WHO / UNICEF

Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitat ion

Coverage Estimates

Improved Drinking Water

Updated in July 2008

India

wssinfo.org

1992/93 1993

Water Urban Rural Total Water Urban Rural

Piped 69.5 19.3 33.1 Tap - within premises 512 81

Tap - outside premises 192 108

Handpump 18.1 41.6 35.1

Tube well/handpump - inside premises 99 166Tube well/handpump - outside premises 86 279

Well water 9.2 32.1 25.8 Well - within premises 45 89Well - outside premises 41 228

Spring 1 9

Surface water 1.0 5.1 3.9 Tank, Pond reserved for drinking 4 13

Other tank, pond 4 8

River, canal, lake 1 17

Other 2.2 2.0 2.0 Other 14 3

TOTAL 100.0 100.1 99.9 Total 999 1'001

Estimate for protected wells using proportion of NFHS99 1.5 3.5 3.0

Estimate for protected wells using proportion NFHS99 14.3 34.9

50% of Springs considered protected 0.5 4.5Estimate of house connection based on

NSS93 50.5 8.3 Ratio of Tap - within premises/all taps 0.73 0.43

Use of an improved drinking water source 89% 64% 71% Use of an improved drinking water source 90% 67%

% House connections 51% 8% % House connections 51% 8%

Urban and Rural Water - India

Survey

Demographic & Health Survey National Sample Survey

India WaterData July 2008

1996 1999

Water Urban Rural Total Water Urban Rural Total

Tap 737 232 363 Piped into residence/ yard/ plot 51.7 9.3 21.0

Public tap 22.7 15.7 17.6

Handpump in residence/ yard / plot 9.8 17.6 15.4Tube well/handpump 185 490 410 Public handpump 8.3 29.8 23.8Pucca Well 55 218 176 Well in residence /yard/ plot * 0.7 1.4 1.2

Rainwater 0.0 0.1 0.0Open well * 3.1 7.3 6.2Public covered well 0.3 1.2 1.0

Public open well 1.9 13.6 10.4

Spring 0.1 0.7 0.5

tank/pond reserved for drinking 3 15 12 River, stream 0.1 1.6 1.2

river/canal 1 14 11 Pond, lake 0.3 1.0 0.8

Dam 0.0 0.1 0.1

Tanker 8 4 5 Tanker truck 0.3 0.1 0.2Other 9 25 21 Other 0.7 0.5 0.5Total 981 969 972 Total 100.0 100.0 99.9

Estimate for protected Pucca Well using proportion NFHS99 9 24 21

proportion protected wells / all wells0.17 0.11 0.12

50% springs estimated protected 0.2 0.5 0.4Estimate of house connection based

on NSS93 536 99

Use of an improved drinking water source 95% 77% 82% Use of an improved drinking water source 94% 76% 80%

% House connections 55% 10% % House connections 52% 9% 21%

Urban and Rural Water - India Urban and Rural Water - India (continued)

Survey

Source: Special tabulation of DHS99 (received from Matrix on request)

* on basis of the questionnaire it has been assumed that "well in residence/plot/yard" is a covered well and the "open well" is an open well in

National Sample Survey NFHS

India WaterData July 2008

FORM-6/WHO 1999 2000

Water Urban Rural Water Urban Rural Total

Population served with household connections to conventional public sewers135'052 * Tap exclusively for household 46.5 7.5 18.3Population without household connections but served with adequate, private or shared on-te

system 80'681 *Total Population Served 215'733 * Public tap 21.6 14.2 16.3

Total Population Unserved 23'579 * Sanitary well 1.9 4.2 3.5Tubewell with motor 3.2 2.8 2.9Handpump 21.0 50.0 41.9Rainwater harvesting/colln. 0.0 0.1 0.1Unprotected dug well 3.9 17.1 13.5

