity creating a low pressure cavity creating a low pressure inside the lungs which causes inside the lungs which causes air to rush into the lungsair to rush into the lungs

When the diaphragm When the diaphragm contracts, in makes the chest contracts, in makes the chest cavity smaller, increasing the cavity smaller, increasing the pressure, pushing air out of pressure, pushing air out of the lungs.the lungs.

What happens to the What happens to the oxygen?oxygen?

Oxygen is carried by hemoglobin in a Oxygen is carried by hemoglobin in a cell called oxyhemoglobincell called oxyhemoglobin

Carbon dioxide is carried in the Carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma of the blood in the form of a plasma of the blood in the form of a bicarbonate ion.bicarbonate ion.

MalfunctionsMalfunctions Bronchitis:Bronchitis:

Inflammation of the membrane of bronchial Inflammation of the membrane of bronchial tubes caused by infectiontubes caused by infection

MalfunctionsMalfunctions

AsthmaAsthma Allergic response characterized by Allergic response characterized by

constriction of bronchial tubes constriction of bronchial tubes

MalfunctionsMalfunctions

Emphysema:Emphysema: Change in the structure pf the lung Change in the structure pf the lung

characterized by enlargement or characterized by enlargement or degeneration of the alveolidegeneration of the alveoli

Loss of elasticity and lung capacityLoss of elasticity and lung capacity Caused by highly polluted air or cigarette Caused by highly polluted air or cigarette

smokesmoke

Normal lungs Normal lungs EmphysemaEmphysema