Hydrogen Delivery Options andHydrogen Delivery Options and Fueling Station Requirementsg q
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.B B BonnerB. B. Bonner
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)Commercial Hydrogen Measurement Standards Workshopy g p25 September 2008
© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
Air Products at a GlanceAir Products at a Glance
US$10B i l US$10B in sales Diverse markets and geographies Over 50% of our revenues are outside U.S.
FY07 Consolidated SalesFY07 Consolidated SalesBy Reporting Segment
Electronics and Performance M t i l (21%)Equipment
Tonnage
Healthcare(6%)
Materials (21%)Equipment and Energy
(6%)
Merchant
Chemicals(9%)
TonnageGases (26%)
2© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
MerchantGases (32%)
Leadership in Hydrogen Fuel I f t tInfrastructure
Worlds largest producer of Worlds largest producer of merchant hydrogen
Our capacity ~1 75 million TPY Our capacity 1.75 million TPYCould support 7-8 million vehicles
Active since 1993 – Built over 85 hydrogen y g
station projects– Exceeded 65,000 fuelings– in 12 countries
Strong and broad IP position.
3© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
g p
Emerging Hydrogen Economy Infrastructure RequirementsInfrastructure Requirements
HH2Production Storage
Onsite Reformers
Electrolyzers
Light weightVessels
Electrolyzers MetalHydrides
ChemicalGas Separation & Purification
D i ChemicalHydridesDevices
Central H2Production Carbon
SafetyDistribution
Compression
DeliveryDispensing
Systems
Compression
4© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
e e y Syste s
Properties – H2 is a FuelProperties H2 is a Fuel
Flammable Range 4 - 74% by vol. in airg yDetonable Range 18.3 – 59% by vol. in air
Wide flammability range Low ignition energy Tendency to ignite before large energy
accumulation Very hot, invisible flame (pale blue at night) Importance of ventilation
Siti i t f i iti Siting requirements away from ignition sources and compounding hazards
5© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
Properties Comparison
H2 NG Gasoline1- Color none none yes2 Toxicity no no yes2- Toxicity no no yes3- Odor odorless mercaptans yes4- Specific Gravity 0.07 0.424 liquid5- Environment - Leak none none CnHm
Impact - Fuel none CO2 / NOx CO2 / NOx6- Diffusion Coefficient (cm3/s) 0.61 0.15 liquid7- Flame Temperature ( C ) 2318 2148 22008- Flammablility Range (% in air) 4% - 75% 5.3% - 15% 1.4% - 7.6%9- Ignition energy (milli Joules) 0.02 0.29 0.2g gy ( )10- Auto Ignition Temp. ( C ) 520 < 500* 44011- Heat Value (kJ/kg) 119,972 50,020 42,84712 Energy Density (MJ/Nm3) 10 783 35 882 104 4
6© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
12- Energy Density (MJ/Nm3) 10.783 35.882 104.4
Ignition Energy of H2, CH4and Gasoline with Airand Gasoline with Air
100Fl bilit Li itFl bilit Li it
Automotive Spark Plug20
50
100Flammability LimitsFlammability Limits
Ener
gyEn
ergy
mj)
mj)
10
20
Brush Discharge
Human Spark1052
Igni
tion
Igni
tion ( m(m Brush Discharge
0 1
12
0.50.2 Common Static
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.10.050.02 0.02 CH4
H
Flammability Limits of H Are Seven Times Wider Than CH
Fuel (% Volume)Fuel (% Volume)0 20 40 60 80 100 H2
Gasoline
7© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
Flammability Limits of H2 Are Seven Times Wider Than CH4
Overall Approach to Safety -ElementsElements Inherently safe system design
– Managing risks– Quantification of risks / risk analysisy– Protective systems
Safe operation of systemsSafe operation of systems– Written procedures– Training and periodic retrainingTraining and periodic retraining– Accident / near miss Investigation
Audits of training records– Audits of training records– Periodic performance & leak checks of equipment
P l P t ti E i t PPE
8© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
– Personnel Protective Equipment - PPE
Hydrogen SourcingFuel StationDistribution
Central P d i
Hydrogen
Production
DistributedN t l GProduction Natural Gas,Propane,Methanol,Feedstocks
9© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
Feedstocks
Importance of Codes & Standardsp
Improves Safety– Paramount importance to allp
Provides Education to AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction) such as CGA or NFPA pamphletsJurisdiction), such as CGA or NFPA pamphlets
Provides Consistency Assists with Permitting, as helps AHJ’s make
decisions Levels playing field for all participants Key to long term liability issue
10© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
Key to long-term liability issue.
