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Innovation in Construction 3dExperience Forum 2012
Innovation in Construction
3dExperience Forum 2012
Martin Simpson Martin Simpson
Associate Director Arup
Professor of Innovation
University of Salford
Why do things differently?
Global Consumption of Resources
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If the world continues using its natural resources at the current rates we will be getting through 140 billion tonnes of minerals, ores, fossil fuels and biomass by 2050
World set to treble consumption by 2050.
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The 160 million buildings in the EU use 40% of Europe’s energy and create 40% of it’s carbon dioxide.
London by night
“Rethinking Construction” by Sir John Egan - 1998. • 30% of construction is rework • 40% of the manpower used on construction sites can be wasted • At least 10% materials are wasted • Over 40% of projects are completed late or over budget.
Waste in the Construction Industry
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Duplication of Work
The cost of inadequate interoperability in the U.S. capital facilities industry estimated at:
$15.8 billion per year
Cost
Time Feasibility Concept
Design
Detailed Design
Construction
To cost of post construction change is many times the cost of change during design
Post Construction
This must be avoided
Egan stated that up to 30% of construction is rework
This is the ideal place for change to occur, ie where
it is cheap!
How Cost Changes with Time
Abili
ty t
o influence
change
Time Feasibility Concept
Design
Detailed Design
Construction Post Construction
How the ability to influence change varies with time
Macleamy’s
The Stages of a project • Feasibility
Feasibility
The Project Life-Cycle
The Stages of a project • Feasibility • Pre-construction
Feasibility
Design Tender
Pre-construction
The Project Life-Cycle
The Stages of a project
• Feasibility • Pre-construction • Construction
Feasibility Construction
The Project Life-Cycle
Design Tender
Pre-construction
The Stages of a project
• Feasibility • Pre-construction • Construction • Operation
Operation
The Project Life-Cycle Feasibility Construction
Design Tender
Pre-construction
The Stages of a project
• Feasibility • Pre-construction • Construction • Operation • Decommission
Decommission
The Project Life-Cycle
Operation Feasibility Construction
Design Tender
Pre-construction
Façade Design
Quantities Extraction
Fractured Processes within the Construction Industry
Abili
ty t
o influence
change
Time Feasibility Concept
Design
Detailed Design
Construction Post Construction
MacLeamy’s Curves showing commitment of resource to design (including final fabrication design)
Handover As Built Construction Design
Current Practice
Concept
E x
a m
p l e
,
Information Flow across the Project Life-Cycle
?
Dat
a, In
form
atio
n &
Kn
ow
led
ge
Date atrophy during project lifecycle due to: • Information exchange via 2D drawings/Sketches/Reports/Conversations... • Upfront simulation is limited and for some disciplines simulation is not accurate • We start the final production phase commence before design is complete. • Often without production of prototypes (Most buildings are unique!)
Abili
ty t
o influence
change
Time Feasibility Concept
Design
Concurrent Design &
Fabrication Design
Assembly Operation
MacLeamy’s Curve
What is BIM?
“A coordinated digital dataset that contains appropriate computable information necessary to design, build, operate and ultimately decommission a project”
* Sharing Structured Information
Defining BIM
Information Communication
Technology
Project Information
Management
Building Information Model (Management)
Project Team members need coordinated up to date information to be able to do modelling & calculations
Project Team members need carry out tasks in such a way that they are easily coordinated, recorded and verified
Project Team members need to be able to exchange and stored project data quickly and with confidence
Geometrical & Technical
Simulations (Virtual Prototype)
BIM
BIM is....
...Sharing Structured Information
In fact…
• BIM is not confined to Buildings. It is a tool for the built environment and equally applicable to any asset. (Perhaps Asset is more appropriate than Building!)
• Model does not mean 3D model. Think Financial Model or Scientific Model. It reflects the way something behaves rather than limited to physical existence.
• Information is key.
...Perhaps Asset Information Management is more appropriate!