Spring 0.1 0.8 0.6

River/canal/stream 0.4 2.0 1.6

Tanker/truck 0.6 0.3 0.4Other 0.8 1.1 1.0

TOTAL 239'312 Total 100.0 100.1 100.1

Ratio sanitary well/unprotected dug well0.33 0.20 0.21

50% of Spings estimated to be protected0.1 0.4 0.3

Ratio house connection/all taps 0.68 0.35 0.53

Use of an improved drinking water source 90% *Use of an improved drinking water

source 94% 79% 83%% House connections 56% % House connections 47% 8% 18%

Survey

MICS

Source: MICS 2000 prelimenary report

Urban and Rural Water - India (continued)

Estimate

*No rural estimate received

India WaterData July 2008

Census of India 2001 WHS

Water Urban Rural Total WATER Urban Rural

Tap 68.7% 24.3% 36.7%Piped water through house connection or yard

59.6 19.0

Public standpipe 24.4 24.5

Handpump 16.2% 43.2% 35.7% Protected tube well or bore hole 12.6 34.3Tubewell 5.1% 5.7% 5.6% Protected dug well or protected spring 1.9 7.4

Well 7.7% 22.2% 18.2%Rainwater (into tank or cistern ) 0.0 0.2

Unprotected dug well or spring 1.5 12.3

Spring 0.2% 0.9% 0.7%

Tank, pond, lake 0.3% 1.3% 1.0%Water taken directly from pond-water or stream

0.0 1.5

River/Canal 0.2% 1.3% 1.0%

Tanker-truck, vendor 0.1 0.9Other 1.5% 1.0% 1.2%Total 100 100 100 TOTAL 100.0 100.0

% of protected wells based on MICS2000 ratio 2.5% 4.4% 3.7%

50% of Spings estimated to be protected 0.1% 0.5% 0.4%

Estimate of house connection based on MICS 2000 46.9% 8.4% 19.4%

Use of an improved drinking water source 93% 78% 82% Use of an improved drinking water source 98% 85%

% House connections 47% 8% % House connections 60% 19%

Souce: Census of India 2001 Source: World Health Survey, WHO, 2003.

Survey

2003Not Nationally representative

India WaterData July 2008

NFHS (= DHS)

WATER Urban Rural

Piped into dwelling32.4 3.7

Piped to yard/plot 18.3 7.5

Public tap/standpipe 19.0 13.7

Tube well or borehole 23.0 56.0Protected well 1.8 2.6

Protected spring 0.1 0.3

Rainwater 0.0 0.2

Unprotected well 2.8 12.6Bottled water 0.7 0.1

Unprotected spring 0.1 0.8

River/dam/lake/ponds/stream/canal/irirgation channel0.7 1.9

Cart with small tank 0.0 0.2Tanker truck 0.9 0.2Other 0.2 0.1

Total 100.0 99.9

Use of an improved drinking water source 95% 84%% House connections 51% 11%

2006

Survey

India WaterData July 2008

Source Code Year Used for estimates

Not used for

estimates

Used for estimates

Not used for

estimates

Used for estimates

Not used for

estimates

Used for estimates

Not used for

estimatesThe International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. Review of National Baseline Data (as at December 1980). WHO 1984 WHO80 1980 77.0 31.0(No breakdown available)

CEN81 1981 75.0 27.0The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. Review of National Progress (as at December 1983). WHO 1986. WHO83 1983 80.0 47.0The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. Review of National Progress (as at December 1988). WHO 1990. WHO88 1988 79.0 73.0National Sample Survey 1989 (No breakdown available)

NSS89 1989 89.0 55.0The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. End of Decade Review (as at December 1990). WHO1992. WHO90 1990 56.0 86.0 69.0Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Monitoring Report 1993 (Sector Status as of 31 December 1991) JMP93 1991 87.0 85.0(No breakdown available)

CEN91 1991 81.0 56.0India - Demographic & Health Survey - 1992/93

DHS93 1993 50.5 89.1 8.3 64.4India - National Sample Survey - 1993

NSS93 1993 51.3 90.5 8.1 67.3Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Monitoring Report - 1996. Sector Status as of 31 December 1994. WHO/UNICEF 1996.

