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Impact Assessment on Organic Materials in Selected

European Museums

IAQ, Padua, 10 - 12 Nov. 2004

Elin Dahlin and Terje GrøntoftNorwegian Institute for Air Research

Joel Taylor and Nigel Blades, UCLSara Rentmeister, ALU-FMF

Mihalis Lazaridis and Thodoros Glytsos, TU-CreteChristopher Calnan, National Trust, Janusz Czop, National Museum Krakow, David Howell, Historic Royal Palaces, Anne Sommer-Larsen, Trøndelag Folk Museum, Christoph Pitzen, Würtembergisches Landesmuseum, John Azzopardi, Wignacourt Museum

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The MASTER ProjectEUK4-CT-2002-00093

”Preventive Conservation Strategies for Protection of Organic Objects in Museums, Historic Buildings and Archives”

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93Impact assessment on organic

material – problems to be solved In museums and

historic buildings all over Europe, objects made of organic materials are being affected either by display or by storage conditions because of unsuitable environmental conditions.

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93The Main Aim of the Project

To provide conservator staff of museums, historic buildings and archives with a new preventive conservation strategy for the protection of cultural property, based on an early warning system assessing the environmental impact on organic objects.

Up to now there has been no early warning tool for organic materials.

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The Project partners

Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU, (NO)

University College London, (UK)

Alberts-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, (DE)

Technical University of Crete, (GR)

National Museum in Krakow, (PL)

Historic Royal Palaces, (UK)

Trøndelag Folk Museum, (NO)

Subcontractors:• The National Trust, (UK)• The Consulting and Support Centre for the Museums of Baden Würtemberg, (DE)• Wignacourt Collegiate Museum, (ML)

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Questionnaire about decay of organic collections in European museums, archives and historic

buildings

Developed by the partner; University College London,

Centre for Sustainable Heritage

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Aims of questionnaire

Determine the kinds of monitoring carried out across Europe

Determine the perceived threats to organic collections

The motivations behind monitoring The kinds of damage found on organic

collections

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Target institutions and responses

European museums, historic houses and archives were sent questionnaires to approx. 100 institutions

31 institutions of varying size from 18 different countries responded, from Finland to Malta, and Portugal to Hungary

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Proportion of monitoring to institutions

0102030405060708090

100110

Parameters

Perc

enta

ge o

f mon

itorin

g

Museums (11)

Historic Houses (10)Archives (7)

J. Taylor, 2004

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93Types of damage noted by institutions

02468

101214161820

Risks

Freq

uenc

y

Number of institutions (26)

J. Taylor, 2004

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93Development of an Early Warning

System Assessment of environmental factors not

enough in order to understand the real effect on art objects

The knowledge of the actual reaction between the art object and the contaminant is crucial

Development of sensors which emulate the reaction between art objects and the contaminants and which give a measurable effect responce will be a useful Early Warning System

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93Development of the Early Warning

Sensor (EWO-sensor) Different organic polymers have been tested The intention is to develop a sensor that can

indicate the rate of chemical change, or damage, that objects are likely to suffer in a particular storage or display environment.

The main processes of chemical deterioration for organic objects involve either oxidation or acidic processes, or possibly a combination of both.

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93 The Early Warning Sensor (EWO-

sensor)

The EWO sensor is manufactured by spin coating the polymer onto a glass carrier. The production of EWO sensors is made by the partner Freiburg Material Research Centre

Chemical deterioration of certain polymers has shown to be detectable by simple techniques such as uv-visible spectrometry.

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Field test sites The Museum of

Decorative Art & Design, Oslo, Norway

Trøndelag Folk Museum, Trondheim, Norway

Blickling Hall, Norfolk, UK Tower of London,

The Bloody Tower, London, UK

Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart, Germany

Schwarzwälder Trachtenmuseum, Haslach, Germany

The Jan Matejko House, Krakow, Poland

The Karol Szymanowski Museum “Atma”, MNK Department in Zakopane, Poland

Wignacourt Collegiate Museum, Rabat, Malta

The Historical Museum of Crete, Heraklion, Greece

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Field test exposure rack

EWO sensorsunshielded

EWO sensors,shielded

Passive gas samplers

Paper

Blue woolDosimeter

Silk

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Tasks:1. Laboratory test: EWO response to controlled conc. of NO2, O3 and SO2. - Calibration

2. Field test: EWO response to measured conc. of NO2, O3 and SO2 in the museums.- Compare with lab. test. - Relate to real objects.

Laboratory and field testLaboratory and field test

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93Calibration curves

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0 50 100 150

Concentration (ppb)

Incr

ease

in a

bsor

ptio

n fa

ctor

NO2O3SO2

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0 50 100 150

Concentration (ppb)

Incr

ease

in a

bsor

ptio

n fa

ctor

NO2O3SO2NO2+O3

RH = 70 %

RH = 45 %

t = 21 daysT = 22oC

Laboratory test:

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The field test programme

Duration 12 months 3 test sites in each museum:

Outdoor (A) In an open exhibition area (B) Inside a showcase (C)

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1. EWO response

2. Environmental effect

a. Environmental parameter values

Passive gas samplers:

- NO2, SO2, O3, Org. Acids.