BIM = Total Architecture
“The term ‘Total Architecture’ implies that all relevant design decisions have been considered together and have been integrated into a whole by a well organised team empowered to fix priorities”
Sir Ove Arup – The Key Speech - 1970
“This is an ideal which can never – or only very rarely – be fully realised in practise, but which is well worth, for striving for artistic wholeness or excellence depends on it, and for our own sake we need the stimulation produced by excellence”
“This is an ideal which can never – or only very rarely – be fully realised in practise, but which is well worth
Geometry
"Let no man ignorant of geometry enter here." Inscribed over the entrance to Plato’s academy in ancient Greece.
China Comic and Animation Museum (CCAM)
Architect: MVRDV
CCAM - Bubbles
Collection
Interaction
Theatre
Library
Education
Lobby
CCAM Bubbles
CCAM Evolution to final concept
Arches between Theatre and Interactive Bubbles
CCAM – Complex Interactions between bubbles
Leg Outline
Adjacent Bubble
Intersection
Boundary Lines
Main
Intermediate
CCAM – Complex Interactions between bubbles
This is where it gets interesting
Main
Intermediate
Theatre
Main
Intermediate
Interactive
The intersections don’t line up!
Main
Intermediate
Theatre
We need to use the points from the Theatre Bubble to define the lines for the Intersection so that the arches will line up
Points of Intersection
CCAM – Complex Interactions between bubbles
CCAM - This is where it gets interesting
Main
Intermediate
Theatre
Main
Intermediate
Interactive (Below Occ)
The intersections don’t line up!
Main
Intermediate
Interactive (Above Occ)
CCAM – VBA Code
CCAM - Education: Vertical Frames Vertical Frames correspond with floor levels
CCAM - Education: Horizontal Frames Horizontal Frames at floor levels and share
load between vertical frame
CCAM - Education Bubble Complete
CCAM - Complete Model
CCAM - Complete Model
Simulation
CCAM - Structural Analysis Model
Rationalisation China Comic and Animation Museum - Process
Architectural Requirements
3D Parametric Model
Structural Analysis Model
Member Design
Analysis
2D Drawing
Evolution of Optimisation Structural Optimisation
Large Analytical Models
Automated Design of Elements
Spreadsheets
Hard Code
Optimisation
• Optimisation for Minimum Weight • Optimisation for No of Elements
Roof space frame sizing optimization
Virtual Prototype
Virtual Prototype
Virtual Prototype
Virtual Prototype
Virtual Prototype
Virtual Prototype
OBJECTIVES
• Minimize steel weight
VARIABLES
• 1955 member size variables (~20 size choices)
CONSTRAINTS
• Strength (BS5950 2000)
• Deflection (SPAN / 360 for SLS)
• Architectural requirements
x y
z
DESIGN LAYER
Scale: 1:727.8
xy
z
ANALYSIS LAYER
Element list: "upper plane"
Scale: 1:992.5
x
y
z
ANALYSIS LAYER
Element list: 2456
Scale: 1:7.091
x y
z
ANALYSIS LAYER
Element list: 1939 1940
Scale: 1:17.88
x
y
z
ANALYSIS LAYER
Element list: 2106 2107
Scale: 1:12.60
Universal Beam
(UB) Section
Rectangular Hollow
Section (RHS)
Circular Hollow
Section (CHS)
Optimisation Structural Optimisation
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1146
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
PRODUCT METRICS
Conventional Design
Optimized Design
Design Method Design Cycle
Time Total
Design Cycles Total Time
Conventional 4 hrs 39 9360 min
Serial Opt (1 CPU) 6 min 8042 48250 min
Parallel Opt (128 CPUs) 3 sec 8042 402 min
Total Steel Weight (met tons))
1146
1414
PROCESS METRICS
-19% (~$5M savings)
Optimisation Structural Optimisation
Communication
Virtual Design Review
Virtual Design Review meetings
Sharing Information at the Human level
Fabrication
Renkioi Hospital, Dardanelles
• Commissioned February 1855
• Brunel played the roles of architect, planner, structural engineer, mechanical, electrical and public health engineers and management contractor.
