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Issue 3 of Irish Archaeological Research’s Free Digital Magazine. Our magazine covers local history and archaeology as well as news and articles from around the world.
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Page 1: IAR Digital Magazine
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Cont

ents

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

1  Thom Kerr outlines the results of the Early Medieval Archaeology Project 

 IAR Events for The Council for British            Archaeology’s ‘Festival of British Archaeology’  11  Diana McCormack urges us to explore the work of the Antarctic Heritage Trust 13  Gavin Donaghy experiments with Kite Aerial Photography  16

 Christina O’Regan describes Down’s   Delights 22

Welcome to the Spring issue of the Irish Archaeological Research e‐zine.  

Since  the publication's  launch  last year,  the e‐zine has seen over 22,000 downloads and has 

been widely praised for it's diverse range of articles and it's enthusiastic tone and this issue is 

no different.  

 

With  articles  on  sites  to  see,  practical  projects  to  try  and  updates  on  current  academic        

research,  we  hope  that  you  will  enjoy  reading  this  issue  as much  as  we  have  putting  it         

together.   

 

It's been a busy time for us at IAR with several more school workshops under our belt. Visits to 

Dublin, Wexford  and Waterford  illustrated  the  undeniable  thirst  that  some  of  the  younger 

generation has for archaeology.  With further workshops planned for Meath and Donegal we 

look forward to stimulating further young brains with fresh insights into our shared heritage. 

Front Cover: Gavin Donaghy using KAP Layout: Lianne Heaney   

Contributors Dr Thom Kerr, Research Fellow, Queen's University Belfast Gavin Donaghy (IAR Technology Director) 

 Diana McCormack (Archaeologist & Conservator)Christina O’Regan (IAR Fieldwork / Schools Director) 

 Belfast Hills Partnership Archaeology Update   26

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Thom Kerr outlines the results of the Early Medieval Archaeology Project.

THE ISLAND OF SAINTS, SCHOLARS... AND A FEW FARMSTEADS, UNENCLOSED SETTLEMENTS AND

CAVE DWELLINGS TOO!

The early medieval period in Ireland is one of the most studied phases in the history of the island – the contemporary documentary sources (e.g. saints’ lives, annals, and legal tracts) have attracted the attention of historians and linguists; and the monument-rich landscape from this period was widely investigated in the early years of academic archaeology.

An estimated 45,000 extant early medieval sites were recorded during the production of the first Ordnance Survey map of Ireland in the 1820s and 1830s. This means that more habitation sites from the latter half of the first millennium are known for the island of Ireland than for the rest of northwest Europe combined (Mallory & McNeill 1991, 185). These are dominated by the ‘rath’ or ‘ringfort’, a circular (or sub-circular) area, generally ranging from 30-40m in diameter, defined by an earthen bank and external ditch. In some cases there are two series of banks and ditches, and there are a small number of examples with three or even four banks. The Republic of Ireland has tended towards the use of ‘ringfort’ as an umbrella term for the site-type, whereas in Northern Ireland, ‘rath’ is preferred, and is often divided into univallate, multivallate and raised sub-types.

Early research excavations tended to focus on upstanding monuments with substantial remains, such as the multivallate raths at Garranes, Co. Cork (Ó Ríordáin 1942) and Garryduff, Co. Cork (O’Kelly 1963). These excavations also tended to run over a number of excavation seasons, e.g. Clogher, Co. Tyrone (Warner 2000), or Knowth, Co. Meath (Eogan 1977). The result of excavating known, substantial, archaeological monuments meant that a high proportion of early excavations took place on ‘high status’ (potentially atypical) early medieval sites.

By the 1990s there was a general consensus in early medieval Irish archaeology, as exemplified by Nancy Edwards’ influential synthesis, The Archaeology of Early Christian Ireland. Raths or ringforts were unquestioningly recognised as the major site-type from this period, and the pastoral agriculture practised by their inhabitants was generally accepted as being the prevalent economic model. Future discussion seemed to be limited to semantic disagreements (e.g. rath vs. ringfort; early medieval vs. Early Christian), and some issues with chronologies (e.g. did the period start c. A.D. 400 or A.D. 432, and did it end c. A.D. 1100, 1150 or 1169/1170?; or when were raths occupied?). Research into the archaeology of early medieval Ireland seemed set on a course of adapting new methodologies to reinterpret the existing data set, for example modelling social hierarchies based on quantitative data such as site type and location (Stout 1992; 1997); or the incorporation of various theoretical approaches (e.g. Mytum 1992).

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Changes in the study of early medieval Irish archaeology came from an unanticipated source. Subsequent

to the Valetta Convention of 1992 (adopted in the Republic of Ireland in 1997 and in the United Kingdom in

2000) any invasive work on, or near, an archaeological site (or potential site of archaeological interest)

requires a prior archaeological evaluation to satisfy planning regulations. Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of

early medieval sites recorded in the 1830s had been destroyed in the interim through farm improvements,

road widening, railway building, quarrying, etc. A number of raths, such as Deer Park Farms, Co. Antrim

(Lynn & McDowell 2011) were excavated during EC-funded land reclamation schemes, but the vast

majority of these sites were neither recorded, nor excavated, and were simply flattened, dug out, or

ploughed away. Such a cavalier approach to the national heritage, however, is not restricted to the

nineteenth (or even the twentieth) century, as seen in the successful court case recently brought against a

Co. Kerry farmer fined €25,000 for destroying a ringfort on his farm (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1: Destroyed rath in Co. Kerry http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2012/0303/1224312717627.html

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

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Fig. 2: Numbers of early medieval excavation by county pre- and post-adoption of Valetta Convention in Republic of Ireland (1997).