JMP96 1994 85.0 79.0India - National Sample Survey - 1996

NSS96 1996 54.6 94.9 8.1 77.0

IIMC97 1997 72.0Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Questionnaire - 1999. (Form 6 sent to WHO) JMP99 1999 56.4 90.0India, National Family Health Survey, 1998-1999, Special tabulation

NFHS99 1999 51.7 93.7 9.3 75.6Multi-Indicator Cluster Survey

MICS00 2000 46.5 94.3 7.5 79.2Census of India 2001

CEN01 2001 46.9 92.7 8.4 78.1

World Health Survey, Primary data from WHS India, 2002 WHS03 2003 60.0 98.0 19.0 85.0India, National Family Health Survey, 2006 (= DHS 2006)

NFHS06 2006 50.7 95.3 11.2 84.1

IndiaDRINKING WATER

URBAN RURAL

HC Total HC Total

India GraphData July 2008

India UrbanWater graph July 2008

India - urban -Access to improved drinking water sources

NFHS06CEN01

MICS00NFHS99NSS96

NSS93

DHS93

NFHS06

CEN01

NSS96

MICS00

NFHS99

NSS93

DHS93

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year

% C

over

age

Used for estimates Used for estimates Estimates Estimates

Household connections (HC)Total improved access

Total access :

Household connections :

Year Total HC

1990 90% 52%

1995 92% 51%

2000 94% 50%

2006 96% 49%

Estimated coverage

India RuralWater graph July 2008

India - rural -Access to improved drinking water sources

NFHS06

CEN01

MICS00

NFHS99

NSS96

DHS93

NSS93

NFHS06CEN01

NSS96 MICS00

NFHS99

DHS93

NSS93

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year

% C

over

age

Used for estimates Used for estimates Estimates Estimates

Household connections (HC)Total improved access

Total access :

Household connections :

Year Total HC

1990 65% 7%

1995 71% 8%

2000 77% 9%

2006 86% 10%

Estimated coverage

WHO / UNICEF

Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitat ion

Coverage Estimates

Improved Sanitation

Updated in July 2008

India

wssinfo.org

Demographic & Health Survey - 1992/93 National Sample Survey - 1993

Sanitation Urban Rural Sanitation Urban Rural

Flush Toilet1 60.1 6.9 Flush System * 285 8

Septic tank * 296 55

Pit Latrine/Latrine2 15.5 5.9 Service Latrine 74 24

No Facility 24.1 87.1 No Latrine 306 858

Other 0.3 0.1 Others 38 52N.R. 1 3

TOTAL 100.0 100.0 Total 1'000 1'000Estimated improved pit latrines based on NFHS 06 9.9 4.3

% Use of an improved sanitation facility 70% 11%

% Use of an improved sanitation facility 58% 6%

Open defecation 24% 87% Open defecation 31% 86%

Survey

NOTE: The improved sanitation coverage is probably slightly overestimated as "service latrines" are probably

NOTE: The improved sanitation coverage is probably slightly underestimated as Pit latrines are included in

Urban and Rural Sanitation - India

India SanitationData July 2008

National Sample Survey - 1996 NFHS 1999

Sanitation Urban Rural Sanitation Urban Rural Total

Flush System* 296 6 Own flush toilet 47.6 7.8 18.8

Septic tank* 375 64 Shared flush toilet 7.7 0.6 2.6

Public flush toilet 8.6 0.4 2.6

Service Latrine 55 23 Own pit toilet/ latrine 13.3 9.0 10.2

Shared pit toilet/ latrine 2.2 0.6 1.1

Public pit toilet/latrine 1.3 0.4 0.7

No Latrine 230 844 No facility/ bush/field 19.3 81.1 64.0

Others 44 62 Other 0.0 0.1 0.1N.R. 0 0

Total 1'000 999 Total 100.0 100.0 100.1Estimated improved latrines based on NFHS 06 10.8 7.3