• Design Period: 6 days
• Fabricated & Shipping byMay
• First 300 patients on 11 August 1885
• 1000 beds by December
• By the end of March 1856 it could have accommodated 2,200 patients.
• PreRenkioi, mortality rates were 42%. Once Brunel's hospital was operational, deaths fell to 3.5%.
Crystal Palace – The Great Exhibition
• 563m long by 124m wide • 400 tons of glass, and 4000 tons of iron, • Floor area of 74,320 m2 with over 8 miles of tables • Displaying over 100,000 objects
Crystal Palace - Design Team
Joseph Paxton Head Gardener at Chatsworth House Experience: Orangery & The Large Greenhouse
Crystal Palace - Design Team
William Cubitt Chairman of Building Committee of Great Exhibition and consulting engineer
Charles Fox Specialist Contractor
Crystal Palace – The Great Exhibition
• First Plans in 9 days
• Built in 9 months
• With a workforce of 5000
• 84,000 m2 of Glass
• First major installation of public toilets
Empire State Building
102 Storeys / 381m / 257,100 m2 Architect William F Lamb (Shreve, Lamb and Harmon) Drawings produced in 2 weeks Contractor The Starrett Brothers and Eken Start on site 21 January 1930 Main construction 17 March 1930 Official opened on 1 May 1931 ( 1 year and 45 days) 340, 000 tons of steel, 6,500 windows, 64 lifts, 70 miles of pipework,
Empire State Building
Why do buildings take longer?
• Increasing complexity. Building systems are far more complex now. • A modern building is unrecognisable from the Renkioi Hospitals
Design for Manufacture
• Offsite Manufacture
Design for Manufacture – 122 Leadenhall Street
Client: British Land/Oxford Propeties Architect: Rogers Stirk Habour + Partners
Main Contractor: Laing O’Rouke Specialist Steelwork: Wastons
Telka is the default detailing package in the structural steel industry
Design for buildability
Design for buildability
Design for buildability
Working in close collaboration with specialist fabricator
Analysis, detailing, fabrication
Typical information provided to specialist fabricators
Analysis, detailing, fabrication Tekla
Drawing Model
Rhino Transition Model
Excel Load Input
GSA Global Analysis
D3 Plot Stress checks
Excel/VB Weld checks
ANSA Meshing
Nastran Analysis
Steelwork Design for fabrication process
Modelling, Analysis, Design, Fabrication
TEKLA RHINO GSA
Steelwork Design for fabrication process
Analysis, detailing, fabrication
Analysis, detailing, fabrication
Steelwork Design for fabrication process – weld thickness graphs
Analysis, detailing, fabrication
Steelwork Design for fabrication process – Fabrication Drawings
Analysis, detailing, fabrication
Steelwork Design for fabrication process – Fabrication Drawings
Analysis, detailing, fabrication
Steelwork Design for fabrication process – full size mock up
• Collaborative approach
• Grounded by engineering principles
• Design and production through BIM
• Reduced risk
• Faster programme
• Unique architecture
Leadenhall Building An exemplar project for design for manufacture
Conclusions
Asset Management
Supply Chain Management
4D Modelling Engineering Optimisation
Whole life costing
Interior Design &
Fit out
Façade Design
Quantities Extraction
Building Information Modelling/
Management Building Services Architectural
Design
Clash detection & coordination
Structural Design
Adaptive Survey & Drawing
Digital Fabrication
Real time value Engineering
Real-time progress reporting
& RFI
Unified Approach to BIM(M)
Handover As Built Construction
Object included in handover data set with corresponding population of AIM .
As - built changes incorporated & data set updated as necessary .
Object data fields completed progressively . Schedules & takeoffs .
Object carried into design development . 3 D view for spatial fit . Schedules & take - offs .
Library object used in concept GA - simple plan view
Design
Whole Lifecycle Information Management
Current Practice
Concept
E x
a m
p l e
,
Information Flow across the Project Life-Cycle
?
Dat
a, In
form
atio
n &
Kn
ow
led
ge
The Future?
The Future?
The only constant in this world is change….
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We only have the earth