The impact of the changes to planning laws on Irish archaeology, and especially early

medieval Irish archaeology, was threefold:-

The new requirements meant that a far larger number of sites were being excavated on an

annual basis (Fig. 2).

A large number of the small-scale excavations undertaken ‘near’ an early medieval site in advance of

single housing developments, encountered nothing of archaeological significance (Fig. 3).

Large-scale investigations, such as those undertaken in advance of the motorway building schemes,

revealed a far greater variation in early medieval site types than had been previously contemplated.

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

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Fig. 3: Percentages of early medieval excavations which discovered no archaeological remains by county pre- and post-adoption of Valetta Convention in Republic of Ireland (1997).

The discovery of a ‘plectrum-shaped’ enclosure at Newtown, Co. Limerick (Coyne 2005), and identification

of anomalous ‘non-circular settlements’ (Kinsella 2010) along the route of the M3 in Co. Meath (e.g.

Raystown, Dowdstown, Baronstown (Seaver 2005; 2006; 2010; Cagney & O’Hara 2009; Linnane & Kinsella

2007; 2009), seriously challenged the previously accepted wisdom on early medieval settlement patterns

and assumed hierarchies. Further excavations (and more reliable chronologies) started unravelling the

perceived uniformity of farming life and economic practices, and even the perceived church-control over

burial practices during the early medieval period was weakened by the identification of ‘secular’ cemeteries

and much more variable burial practices.

Information on these new sites, however, was often limited to small, overview articles in Archaeology

Ireland or NRA monographs, or was disseminated through public lectures. The crash of the ‘Celtic Tiger’,

and the subsequent wave of unemployment that swept over the commercial archaeological sector, meant

that these implications had not been fully synthesised into the overall understanding of the archaeology of

the early medieval period.

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

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The Early Medieval Archaeology Project (EMAP) was established in University College Dublin in 2007 in an

attempt to deal with the perceived information gap between archaeological excavation of early medieval

sites in Ireland and the dissemination of this data. At its inception the project was funded by the Heritage

Council Archaeological Research Grants (2007) scheme and the original grant from the UCD Seed Funding

(2007). The establishment of the Heritage Council Irish National Strategic Archaeological Research

(INSTAR) programme in 2008, and its funding of EMAP in subsequent years, allowed the project to expand

and take in Queen’s University, Belfast. The scope and scale of the task undertaken by EMAP became

quickly apparent, with over 3,500 excavations identified on, or near, potential early medieval sites, the vast

majority of which occurred during the construction boom of the ‘Celtic Tiger’ in the 2000s.

The core ethos of EMAP is to collate, synthesise and disseminate the huge ranges of early medieval data

produced over the past decade. This has been largely achieved through making the results of the project

available freely online at http://www.emap.ie. There are three major reports available – a site gazetteer; a

report on the archaeology of early Irish farming; and a number of syntheses (a revised and updated

version of which is the basis for a forthcoming Royal Irish Academy publication).

Site Gazetteer

The site gazetteer deals with 229 early medieval secular sites which have been excavated from 1930 to

2007, and which produced ‘significant’ remains. This includes sites which revealed structural evidence;

which had stratified dating evidence; and/or which had evidence of material culture. Sites which could not

be definitely dated to the early medieval period (either through radiocarbon dating or material culture)

were excluded from this gazetteer. Although 229 excavated and significant early medieval sites is a

substantial number, this must be compared with the approximately 45,000 extant sites (i.e. 0.5% of the

total), and also must be seen in the light of the 3,500-odd excavations undertaken on, or near, early

medieval sites.

By including a short summary of the site, relevant plans and radiocarbon dates (where available), and a

bibliography, the gazetteer functions as a ‘one-stop-shop’ for early medieval researchers, students and

academics.

Archaeology of Early Medieval Irish Farming

Examination of the specialist archaeo-faunal and archaeo-botanical reports are augmented by discussion of

the documentary sources as well as by investigation of the taskscapes uncovered around early medieval

settlements during recent excavations. It appears, for example, that field enclosures were for the most

part limited to the immediate vicinity of early medieval farmsteads and were especially common around

non-rath-type settlements where they were primarily utilised for protecting gardens and managing

farmyards.

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Archaeology of Early Medieval Irish Farming

Examination of the specialist archaeo-faunal and archaeo-botanical reports are augmented by discussion of

the documentary sources as well as by investigation of the taskscapes uncovered around early medieval

settlements during recent excavations. It appears, for example, that field enclosures were for the most

part limited to the immediate vicinity of early medieval farmsteads and were especially common around

non-rath-type settlements where they were primarily utilised for protecting gardens and managing

farmyards.

