Inflammation, Infection, and the Stress Response

INFLAMMATION

Process by which the body utilizes WBCs and chemicals to provide immediate protection from infection and foreign substances

Nonspecific immune response

Can rid body of harmful organisms

Tissue damage may result from chronic inflammation

INFLAMMATION

WHAT DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION?

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?

WHAT CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?

WHAT MEDICATIONS ARE USED TO TREAT INFLAMMATION?

TYPES OF CELLS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION

• NEUTROPHILS• SEGS, BANDS AND LEFT SHIFT

• MACROPHAGES

• EOSINOPHILS

• BASOPHILS

PROGRESSIOM FROM BAND TO SEG

PHAGOCYTOSIS

• Key process of inflammation

• Cellular process of engulfing solid particles such as bacteria and cell debris and removing them

• Rids the body of debris after tissue injury

• Neutrophils and macrophages

PHAGOCYTOSIS—SEVEN STEPS

• EXPOSURE AND INVASION• ATTRACTION• ADHERENCE• RECOGNITION• CELLULAR INGESTION• PHAGOSOME FORMATION• DEGRADATION

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SEQUENCE

• Stage I- Vascular (change in blood vessel)• Phase I rapid blood vessel constriction • Phase II hyperemia, edema

• Stage II- Cellular Exudate increase in circulating neutrophils, formation of pus

• Stage III- Tissue Repair and Replacement

Clicker Question

• Which of the following is not a local manifestation of inflammation

• A.) Swelling• B.) Pain• C.) Redness• D.) Leukocytosis

Clicker Question

• The inflammatory response:• A.) Prevents blood from entering injured tissue• B.) Elevates body temperature to prevent spread

of infection• C.) Prevents formation of abscesses• D.) Minimizes injury and promotes healing

Stress & Coping

Scientific Knowledge Base

• Fight or flight response to a stressor• Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system• Medulla Oblongata• Reticular Formation• Pituitary Gland

General Adaptation Syndrome

• Alarm Reaction

• Resistance Stage

• Exhaustion Stage

Response to Stress

• Physiological Responses- LAS, GAS• Local Adaptation Syndrome-1.) Reflex Pain

Response 2.)Inflammatory Response• General Adaptation Response- 1.)Alarm Reaction

(Flight or Fight) 2.) Resistance Stage 3.) Exhaustion Phase

GAS Activation

• Alarm Stage- Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, activates SNS

• Resistance Stage- actions of adrenal hormones• Exhaustion Stage- occurs if stress continues and

adaptation is not successful

Stress Response

• Nervous system

• Endocrine system

• Immune system

Clicker Question

• What characterizes the alarm stage?• A.) Increased lymphocytes• B.) Increased SNS activation• C.) Increased PNS activation• D.) Increased eosinophils

Types of Stress

• Eustress

• Distress

• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD)

Understanding Stress Response

• Psychological response- Coping Mechanism, Ego-Defense Mechanism

• Situational Factors• Developmental/Maturational Factors• Intellectual Factors• Emotional, Behavioral Issues• Family Factors• Lifestyle Factors• Sociocultural, Spiritual Factors

Assessing Stress

• Physiological Indicators• Stress Situations• Psychological Indicators• Developmental Indicators• Emotional Behavioral Indicators• Intellectual Indicators• Family Indicators

Implementation• Stress Management• Time Management• Medications• Alternative Therapies• Regular Exercise• Good Nutrition and Diet• Rest• Support Systems• Crisis Intervention

Restorative Care

• Humor• Enhancing Self-esteem • Relaxation Techniques• Spirituality• Stress Management