Logger data

- Temp, RH, Light (dust, number of visitors etc.)

b. Correlaton between environmental dose

(parameter values) and EWO response.

Results

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93EWO – response. All stations / locations. EWO 1S (T) March + April + May

-0.01

-0.005

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

1-Oslo

2-Tro

ndheim

3-Blic

kling H

all

4-Tower

of London

5-Stuttg

art

6-Has

lach

7-Krak

ow

8-Zak

opane

9-Wignac

ourt

10-C

rete

Cha

nge

in a

bs.fa

ctor

EWO1S A (T)

EWO 1S B (T)

EWO 1S C (T)

Field test:

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93NO2 concentrations. Location A, B and C

MARCH

05

1015

202530

3540

4550

9-Wign

acou

rt

2-Tron

dheim

3-Blic

kling

Hall

10-C

rete

8-Zak

opan

e

6-Has

lach

1-Oslo

7-Krak

ow

4-Tow

er of

Lond

on

5-Stut

tgart

NO

2 (m

ikro

g m

3 )

C

B

A

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93O3 concentrations. Location A, B and C

MARCH

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80O 3

(mik

rog

m3 )C

B

A

O3: Less variation in concentration than NO2

SO2: Very low concentrations

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93Organic acid concentrations. Location C

MARCH

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800O

rgan

ic a

cid

(mik

rog

m-3)

StdevFormic AcidAcetic Acid

Correlates negatively with NO2

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93Comparison between lab and field

tests

y = 0.0003x + 0.001R2 = 0.615

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Dose NO2 (microg m-3)

EW

O a

bsor

ptio

n re

spon

se (c

hang

e in

ab

s fa

ctor

)

March NO2, RH = 75 %April NO2, RH = 45 %May NO2+O3, RH = 45 %

Laboratory testField test

RH = 45 %

Trendline (linear regression)

y = 0.0003x + 0.001R2 = 0.615

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Dose NO2 (microg m-3)

EW

O a

bsor

ptio

n re

spon

se (c

hang

e in

ab

s fa

ctor

)

March NO2, RH = 75 %April NO2, RH = 45 %May NO2+O3, RH = 45 %

Laboratory testField test

RH = 45 %

Trendline (linear regression)

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- Modelling of Indoor/outdoor (I/O)-ratio of NO2, O3 and SO2.

- Modelling of total flux of pollutants (NO2, O3 and SO2) to art objects exhibited indoors.

IMPACT - modellingIMPACT - modelling

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sustainableheritage/impact/

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Input building parameters

brick

no material

synthetic carpet

plaster

no material

no material

no material

54

0

20

20

0

0

0

Wall mat 2

floor

ceiling

Surface 1

Surface 2

Surface 3

60 Internal volume m3

Wall mat 1 area (m2)

area (m2)

area (m2)

area (m2)

area (m2)

area (m2)

area (m2)

29%

Estimated indoorconcentration as % of outdoor

Pollutant deposition to materials (area weighted)

plaster 0.0207 #

synthetic 0.0239 #carpet

brick 0.0600 #

Pollutant indoor/oputdoor ratiovariation with air change rate

Pollutant gas •Input your environmental conditions

SO2 NO2 O3

Indoor temperature deg c

Air changes per hour

Outdoor temperature deg c

Air changes per day•

22

54

1.0

1.0

109

Relative humidity %

Wind speecd m/s

Model output

brick

plaster

synthetic carpet

0

0.5

1

0.0 1.0 2.0

Air change rate per hour

I/O

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sustainableheritage/impact/

IMPACT model estimating I/O concentrations

30Outdoor ppb

Materialvd(cm/s)

fluxgs-1

Total deposition

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93Example: Naturally ventilated buildings Wignacourt Museum, Rabat, Malta

Measurements of Environment:

Indoor temp : 22 oCOutdoor temp : 7 oCIndoor rel. hum : 74 %Average wind speed: 5 m s-1

Outdoor NO2 : 8.5 ppbIndoor NO2 : 4.5 ppb

Art material Area (m2)

Embroidered vestments (inside showcases)

26

Paintings 3

Wooden furniture (polished)

8

Room surface material

Area (m2) Surface material

Wall material 1 35 Globigerina Limestone

Wall material 2. 35 Glass in window panes as showcase

Floor 40 Cement tiles

Ceiling 40 Globigerina Limestone slabs and iron beams

Volume (m3)186

Model input:

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Model output:

Indoor NO2 = 5 ppb

Total fluxes to the room surface materials (g s-1):Limestone (wall, ceiling)

: 0.127

Cloth (embroidered vestments)

: 0.046Fine concrete (cement floor tiles)

: 0.035Hard wood (furniture)

: 0.006Paintings

: 0.002Glass (window panes, showcase)

: 0.000

cloth concrete fine

wood, hard

paintings

limestone

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For updating of the project please visit our web page:

www.nilu.no/master