Examination of plant reports from 60 early medieval sites (comprising 165 separate phases of activity), and

faunal remains reports from over 130 excavations, allows a broad spatial and chronological investigation of

farming in early medieval Ireland. Both examinations reveal subtle chronological and geographical

differences in species production over this period, and also re-evaluate the status requirements outlined in

early medieval legal tracts. The law tracts, for example, regard wheat as a high status grain. Although it is

present on about two thirds of sites, and in much lower quantities that the other cereals, it is clear that it

cannot automatically be used as an indicator of high status. Equally, the proportions of specific livestock

species required by the Críth Gablach, ‘Law of Status’, are not replicated in the faunal remains.

While barley was the dominant cereal at the start of the early medieval period, there are indicators that,

over time, oat became the dominant cereal in some areas of Munster and Ulster (Fig. 4). The faunal

reports show a considerable consistency in the livestock economy in the eastern part of Ireland, but

suggest a significant regional variation in the assemblages in Ulster and western Ireland (Fig. 5). The data

also shows that the livestock economy of Ireland, with its focus on cattle, differed greatly from the

economies of contemporary southern Britain and south-west France where sheep were dominant.

Fig. 4: Percentages of early medieval sites on which identified types of cereal grains have been found by time

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

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Faunal assemblages can also be used as a proxy for distinguishing between urban (consumer) and rural (producer/consumer) settlements on the basis of the age slaughter pattern of cattle. The evidence indicates that the numbers of consumer sites increased during the second half of the Early Medieval period. A number of “enclosure” settlements in Co. Meath, such as Baronstown, Roestown and Dowdstown display slaughter patterns with ‘consumer’ traits, suggesting at the very least an expanding human population, and perhaps indicating proto-urban development. There does not seem to have been a great variation in size of livestock during these centuries (Fig. 6).

Fig. 5: Comparison of percentages of livestock in faunal remains by time in Ulster and Meath compared to ‘ideal’ in Críth Galblach.

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

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Fig. 6: Average heights of cows and bulls by site over time. 

Towards a Synthesis of Early Medieval Irish Archaeology The traditional consensus was that early medieval dwellings and settlement activities were situated within enclosures, typically, but not exclusively, the classic ringfort/rath. In recent years, a much wider range of ‘settlement enclosures’ (e.g. ‘settlement/cemeteries’, palisaded enclosures, settlements within field enclosures, ecclesiastical enclosures) have been investigated that reveal the varied and evolving character of settlement in the early medieval landscape. An increasing number of ‘unenclosed’ habitations dating from the early medieval period have also been uncovered during excavation. These appear in various forms (e.g. houses in fields; souterrains associated with unenclosed settlement; cave occupations; early medieval shell middens, etc.) and offer further insight into the organization of early medieval Irish society and its spread across the entire landscape. It seems clear, for example, that between the fourth to sixth century A.D. (i.e. during the establishment of Christianity in Ireland) communities buried their dead in a range of burial grounds (including penannular and annular ring ditches; mounds, standing stones and other unenclosed sites). Radiocarbon dating from many of these burials show that this practice carried on into the seventh/eighth centuries (and in some cases through ‘til the twelfth century). This happens at a time when church graveyards were being established, yet it seems that burials in long-used community, or kin-based, graveyards was still a viable option. Many of these non-ecclesiastical graveyards were associated with non-ringfort-type settlements. These have been given the rather uninspiring title of ‘settlement/cemeteries’ or ’cemetery-settlements’ and may represent one of the most intriguing archaeological discoveries of the past decade.

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

EMAP has highlighted evidence for local and regional variation in early medieval settlement patterns, implied from differing chronologies of continuity on geographically divergent sites. Fitting these new site-types and new chronologies into the wider settlement landscape and incorporating them into the social, ideological and political mindscapes which influence modern-day cultural biographies represents the great challenge for early medieval archaeological research going forward into the twenty-first century.

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EMAP would like to acknowledge the support of archaeologists within UCD School of Archaeology and the

School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, QUB; project partners in Archaeological Consultancy

Services (ACS); Cultural Resource Development Services (CRDS) and Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd (MGL), as

well as all those archaeologists and archaeological companies who have allowed access to excavation

reports and specialist reports. Without this help, advice and encouragement, this project could not have

been completed.

