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Structure and The Present scenario
INDIAN POWER SYSTEM
By Soumyadeep Ganguly , Roll-41
GENERATION
PRESENT SCENERIO IN THE INDIAN POWER SECTOR
Installed Generation capacity : 2,07,006.04 MW
Supply Demand gap : 8.8%
Per capita power consumption : 733 kWhr
Captive generation : 34,444.12 MW
PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kWh) BY DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
According to data provided by the World bank
Austra
lia
China
Russian
Fed
arat
ion
Indi
a
Unite
d St
ates
Unite
d Kin
gdom
Germ
any
Fran
ce
11113
2631
6133
733
12914
56926779
7468
PERCENTAGE OF DIFF. SOURCE OF GENERATION
Coal57%
117833 MWGas
9%18903 MW
Oil1%
1,199
Hydro19%
39291 MW
Neuclear2%
4780 MW
Renewable energy 12%
20,556 MW
Source: CEA website
ENERGY RESOURCE MAP IN INDIA
NR
WR
SR
ER
NER
Ennore
Kudankulam
Kayamkulam
Partabpur
Talcher/Ib Valley
Vindhyachal
Korba
LEGEND
Coal
Hydro
Lignite
Coastal
Nuclear
Vizag
Simhadri
Kaiga
Tarapur
Mangalore
Krishnapatnam
RAPP
SIKKIM
CHICKEN NECK
Cuddalore
SRI LANKACOLOMBO
NEPALBHUTAN
DESHBANGLA
South Madras
Pipavav
Generation Load-Centre
Kolkata
Bhubaneswar
Patna
Lucknow
Delhi
Mumbai
Chennai
Bangalore
Bhopal
Guwahati
Jammu
Ludhiana
Jaipur
Gandhinagar
Indore
Raipur
Thiruvananthapuram
Kozhikode
Hyderabad
Hydro
Coal
• Hydro potential in North east and upper part of Northern Region
• Coal reserves mainly in Eastern Region
• Distribution of energy resources and consumption centers are extremely unbalanced
• Necessitate power transfer over long distances
Renewable Energy Sources
Solar
Solar Thermal
Solar Photovoltai
c
Wind OTE Biomass Geothermal Small Hydro Wave Energy
Tidal Energy
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA
Programs/Systems
Estimated Potential
Estimated Achievement
Percentage
Solar P.V 50 MW/sq.km 30 MW/sq.km 60
Biomass Power
16881 MW 1045 MW 6.2
Wind Power 45595 MW 14464 MW 32
Small Hydro Power(<25 MW)
15,000 MW 3105 MW 20.7
Waste Energy 2700 MW 39.66 MW 1.48
Cogeneration 5000 MW 1742 MW 34.84
Total 20556 MW
POWER SECTOR IS AILING FOR -
• Inadequate power generation capacity
• Lack of optimum utilization of the existing generation capacity
• Inefficient use of electricity by the end consumer;
• Inadequate inter-regional transmission links
• Huge T&D losses (theft)
TRANSMISSION
DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSMISSION NETWORK
• During 80’s, NTPC had the jurisdiction of creating HV transmission system along with their super thermal power stations.
• Subsequently, PGCIL was formed out of NTPC in 1992
• Transmission sector opened up for private sector participation with the amendment of the ES Act in 1998
Regional
State
National
1960’s 1980’s 1990’s
Local
1950’s
Evolution of Grid Interconnection in India
• To transfer power from surplus regions to deficit regions
• Utilise maximum resources from diversified regions
• Ensure reliable, economical and quality power
OBJECTIVES OF NATIONAL GRID
The national grid envisaged by Powergrid is a hybrid network comprising of a 765 kV with 400 kV AC and 500 kV HVDC links.
ROURKELA
RAIPURHIRMA
TALCHER
JAIPUR
NER
ER
WR
NR
SR
B'SHARIF
ALLAHABAD
SIPAT
GAZUWAKA
JEYPORECHANDRAPUR
SINGRAULI
VINDHYA-
1000MW
500MW
LUCKNOW
DIHANG
CHICKEN NECK
TEESTA
TIPAIMUKH
BADARPUR
MISA
DAMWE
KATHAL-GURI
LEGEND
765 KV LINES
400 KV LINES
HVDC B/B
HVDC BIPOLE
EXISTING/ X PLAN NATIONAL
ZERDA
HISSAR
BONGAIGAON
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL GRID
KOLHAPUR
NARENDRA
KAIGA
PONDA
IX PLAN
MARIANI
NORTH
KAHALGAON
RANGANADI
SEONICHEGAON
BHANDARA
DEHGAM
KARAD
LONIKAND
VAPI
GANDHAR/
TALA
BANGLA
BALLABGARH A'PUR(DELHI RING)
BANGALORE
KOZHIKODE
COCHIN
KAYAMKULAM
TRIVANDRUM
PUGALUR
KAYATHAR
KARAIKUDI
CUDDALORE
SOUTH CHENNAI
KRISHNAPATNAM
CHITTOOR
VIJAYAWADA
SINGARPET
PIPAVAV
LIMBDI
KISHENPUR
DULHASTI
WAGOORA
MOGA
URI
BHUTAN
RAMAGUNDAM
SATLUJRAVI
JULLANDHAR
DESH
VARANASI/UNNAO
M'BAD
PURNEA
KORBA
NAGDA
SILIGURI/BIRPARA
TEHRI
MEERUT
BHIWADI
BINA
SATNA
MALANPURSHIROHI
KAWAS
AMRAVATI
AKOLA
AGRA
SIRSI
CHAL
JETPURAMRELI
BOISARTARAPUR
PADGHE
DHABOL
KOYNA
BARH
G'PUR
HOSURMYSORE
KUDANKULAM
M'PUR
KARANPURA
MAITHON
JAMSHEDPUR
PARLI
WARDA
BEARILLY
SALEM GRID
XI PLAN
765 KV LINES IN X PLAN. TO BE CHARGED AT 400KV INITIALLY
TO BE CHARGED AT 765 KV UNDER NATIONAL GRID