% Use of an improved sanitation facility 67% 7%

% Use of an improved sanitation facility 66% 16%

Open defecation 23% 84% Open defecation 19% 81%

Urban and Rural Sanitation - India (continued)

Survey

Source: Special tabulation of NFHS99 (received from Matrix on request) after: National Family Health Survey 1999.NOTE: The improved sanitation coverage is

probably slightly underestimated as Pit latrines

Urban and Rural Sanitation - India

India SanitationData July 2008

FORM-6/WHO 1999 MICS 2000

Sanitation Urban Rural Sanitation Urban Rural TotalPopulation served with household connections to conventional public sewers #### * Flush to sewage system or septic tank 40.2 7.2 16.4Population without household connections but served with adequate, private or shared on-site system #### * Pour flush (water seal) type 17.1 2.6 6.7Total Population Served #### * Improved pit (e.g. VIP) 12.8 3.4 6.0

Total Population Unserved #### *

Simple pit 5.2 5.1 5.1

Service/bucket type 2.4 0.6 1.1

No toilet 22.0 81.1 64.6

TOTAL #### Total 99.8 100.0 99.9

% Use of an improved sanitation facility 49% 12% % Use of an improved sanitation facility 70% 13% 29%

Open defecation 22% 81%

Although the MICS 2000 report states that "four-fifths" of the latrines are private. For consistency the ratio private shared of NFHS99 has been taken for estimating the private latrines in MICS2000

Urban and Rural Sanitation - India (continued)

Estimate

Note: Rural house connection coverage has been determined using the following hypothesis: 1) The proportion of Source: MICS 2000 prelimenary report

Survey

India SanitationData July 2008

Census of India 2001

Sanitation Urban Rural Total

Water closet1 46.1% 7.1% 18.0%

Pit latrine2 14.6% 10.3% 11.5%

Other latrine2 13.0% 4.5% 6.9%

No latrine 26.3% 78.1% 63.6%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%Estimated improved latrines based on NFHS 06 17.7% 10.8%

% Use of an improved sanitation facility 64% 18%

Open defecation 26% 78%Source: Census of India 2001

Survey

India SanitationData July 2008

WHS

SANITATION Urban Rural

Private domestic connection to sewage system 28.7 2.5

Shared domestic connection to sewage system 5.6 0.1

Private flush to septic tank 16.7 6.1

Shared flush to septic tank 8.8 0.8Private pour flush latrine 15.0 4.3Shared pour flush latrine 6.7 1.2Private covered dry latrine (with privacy) 1.6 3.3Shared covered dry latrine (with privacy) 1.5 0.6

Uncovered dry latrine (without privacy) 0.3 1.7

Bucket latrine (where fresh excreta are manually removed) 1.5 0.9No facilities (open defecation) 13.6 78.4Other 0.0 0.1

TOTAL 100.0 100.0

% Use of an improved sanitation facility 85% 19%% Sewerage connections 34% 3%Open defecation 14% 78%

Survey

2003

Source: World Health Survey, WHO, 2003.

India SanitationData July 2008

NFHS (=DHS)Proportion shared improved facilities/all improved facilities 0.29 0.21

SANITATION Urban Rural

Flush - to piped sewer system 28.3 0.8

Flush - to septic tank 39.1 13.5

Pit latrine - ventilated improved pit (VIP) 0.6 0.2Pit latrine - with slab 2.1 2.9Composting toilet 0.1 0.0Flush - to pit latrine 6.9 5.4Flush - don't know where 0.1 0.0

Flush - to somewhere else 4.0 0.2Dry toilet 0.7 0.7Pit latrine - without slab/open pit 0.7 2.3