Bibliography: Cagney, L. & O’Hara, R. 2009. An early medieval complex at Dowdstown 2, in M. Deevy and D. Murphy (eds.) Places Along the Way: First Findings on the M3. National Roads Authority Scheme Monograph Series 5. Bray: Wordwell, 123-34. Coyne, F. 2005. Excavation of an Early Medieval ‘Plectrum-shaped’ enclosure at Newtown, Co. Limerick. North Munster Antiquarian Journal, 45, 51-63. Edwards, N. 1990. The archaeology of early medieval Ireland. London, Batsford. Eogan, G. 1977. The Iron Age and early Christian settlement at Knowth, Co. Meath, Ireland, in V. Markotic (ed.) Ancient Europe and the Mediterranean, studies in honour of Hugh Hencken. Warminster: Aris & Phillips Ltd, 69-76. Kinsella, J. 2010. A new Irish early medieval site type? Exploring the ‘recent’ archaeological evidence for non-circular enclosed settlement and burial sites. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 110C, 89-132. Linnane, S. & Kinsella, J. 2007. Fort Baronstown? Exploring the social role of an impressive ringfort on the M3. Seanda, 2, 57-59. Linnane, S. & Kinsella, J. 2009. Military lords and defensive beginnings: a preliminary assessment of the social role of an impressive rath at Baronstown, in M. Deevy and D. Murphy (eds.), Places along the way: first findings on the M3. National Roads Authority Scheme Monograph Series 5. Bray: Wordwell, 101-22. Lynn, C. J. & McDowell, J. A. 2011. Deer Park Farms: The Excavation of a Raised Rath in the Glenarm Valley, Co. Antrim. TSO. Mallory, J. P. & McNeill T. E. 1991. The archaeology of Ulster from colonization to plantation. Belfast: The Institute of Irish Studies, Queen’s University of Belfast Mytum, H. 1992. The Origins of early Christian Ireland. London: Routledge. O’Kelly, M. J. 1963. Two ring-forts at Garryduff, Co. Cork. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 63C, 17-125. Ó Ríordáin, S. P. 1942. The excavation of a large earthen ring-fort at Garranes, Co. Cork. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 47C, 77-150. Seaver, M. 2005. Run of the Mill? Excavation of an early medieval site at Raystown, Co. Meath. Archaeology Ireland, 19(4), 9-12. Seaver, M. 2006. Through the mill– excavation of an early medieval settlement at Raystown, County Meath, in J. O’Sullivan & M. Stanley (eds.) Settlement, Industry and Ritual: proceedings of a public seminar on archaeological discoveries on national road schemes, September 2005. Bray: Wordwell, 73-87. Seaver, M. 2010 Against the grain: Early medieval settlement and burial on the Blackhill: excavations at Raystown, Co. Meath, in C. Corlett and M. Potterton (eds.) Death and burial in early medieval Ireland, in light of recent archaeological excavations. Bray: Wordwell, 299-319. Stout, M. 1992. Plans from plans: an analysis of the 1:2500 OS series as a source for ringfort morphology. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 92C, 37-53. Stout, M. 1997. The Irish ringfort. Dublin: Four Courts Press (in association with the Group for the Study of Irish Historic Settlement). Warner, R. B. 2000. Clogher: an archaeological window on early Medieval Tyrone and Mid Ulster, in C. Dillon et al. (eds.) Tyrone: History and Society. Dublin: Geography Publications, 39-54.

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

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Irish  Archaeological  Research  is  a  member  supported  social  enterprise.  Our  aim  is  to  bring        information  about  your  local  heritage  to  a wider  audience.   We  have  started  a membership scheme  to help  fund our projects and with membership  for one year  just £12.50 you can help support the following:    The Publication of a free Digital Magazine about Heritage, History and Archaeology   Updating and maintaining our websites   Publishing an annual Journal   Arranging  archaeological  events  such  as  excavations,  conferences,  lectures  and                 

experimental archaeology days   As part of your membership you will receive:   A welcome pack   An automatic subscription to our digital magazine   Free Digital copy of our yearly Journal   A 20% discount on all hard copies of our publications   A yearly newsletter   Notification of all of our events and free attendance to them     

If you would like to become a member visit our membership page on our website at:  

www.IrishArchaeologicalResearch.com  

Your support will help us introduce our rich cultural heritage to the world 

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

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Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

The Festival of British Archaeology is an annual extravaganza of heritage events co-ordinated by the

Council for British Archaeology. Each year the Festival showcases the very best of British archaeology, by

presenting hundreds of special events organised and held by museums, local societies, national and

countryside parks, universities, and heritage organisations across the UK. The Festival presents everyone

the opportunity to learn about their local heritage, to see archaeology in action, and to get involved.

Events ranging from excavation open days and behind-the-scenes tours to family fun days, hands-on

activities, guided walks, talks and finds identification workshops take place all over the UK during this

special fortnight.

14th to 29th July 2012

Discover the lives of our ancestors, from the earliest hunter-gatherer to the modern society we have today.

Archaeology gives us a unique insight into the past through the artefacts our ancestors left behind in the

earth beneath our feet. Irish Archaeological Research (IAR) is launching an innovative, hands-on, heritage

scheme called the ‘The Open Air Museum’. This project will showcase the artefacts found during

archaeological investigations around the country and enable the public to interact with them. As well as

the museum exhibit there will be a living history component that will allow people to experience how our

ancestors might have made tools and equipment and how we think they may have lived. There will be

archaeologists on hand to answer any questions about the local heritage and any aspect of the event.

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Archaeology in the Glens

Glenariff Forest Park, Co. Antrim

Saturday 21st & Sunday 22nd July

Archaeology in the Park

Gosford Forest Park, Co. Armagh

Saturday 28th & Sunday 29th July

The Open Air Museum Alongside the genuine artefacts will be replicas, showing how some of these artefacts may have looked when originally made. There will also be models of prehistoric dwellings to complement information about how Ireland was populated; from the few tribes of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, armed with just bows and arrows, to the large-scale farming communities of the Neolithic, who purged the landscape of trees using stone axes and fire. Making Prehistoric Pottery An archaeologist will demonstrate how to make and decorate prehistoric pottery and then you can have a go yourself.