Delivered Hydrogen
Liquid Tank Trailer
Gas PipelineMobile Fueler
11© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
Gas Tube Trailer
Pipeline Standards and
CFR 49 Part 192 and as amended byRegulations CFR 49 Part 192 and as amended by
delegated state agency. Air Products standards employ minimum Air Products standards employ minimum
design to Class 3 location except for very remote unpopulated areas and typically
d th i t f P t 192exceed the requirements of Part 192. Environmental Impact Studies designate
dditi l d i id tiadditional design considerations. Local jurisdictions (City, Township, Parish,
C )County, etc.) have imposed additional requirements beyond basic regulatory requirements
12© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
requirements.
Pipeline Safety
Hydrogen Industry Has 500 Miles in Hydrogen Industry Has 500 Miles in U.S.
Conventional low carbon steel Conventional low-carbon steel pipelines.
Small variation in pipeline pressure Small variation in pipeline pressure pipe (low cyclic stress).
E i ti t l i li h Existing natural gas pipelines have been successfully converted to hydrogen.yd oge
No Fires at Hydrogen Pipelines in 35 Years at Air Products
13© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
Years at Air Products
Excess Flow Valve (EFV)( )
14© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
Hydrogen Pipeline Positions
Pl iLouisianaBaton Rouge Edmonton,
Canada40
40
Suncor
SarniaCanada
Plaquemine
Geismar
Lake Pontchartrain
C t
Cosmar
Geismar10 16
Canada
Petro-Canada16
Shell Refinery
40
ST.CLAIR RIVER
Air Products Canada
Convent
Taft
NolaNew Orleans
Chalmette14 630630
14
2121SherwoodPark
Petro-CanadaImperial Oil
Rotterdam
Corunna
RIVER
DominguezChannel
91405
SouthernCalifornia
Europoort
Pernis
otte da
BPVAN NESS
AVE.Sepulveda
LongBeachArpt.
190th
St.
Carson H2
710
405
110
California
Lake Charles
Zwijndrecht
To Moerdijk
Botlek
TBPCarson
ShellWilmington
Conoco PhillipsWilmington
Conoco Phillips Carson
SepulvedaBlvd
Anaheim Street
Wil i t H
405
1
APD HyCO facilitiesH2 pipelineCO pipelineSyngas pipeline
Mont Belvieu
Port ArthurBattlegroundCity of Houston
Baytown 2
10
610
Lake CharlesBeaumont
73
6910
ValeroWilmington
Texas
Wilmington Wilmington H2110
y g
BayportPasadena
Clear Lake
LaPorte
Texas City
45
225
December 2007© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 200815
Liquid Hydrogen DistributionLiquid Hydrogen DistributionTruck in liquid hydrogen
delivered at about –423°F and 100 psig.