CHEAP HYDRO POWER FROM THE NORTH-EAST
AND PIT HEAD THERMAL POWER FROM THE EAST
ENTERS THE RING AND EXITS TO POWER STARVED
REGIONS
765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEM
THE POWER ‘HIGHWAY’
RESTRUCTURING THE POWER SYSTEM
INDIAN ELECTRICITY ACT 2003:
An Act related to the laws of generation, transmission, distribution, trading ,use of electricity and whose primary features are:
1. Generation has been delicensed
2. Transmission and distribution to be licensed
3. Transmission utility at the central and state level to be a government company 4. Open access in transmission. 5. The state government required to unbundle State Electricity boards (such as GENCOS,TRANSCOS,DISCOS). 6. Setting up State electricity regulatory commission (SERC) made mandatory
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Single Management
INITIAL SET-UP
Govt. owned Transmission Genco
3
Genco1
Genco2
Disco1
Disco2
Disco3
RESTRUCTURED SET UP AFTER DEREGULATION
FEATURES OF DEREGULATED POWER SYSTEM
A DISCO has the freedom to have contract with any GENCO for transaction of power.
A DISCO may have contract with a GENCO in any other control area.
All the transactions have to be cleared through an impartial entity called Independent system operator (ISO).
The ISO has to control a no. of Ancillary services most important of which is Automatic Generation control (AGC).
DISCO1 DISCO2
GENCO1 GENCO2
DISCO3 DISCO3
GENCO3 GENCO4
Area 1 Area 2
Tie Line
SCHEMATIC OF A TWO AREA SYSTEM IN A RESTRUCTURED POWER SYSTEM
DISCO PARTICIPATION MATRIX
It is a representation of various combinations of DISCO-GENCO contracts in practice
DISCO1 DISCO2 DISCO3 DISCO4
GENCO1 cpf11 cpf12 cpf13 cpf14
GENCO2 cpf21 cpf22 cpf23 cpf24
GENCO3 cpf31 cpf32 cpf33 cpf34
GENCO4 cpf41 cpf42 cpf43 cpf44
cpf : Contract Participation Factor
Contract Participation factor is a fraction of the load demanded by the J th DISCO from all the GENCOS.
Hence 4
∑ cpfji = 1 pu
i=1
Example
For the 1st DISCO the cpfs are cpf11=0.3 pu ,cpf21=0.3 pu, cpf31=0.4 ,cpf41=0.0
So that cpf11+cpf21+cpf31+cpf41=1.0 pu
Failure to comply with these contracts may cause damage to the system health as severe as Grid Failure.
SCHEMATIC OF THE AGC BLOCK DIAGRAM UNDER RESTRUCTURED SCENERIO:
RESPONSES OF THE AGC SCHEME UNDER LOAD DISTEURBANCE:
ISSUES OF DEREGULATION
• Determining the charges based on the category of Open access users.
• Difficulty in persuading a monopolist to give up its monopoly privileges.
• Conflicting interests in the regulatory framework.
•The removal of cross subsidy surcharge
• Impact of open access on poor consumers.
LOAD DISPATCH CENTRES
• The control of the grid is planned to be done at 3 levels of hierarchy namely NLDC, RLDC and SLDC.
• Each level of hierarchy has definite roles and responsibilities
• Economy and Efficiency of National Grid• Scheduling and dispatch of electricity over the inter-regional links• Monitoring of operations and grid security of National Grid• Restoration of synchronous operation of National Grid• Trans-national exchange of power
NLDC
Supervision
RLDCSupervision & control
Inter Regional Links
Accounting
Coordinate
ROLE OF NLDC
• Real time operation , control & contingency analysis
• Generation scheduling/ re-scheduling• Restoration • Metering & data collection • Compiling & furnishing of operation data• Operation of ancillary services
RLDC
Exclusive functions
ROLE OF RLDC
ROLE OF SLDC
SLDC – Apex body in a State
Power System
State
• Optimum scheduling and dispatch • Keep accounts of electricity
transmitted• Activities of
Real-time operation
• Exercise supervision and controlLicensee,
generating company, generating station,
sub-station and any other
concerned person
CONCLUSION
Electricity reform process in India is already in action although in a slow Pace, several state electricity boards are being unbundled into three separate corporations namely Gencos, Transcos and Discos. The distribution company has option to purchase power from any generation utility through the existing transmission network We can say that open access and de-regulation make the power system more reliable, efficient and flexible. The open access market can improve the Indian power industry and Indian economy also if the issues of the open access are properly addressed
THANK YOU