Junior Archaeology Workshops We have found through experience that children love the mystery and myth of archaeology and his-tory and they learn best through actively taking part, so we will have an area especially for under 12’s. Here they will learn about our Celtic warrior ancestors and the art they used on their clothes, jewellery, and weapons. They will be able to design and make their own Celtic warrior shield and helmet as well as try their hand at Celtic art. Hunting for Food There will be an archery section to the outdoor mu-seum, to let the public experience how our hunter-gatherer ancestors used bows and arrows. Targets will be set up that resemble the prey during the time of the earliest hunter-gatherers in Ireland, and an archaeologist and archery coach will be on hand throughout the day to illustrate the techniques and technologies our ancestors would have used to hunt.

Looking for a great day out—join us at Glenariff or Gosford for 

some great hands on                    archaeological activities 

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This year marks the centenary of the arrival of the British Antarctic Expedition at the South Pole, led by Captain Robert Falcon Scott. His ship Terra Nova and a compliment of Royal Navy, scientists and explorers spent three years on the Antarctic continent (1910-1913). Their final adventure on this expedition was the journey to the South Pole, in which endeavour five of the crew were to lose their lives. The story of that final journey is well known; they arrived at their goal on January 12th, to find the Norwegian flag flying, after Roald Amundsen’s party had raced in to claim the ‘first’, and

their slow return beset by freak storms that ultimately cost the polar party their lives.

Conserving the Heroic Age: the British Antarctic Expedition

Diana McCormick urges us to explore the work of the Antarctic Heritage Trust

Scott, Bowers, Simpson & Evans 1911

Wilson at the sunshine recorder

Scott, Wilson, Bowers, Oates and Evans; Evans was the first to die, probably from a fall and subsequent brain haemorrhage; Oates’ famous self-sacrifice was intended to give the others a chance at survival; ultimately the three surviving men were unable to leave their tent in the storms, frostbitten, starving, and only eleven miles from a supply cache and the point where the rescue party turned around. It is a fascinating story, tragic yet inspiring, and there are many exhibitions in 2012 to commemorate those involved. It is also important to remember everything that the expedition achieved in terms of environmental and natural history research, something that has often been overshadowed by the ‘race to the pole’.

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The Antarctic Heritage Trust (AHT) was established in 1987, entrusted with the care of four of the Heroic Age bases; Scott’s British Antarctic base at Cape Evans, Ross Island, is of course one of these. The Trust also maintains the base at Hut Point, used by Scott’s Discovery crew in 1901-4, which laid the groundwork for much of the scientific work of the 1910-13 expedition. The other sites are Shackleton’s base at Cape Royds (1907-9), from which he made a ‘furthest south’ record, and a base at Cape Adare established by the lesser-known Carsten Borchgrevink (1898-1900), who claimed the first footfall on the Antarctic continent. The conservation work is carried out year-round, with a small over-wintering staff and alongside work at the Canterbury Museum, in Christchurch, New Zealand. The project can be followed through their website and blog at http://www.nzaht.org/.

Wright working at night

The Natural History Museum, London, has a centenary exhibit that brings together an impressive collection of objects from the AHT, the Canterbury Museum, and collections held by the Polar Museum at the Scott Polar Research Institute in Cambridge. The gallery is laid out around a floor map of the footprint of the hut, marking each man’s bunk and working areas. The audio-visual presentations also show the efforts of the conservation team alongside the story of the men who worked there, and all in all, it is an exhibition not to be missed. This exhibition is open now and runs until September 2nd.

Motor tractor leaving the winter garage

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The Scott Polar Institute also has an excellent online project, showcasing several collections of photography of polar exploration (from which the pictures in this article are taken). This can be searched or browsed through http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/freezeframe/.

The interior of Scott’s hut today

For the more enthusiastic polar buff, the Polar Museum in Cambridge (founded by one of the Terra Nova crew) has a once-in-a-lifetime display running until May 5th, entitled ‘These rough Notes’ after a line from Scott’s diary. This exhibit shows, for the first (and probably only) time, diaries and letters of the crew, including a letter written by Dr Wilson ‘to my widow’ from the tent, but also written material from the other members of the Terra Nova crew. The exhibit paints a picture of the wide range of achievements made on the expedition, and does not focus solely on the polar party.

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Músaem Chorca Dhuibhne, Baile an Fheirtéaraigh, Trá Lí, Co. Chiarraí West Kerry Museum Ballyferriter Co. Kerry

E: [email protected] Opening Hours: Easter Period; 7 days 10:00 - 17:00 Late May Till September; 10:00 - 17:00 Winter months; Open by request

Musaem Chorca Dhuibhne

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The Highest Heights

Aerial photography on a kite string

IAR’s Technology Director Gavin Donaghy  looks at the world of Kite Aerial Photography (KAP) 

to  see  if  it  can aid  the amateur and professional archaeologist  in  further understanding our   

archaeological landscape.  

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Background is a picture of Lisnabreeny Rath using KAP kit. 

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Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

Aerial photography is an essential tool for the archaeologist. It can help us understand why a monument is located 

where  it  is and also to discover new archaeology within our  landscape that would normally go un‐noticed.    In this 

article I am going to show you how to have a go at aerial photography without breaking the bank and also give you a 

brief background into kite aerial photography and how it got started.  