No facility/uses bush/field 17.0 73.9OTHER 0.4 0.1

TOTAL 100.0 100.0

Estimated improved latrines/all latrines 0.64 0.73

% Use of an improved sanitation facility 77% 23%% Sewerage connections 28% 1%Open defecation 17% 74%

Survey

2006

India SanitationData July 2008

Source Code Year Used for estimates

Not used for estimates

Used for estimates

Not used for estimates

Used for estimates

Not used for estimates

Used for estimates

Not used for estimates

Used for estimates

Not used for estimates

Used for estimates

Not used for estimates

The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. Review of National Baseline Data (as at December 1980). WHO 1984 WHO80 1980 27.0 1.0(No breakdown available)

CEN81 1981 58.0The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. Review of National Progress (as at December 1983). WHO 1986. WHO83 1983 30.0 1.0The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. Review of National Progress (as at December 1988). WHO 1990. WHO88 1988 38.0 4.0National Sample Survey 1989 (No breakdown available)

NSS89 1989 69.0 11.0The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. End of Decade Review (as at December 1990). WHO1992. WHO90 1990 31.0 44.0 3.0Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Monitoring Report 1993 (Sector Status as of 31 December 1991) JMP93 1991 53.0 2.0(No breakdown available)

CEN91 1991 64.0 10.0India - Demographic & Health Survey - 1992/93

DHS93 1993 0.0 70.0 0.0 11.2 24.1 87.1India - National Sample Survey - 1993

NSS93 1993 0.0 58.1 0.0 6.3 30.6 85.8Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Monitoring Report - 1996. Sector Status as of 31 December 1994. WHO/UNICEF 1996.

JMP96 1994 70.0 14.0India - National Sample Survey - 1996

NSS96 1996 0.0 67.1 0.0 7.0 23.0 84.5

IIMC97 1997 17.0Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Questionnaire - 1999. (Form 6 sent to WHO) JMP99 1999 28.2 49.0 6.4India, National Family Health Survey, 1998-1999, Special tabulation

NFHS99 1999 0.0 66.1 0.0 15.7 19.3 81.1Multi-Indicator Cluster Survey

MICS00 2000 0.0 70.3 0.0 17.9 22.0 81.1Census of India 2001

CEN01 2001 0.0 63.8 0.0 17.9 26.3 78.1

World Health Survey, Primary data from WHS India, 2002 WHS03 2003 34.3 60 2.6 18.0India, National Family Health Survey, 2006 (= DHS 2006)

NFHS06 2006 28.3 77.2 0.8 22.9 17.0 73.9

IndiaSANITATION

URBAN RURAL OPEN DEFECATION

Urban RuralHC Total TotalHC

India GraphData July 2008

India UrbanSanitation graph July 2008

India - urban -Access to improved sanitation coverage

NFHS06

CEN01

MICS00

NFHS99

NSS96DHS93

NSS93

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year

% C

over

age

Used for estimates Estimates JMP 2008 estimate

ImprovedImproved plus shared

Shared facilities :The proportion of the population using a shared improved sanitation facility is based on the NFHS06

Year Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation

1990 44% 18% 10% 28%

1995 46% 19% 10% 25%

2000 49% 20% 9% 22%

2006 52% 22% 8% 18%

Estimated coverage 2008 update

India Rural Sanitation graph July 2008

India - rural -Access to improved sanitation coverage

NFHS06CEN01MICS00

DHS93

NSS93 NSS96

NFS99

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year

% C

over

age

Used for estimates Estimates JMP 2008 estimate

ImprovedImproved plus shared

Shared facilities :The proportion of the population using a shared improved sanitation facility is based on the NFHS06

Year Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation

1990 4% 1% 6% 89%

1995 8% 2% 5% 85%

2000 13% 3% 4% 80%

2006 18% 5% 3% 74%

Estimated coverage 2008 update