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Innovation in Latin-America: indicators and surveys
RICYTRed Iberoamericana de Indicadores
de Ciencia y Tecnología
Innovation Indicators for Latin America Workshop19 March, 2009Paris, France
Diana Suárez
2
Context
Unstable macroeconomic environment
M-L & L Tech goods
Low external insertion
Innovative features
Low S&T expenditure
Low endowment of qualified personnel
High public expenditure participation
Low patent rate
“Developing countries”
¿?
The LA environment
3
Methodological Approach
Macroeconomy Trajectories Incentives
StrategyInnovation
Innovative behaviours
Innovation Activities
Purpose
Objectives
Funding and information
Obstacles
Results
Impact
_ _ _ _ _ Innovation System
Institutional framework _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Obstacles
4
Innovation in Latin-American firms
What can we test?
Results of Innovation activities
Expenditure on Innovation activities
R&D human resources
Links, cooperation and sources of information
Obstacles
5
How can we test?
Country Period Sample Statistical Unit
Argentina 2002-2004 1.688 (ISIC rev.3 D)
Manufacturer firms with more than 10
employees
Brazil 2003-2005
12.000(mining and
manufacturer industries)
Firms with more than 10 employees
Chile 2003-2004 2.877(ISIC rev.3 A-O)
Establishments with more than 10 employees
Colombia 1999-2002 101Manufacturer
Establishments
México 2004-2005 328.718 (census)
Establishments with more than 50 employees
Uruguay 2001-2003 814Manufacturer firms with more than 5
employees
6
High product innovator rate but low rate of firms that applied for patents,
Developing countries: more process than product innovators.
1. Results
0
15
30
45
60
75
Germany France Spain Uruguay Brazil Chile Argentine Colombia
Applied for Patents Product Innovators Process Innovators
7
2. Expenditure
0,841,08
1,92
2,81
3,68
Argentine Spain Brazil France Germany
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Colombia Uruguay Chile Argentine Brazil Mexico Spain Germany France
R&D Capital Goods
Low innovation expenditure with high deviations
Concentrated on capital goods (then innovators)
8
3.Human resources in R&D
R&D expenditure / HR R&D
$69
$150
$12$50
$148
$17
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
R&D / Sales (%)
HR
R&
D /
To
tal
Lab
ou
r (%
)
Germany Argentine Brazil Spain France Uruguay
Even the firms with R&D expenditure and personnel present low rates of efforts.
R&D expenditure and human resources are not enough to understand innovative activities.
9
4. Innovative strategies
In-house
R&DCapital Goods Training EID IA
Germany 2,46 1,22 - - 5,1
Argentine 0,2 0,64 0,01 0,08 1,12
Brazil 0,58 1,34 0,05 0,37 2,8
Spain 0,62 0,46 - - 1,5
France 2,46 0,35 - - 3,6
Uruguay 0,3 4,3 0,1 0,5 6,2
Capital goods and R&D are the most important activities in terms of expenditure,
But training and engineering and industrial design are also important in terms of impact of the capital good acquisition.
10
Agents Ar Ur Br Ch Me Co Sp Ge Fr
S&T institutions
Universities 27 15 2 3 5 5 11 11
Training institutions
14 14 2 2 26
Technological centres
26 18 12
Consultants 34 31 2 3 12 5 4 14
Commercial chain
Related enterprises
22 15 1 5 4 4 6 16
Headquarters 15 4 3
Clients 39 34 4 4 5 9 21
Suppliers 54 50 4 6 24 9 9 25
Competitors 20 12 1 3 9 2 3 4 14
5.Links and cooperation
11
6. Obstacles
AR UR CH BR ME SP GE FR
Lack of qualified personnel 37 20 40 48 61 18 5 17
Risk of innovation 32 15 19 75 69
Cost of innovation / return period 51 26 40 80 44 19 30
Financing problems 68 33 35 57 68 30 12 10
Market structure 55 24 59 22 5 18
Cooperation problems whit S&T institutions 40 15 39 30 13 3 11
Insufficient information about markets 27 23 31 60 10 3 7
Insufficient information about technologies 22 36 59 1 11 5
12
Innovative features
Low, concentrated and heterogeneous innovation expenditure
High rate of innovators but low scope of innovations
Low cooperation rates and contradictory numbers
Macroeconomic obstacles (uncertainty and funding)
Summary and conclusions
Implications
Importance of the subject approach and the integrated analysis (IA expenditure vs. R&D)
Simple indicators are not enough (efforts, results, scope and impact)
Deeper analysis of cooperation and links with the NIS
Endogenous vs. exogenous obstacles
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