Kites originated in China around 800 BC, and were originally made of 

silk and bamboo with a silk line to tether them. Kites have been used 

since  that  time  for  a  variety  of  purposes,  from  helping  Benjamin 

Franklin with his early meteorological experiments to  lifting people 

into the sky in portable observation posts during the Boer war.  Kite 

Aerial  Photography  was  first  used  by  a  British  meteorologist,     

Douglas Archibald in 1887, who built his own rig to  observe changes 

in weather patterns.   The most famous  image taken using KAP was 

in  1906  in  San  Francisco  after  the  great  earthquake  by George  R 

Lawrence.   Since what  some people  refer  to as  the Golden Age of 

Kite usage in the latter half of the 19th century, and the invention of 

the airplane, kite  flying has become more of a hobby and  less of a 

tool for scientific discovery.    I would  like to change this and maybe 

see if we can use it more often in the field of   archaeology.  Cody man‐lifer kite 

Aerial view of San Francisco 1916 

Archaeology at the moment relies on a number of different methods of aerial photography, these are: the MEWP 

(Mobile elevated work platforms), basically a  cherry‐picker; a  camera on a pole mounted on a  vehicle or  carried 

around; and aerial shots taken  from a plane or helicopter.   The  first two methods  I have mentioned are the most 

economical but can only give you aerial pictures from 20 meters up.  Aerial pictures from an aeroplane or helicopter 

are extremely  impressive, but by the time you have bought a plane/helicopter and  learned how to fly  it, you may 

have hurt your bank account (you can hire people for the day to take your photographs but  it  is quite expensive). 

KAP has already been used in the archaeological world for surveys, in recent years Dr Tatjana Kytmannow completed 

“An Archaeological  Survey of  the Off‐Shore  Islands of  Sligo”, using  KAP  very  successfully,  taking  great  images  to   

identify archaeological sites.   Kite Aerial Photography has great potential  for widespread use  in both amateur and 

professional archaeology as  it won’t break the bank, and theoretically the only height restriction on your  images  is 

how long you make your kite string. 

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The Camera 

The  camera  I wanted  to  use  for  this  project was  a  simple 

point and shoot digital camera with a high pixel count and a 

low price  tag. The  camera  I ended up using was a Samsung 

SH100 wi‐fi camera which can connect to a smart phone and 

allows you to take images from a distance.  

 

The Rig 

The  rig  I  used was  a  variant  of  one  that  I  had  seen  online 

called the Brooxes basic Kap Kit.  Made of aluminium it comes 

with all of the necessary pieces to make a platform  for your 

camera.   My  variant  consisted  of  adding  a  radio‐controlled 

component so that I could steer my camera and legs so that it 

may  have  a  softer  landing.    The  radio  control  and  servos  I 

recovered from an old racing car that I had and mounted onto the Brooxes frame.  One servo controlled the rotation 

of  the  camera  rig, one  controlled  the  tilt of  the  camera  allowing me  to  look up  and down  and one  acted  as  an       

auxiliary control for activating the cameras shutter and taking a picture.  The legs are made from fibreglass rods cut 

to measure and splay out from the bottom of the rig.   Brooxes, who supplied the frame, offer servo motors, radio 

controls and  legs but this brings greatly  increases the cost of your kit.  I would recommend sourcing your own and 

playing with the set‐up yourself.  It gives you a nice insight into the function of your rig as well as being good fun to 

build.  

My Kit 

I have been  looking  into using KAP  for quite a while now, going out at  the weekends and  taking photographs of    

unusual earthworks in the landscape to see if they are archaeological in nature.  I did most of my research online and 

found  a  thriving  community  of  enthusiasts 

who were  incredibly  helpful  in  getting me 

started.    The  kits  that  people  were  using 

ranged from a simple disposable camera on 

a string with an elastic band to act as a trig‐

ger mechanism  suspended  from  a  kite,  to 

radio‐controlled  rigs  capable of  taking 360‐

degree  images  from  a multitude of  angles.  

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

My KAP Kit 

The Kite 

The  first  thing  that  I  investigated  was  the 

kite  itself.   There are several on the market 

and  choosing  the  right  one  is  incredibly  

important.    Through  my  investigations 

online  I  found  that  the  type  of  kite most 

people use for this is a single line sled kite. These kites are incredibly stable and easy to fly; the single line means that 

it is easier to control and tie off when you want to mount your camera rig.  The other thing that you need to consider 

is lift; the kite has to have a large enough sail to pull your string taut and lift your rig into the air in reasonably light 

winds.  The kite I bought was a Mega Sled from Sky High Kites.  It has a 2 meter sail, a strong lift and came with 75 

meters of line. 

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Page 22: IAR Digital Magazine

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

Flying 

Once I had got my kite and built my rig the next stage was to attach a camera and get it up into the sky!  I decided to 

be a little more cautious to begin with and just try flying the kite first to get used to it and the weather conditions it’ll 

be able to fly in.  The first thing I noticed was it can be hard to gauge when you’re going to get the best conditions so 

it’s better  to bring  the kite with you  in  the boot of your car and  fly  it whenever you can.   The sled kite will  fly  in     

almost any weather condition but the best condition I found was a steady wind of between 10 and 15 mph.  The next 

stage is mounting the rig with the camera and testing it.  For this I found that if the wind is slower than 10 mph there 

wasn’t enough pull to get the rig up nice and high but between 10 and 20mph were perfect conditions for the rig. 