SS inner vessel
CS outer jacket
Insulation space
No product release in shippingin shipping
excellent safety
16© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
yrecord
Liquid Hydrogen Trailer Safety
Trailers With Armored Type Construction Trailers With Armored Type Construction– Inner Tank With Outer Thick Steel Jacket
70 Milli G ll f Li id H2 / Y 70 Million Gallons of Liquid H2 / Year 8 Million Miles / Year 160 Million Miles Since Inception Without
Loss of Liquid Hydrogen onto the Road 1996 NASA Safety Award Winner
– 200 Million Pounds of Liquid H2 Over 25 q 2Year Period Without a Significant Incident
Vehicle Accidents Do Occur
17© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
Hydrogen Distribution
Truck in gaseous hydrogen
Standard Tube-TrailerDelivered at 2600 psig
Mobile FuelerTotally self-contained
Delivered at ~ 2600 psig300 kg capacity
y350 Bar fuelingDOT approved
18© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
Onsite Liquid Storageq g
Stored at –423°F <150 psig. many sites
SS inner vesselSS inner vesselCS outer jacketInsulation spaceProven technology
19© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
Underground Storage Tanks
Direct buriedDirect buried– Inaccessible secondary
containment Double walled design Nationally recognized y g
codes 2 ft below surface Safety features
– Relief & vent systems– Remote operated shut
off valves– Corrosion control
20© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
– Corrosion control
Distributed H2 Fueling Stations
Electrolyses
Steam MethaneReforming
21© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
Hydrogen Fueling Station
Compression and storage modularized
Hydrogen dispenser Hydrogen dispenser typically separate
Designed for any type Designed for any typeof H2 supply mode
Designed to service ll t l fl t fsmall to large fleets of
autos and buses Wide range of flows Wide range of flows Electric Drive
Compressor
22© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
p
Hydrogen Fuel Dispensing StationsHydrogen Fuel Dispensing Stations
23© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
H2 lmpurities Sampled from All Stations –All Suppliers – All Supply Modes
H I iti
Particulates
H2 Impurities
Data Range SAE J2719 Measured Less Than or Equal To (Detection Limited)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10g/L
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
(N2 + He + Ar)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
O2CO2 CO
NH3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
H20 Total HC
O2
mol/mol (ppm)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Total S*
nmol/mol (ppb)
24© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
Created: Feb-28-07 12:06 PM *Calculated from SO2, COS, H2S, CS2, and Methyl Mercaptan (CH3SH).
Alternate Applications build H2 infrastructure Off-road vehicles
H2 BusesHCNG BusesS b iSubmarinesCell-Towers
25© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
H2 Fueling Safety -Codes Standards and TrainingCodes, Standards, and Training
Adhere to Industrial Codes– ASME BPVC, ASME B31.3, NEC (NFPA 70)
Adhere to Hydrogen Codes– NFPA 55, CGA Guidelines55, CG Gu de es
Apply CNG Fueling Codes Where Applicable A ti R l i C d d St d d D l t Active Role in Codes and Standards Development
– SAEJ2600 & J2601, NFPA 50, NFPA 52 Provides Comprehensive Safety Training
– Dispenser, Hydrogen, KnowH2ow®.
26© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
100 Years of Gasoline FuelingPublic Dispensing 180 000Public Dispensing – 180,000
Safety Maintained
Hydrogen Fueling in InfancyDispensing ~ 100 today; 10,000 in ? years
Goal
50 year experience
27© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
as a chemical
Summary
The Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure Has Evolved to Meet y g ythe Specific Needs of a Hydrogen Economy.
Safety Risks Must Be ManagedI t t R l f G d E i i D i d W k– Important Role of Good Engineering Design and Work Processes
– Important Role of Codes and Standards Industry Stakeholders and The Public Must Gain
Confidence That Hydrogen Supply, Delivery, Fueling, and Driving Are As Safe (or Safer) As Conventional FuelsDriving Are As Safe (or Safer) As Conventional Fuels
– Achieve Thru Demonstrations– Improved Design to Make Differences Between Fuels
TransparentTransparent Today’s petroleum fuel infrastructure was not built in a
day….and doesn’t need to be replaced in a day! We are
28© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
y p yembarking on running a marathon and not a sprint.
Thank youThank youwww.airproducts.com/h2energywww.airproducts.com/h2energy
© Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 2008