Winds over 20 mph made the kite move slightly more erratically and cause a jerking movement on the rig which can 

make it tricky to take an image.  

 

I  soon  discovered  that  as  with 

most  things  practice  is  the way 

to try and get a good image.  The 

camera  I  had  bought  could     

connect  to a  smart phone  to  let 

you  see  what  the  camera  sees 

but  that  function  (as  I              

discovered)  has  a  limited  range 

of  20 metres  and when  you  fly 

the  kite  it  is  astonishing    how 

quickly  you  have  the  kite  string 

at  its  limit  and  are  soaring      

hundreds  of  meters  up.      The 

radio  control  system  was  great 

and allowed me to take  images at the full  length of the string, slowly controlling the  little arm that depressed the 

shutter button, as well as rotating the camera and tilting it to try and get a better shot. 

Flying the kite rig at Nendrum 

Gavin & Rachel flying the KAP 

19 

Page 23: IAR Digital Magazine

Conclusion 

My KAP kit cost me £170 in total and was well worth it in my opinion.  I haven’t quite mastered taking the perfect 

picture yet but with practice I am getting better every time I go out.  The height above ground that you can achieve is 

staggeringly good, and as I said before you are only really limited by the length of line you have for your kite.  This is 

a great tool for an archaeologist’s arsenal and is portable enough to go rambling with to find out what treasures we 

have nestled within our landscape.  So why not give it a try?  You don’t have to go all out and build a rig like mine; 

there are plenty of budget‐friendly options out there and it's great fun to do. 

20 

Nendrum at dusk 

The skies above Lisnabreeny rath 

Useful links  http://www.arch.ced.berkeley.edu/kap/kaptoc.html  http://arch.ced.berkeley.edu/kap/discuss/  http://www.kapshop.com/Rig‐Kits/c37/index.html  

http://www.skyhighkites.co.uk/shop/product/268/Mega‐Sled.html 

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

Page 24: IAR Digital Magazine

We sell replicas of archaeological artefacts, artefact based jewellery, historical games, and much more, all handcrafted by Ross Bailey 

 All profits from our sales help to fund our community and            

membership based archaeological projects 

Some of our items for Sale 

Arrowhead pendant on a sliver chain 

Replica Dagger 

Replica brandubh board made from leather 

Page 25: IAR Digital Magazine

Down's Delights Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

The most ancient site in the region is also perhaps the most famous: Legananny Dolmen. This is

one of the most photogenic and photographed Early Neolithic portal tombs in Ireland and is

definitely as impressive in the flesh as it is in print. One cannot fail to marvel at the capstone, which

though massive, seems to float atop three uprights. Legananny seems so vivid and bold that the

antiquity of the monument is difficult to believe, especially as it is at least 5500 years old. Located

off the B7, seven miles south of Dromara, it is well signposted from both the Dromara and

Castlewellan roads. Legananny has never been formally excavated, although there are

antiquarian accounts of pottery finds at the site. Old photographs show the orthostats slightly more

exposed than they currently are. A field wall once ran straight through the monument, perhaps

denuding the tomb of the cairn that was probably once associated with it.

22 

Christina O’Regan discusses the archaeology of the Slieve Croob Region

Above: Figure 1 A modified passage tomb: the summit cairn on Slieve Croob also serves as a sheepfold. Image: Irish Archaeological Research.

The Slieve Croob region, in central County Down, is one of those rare places; spectacular yet

unfrequented, even though it is highly accessible from urban centres and prominent throughout the

surrounding landscape. Perhaps the nearby Mourne Mountains divert attention away from Croob,

which is a shame as the area has much to offer, especially to the archaeologist. The landscape of

Croob, though marginal today, was in the past a place of tremendous and enduring importance,

and scattered throughout the region is a plethora of archaeological monuments well worth visiting.

Page 26: IAR Digital Magazine

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

23 

Figure 2 Legananny Dolmen and its floating capstone. Image: tm-tm on Flickr licensed through Creative Commons BY-SA 2.0.

Few extant sites from the Bronze Age are easily discernible today, but the region was of

considerable importance during that time. One of the earliest pieces of metalwork ever found in

Ireland is a gold earring-like object from Deehommed townland, now on-display at the National

Museum of Ireland. An extensive cist cemetery was also found nearby, in Cloughskelt, and as

current scholarship has identified the Mournes as the source of Irish Bronze Age gold, the Croob

region was perhaps the centre of the Bronze Age world, for a time.

The summit of Slieve Croob itself features a much-modified and poorly-preserved cairn covering

what is likely to be a passage tomb, dating to the Middle Neolithic period, though it has never been

archaeologically investigated. The gentle walk from the carpark at Dree Hill to the cairns and

transmitters at the top of the mountain is well-worth it at any rate. A fantastic view of the Mournes,

Strangford Lough, the Lagan Valley, Lough Neagh and beyond await allcomers. On a good day,

much of Southwest Scotland and the Isle of Man are also visible. For its prominence and

far-ranging views, the mountain must have been an important part of the landscape for people

thought time.

Page 27: IAR Digital Magazine

The Northern Ireland Sites and Monuments Record provides

details about the expansive Early Christian landscape of Croob,

where dozens of ringforts and cashels exist within a 10-mile

radius of the mountain. The majority of these are located on

private land and not accessible to the public without the

landowner's permission. However, several public footpaths, such

as “The Moat Pad” and “Adder's Loanin” both in the western part

of the region, lead the walker though an area particularly rich in

these settlements, many of which are well-preserved and

interesting examples of raised raths.

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

Finnis Souterrain, also known as 'Binder's Cove', is a fantastically

preserved drystone-built souterrain. Open to the public by

agreement between the landowner and Banbridge District

Council, solar powered lighting guides the visitor down three

passages. It is located two and a half miles south of Finnis, is well signposted and has parking for

two or three vehicles.

Figure 3: Stooping through the main passage in Binder's Cove. Image: Irish Archaeological Research.

24 

Although there have been several attempts over the centuries to industrialise the region with

quarries and even Iron mining, these attempts were largely unsuccessful, hence the untainted

landscape we can enjoy today. When travelling though the area, look out for the odd linen mill,

remnants of the only industry that ever really flourished here. Farming, since the famine, has been

low-intensity and therefore fossil remains of lazy-beds, labourer's cottages and booley houses are

manifest and worth spotting – and documenting – as this is one aspect of our archaeological

heritage that is waiting to be fully discovered. But whatever your interests, the Slieve Croob region

abounds with interesting sites (and sights) to educate and inspire visitors.

Location map

Page 28: IAR Digital Magazine

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

25 

Page 29: IAR Digital Magazine

An old homestead  in  the Belfast Hills  is  lifting  the  roof off our house‐proud ancestors  featuring a particularly  

exacting “room with a view” design. 

 

It’s all  the  result of a number of  fascinating  insights  revealed  into  the  rich heritage of  the Belfast Hills after a  

community archaeology dig at Ballyaghagan on Cave Hill, Belfast. 

  

House styling may be  thought of as a modern phenomenon, but  this Home of  the Year circa  1600 AD and  its   

obviously choosy builders were 400 years before the advent of designers like Laurence Llewelyn‐Bowen. 

  

It may not “ooze personality and idiosyncratic charm” in the parlance of today’s designer fraternity, but it shows 

that the homemaker certainly desired to make the most of the spectacular views on the hill. 

A 17th Century ‘room with a view’ discovery on

Cave Hill

More discoveries from The Belfast Hills Partnership 

Figure 1: A pre‐Christian illustration of Ballyaghagan with houses inside the perimeter wall.  

26 

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

Page 30: IAR Digital Magazine

An unknown but discerning 17th century plantation homebuilder had given up the security of a walled enclosure 

to keep out  invaders and opted  instead  for breathtaking scenery taking  in views of Strangford Lough and the 

Mourne Mountains.  

  

The two artist  impressions of the archaeological site based on what Queen’s University experts found with the 

help of local schoolchildren and members of the public show the needs of two very different residents. 

  

The first – of a pre‐Christian homestead ‐ shows how humans and livestock were billeted inside a protective outer 

wall to guard against raiders. 

  

But by  the plantation of Ulster,  the over‐riding  concern of  the homeowner was  the  vista  and  view  from  the 

house. 

  

“It would certainly  look  like we have a very discerning homeowner over 400 years ago on Cave Hill.   At a time 

with  no  TV,  limited  books  and  communication,  you would wonder  if  despite  the  lovely  views,  life was  very       

isolated for the family with the lovely view from Cave Hill,” said Lizzy Pinkerton of the Partnership. 

Figure 2: A 17th century impression of the same spot with the house making the most of the views from the hill. 

http://www.belfasthills.org/

27 

Irish Archaeological Research     Issue 3     May 2012 

Page 31: IAR Digital Magazine

IAR Archaeology

Workshops

Bringing Archaeology

Into the Classroom

Calling all  teachers and youth group leaders:  

Would your pupils be  interested  in talking with archaeologists,  learning how they  investigate the past and  learning 

about  our  ancestors  from  the  Prehistoric  periods  right  up  to  the  Post‐Medieval?   Would  they  like  to  handle           

archaeological artefacts found in excavations from Ireland and participate in archaeology themed practical's?  If the 

answer  is YES we  can provide archaeology based workshops  to  suit each age group  in a way  that will excite and    

educate. 

 

‘Archaeology  for  Schools’  is  an  exciting new  initiative  run by  Irish Archaeological Research  (IAR) with  the  aim of 

bringing archaeology into the classroom. 

 

Our team of   experienced archaeologists can visit your school, youth centre or group to demonstrate not  just how 

people once lived, but also the skills we need to investigate the past and the world around us.  We have developed a 

number of unique, multi‐sensory activities that will enthral, excite and educate. 

 

Archaeology incorporates a huge range of school curriculum subjects including history, geography, sciences and art.  

Whatever your learning objectives we can provide an unique educational experience that will be enjoyed by teacher 

and pupil alike. 

 

Call or email now to find out more, get prices and book workshops. 

 

[email protected] 

Page 32: IAR Digital Magazine

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IAR Digital Magazine  Issue 3  May 2012 


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