Integrated Watershed ManagementIntegrated Watershed ManagementAnd Rainwater HarvestingAnd Rainwater Harvesting

Professor Jayashree SadriAnd

Dr Sorab Sadri

Lecture Contents (2 Lecture Hours)

• India’s Water Resources• Watershed Development & Modelling• Integrated Watershed Management• Water Conservation & Harvesting• Successful Case Study

Integrated Water Resources Development and Management: IWRDM.

Integration of -

- River basin resources- surface and ground.

- Demands - consumptive and non-consumptive, and supplies.

- Facilities - mega to micro.

- Human and eco-systems.

- S&T and engineering with social, economic, synergic needs.

INDIA’S LAND RESOURCE, IRRIGATION

AND FOOD PRODUCTION

• India has 2% of world’s land, 4% of freshwater, 16% of population, and 10% of its cattle.

• Geographical area = 329 Mha of which 47% (142 Mha) is cultivated, 23% forested, 7% under non-agri use, 23% waste.

• Per capita availability of land 50 years ago was 0.9 ha, could be only 0. 14 ha in 2050.

• Out of cultivated area, 37% is irrigated which produces 55% food; 63% is rain-fed producing 45% of 200 M t of food.

• In 50 years (ultimate), proportion could be 50:50 producing 75:25 of 500 M t of required food.

SOME INFERENCES FROM RIVER BASIN STATISTICS

• Himalayan Rivers Water: 300 utilizable, 1200 BCM available.

• Himalayan large dams presently store 80 BCM. New dams under consideration could store 90 BCM.

• Peninsular Rivers Water: 400 utilizable, 700 BCM available.

• Peninsular large dams presently store 160 BCM. New dams under consideration could store 45 BCM.

• In all, large dams presently store 240 BCM. New dams under consideration could store 135 BCM. Total storage thus could be 375 BCM only.

WITHDRAWAL OF WATER- 2050, AVAILABILITY

India’s Yearly Requirement in 2050 (Km3 = BCM)

• For growing food and feed at 420 to 500 million tonnes = 628 to 807 BCM

• Drinking water plus domestic and municipal use for rural population at 150 lpcd and for urban population at 220 lpcd = 90 to 110 BCM

•Hydropower and other energy generation = 63 to 70 BCM

•Industrial use = 81 to 103 BCM

•Navigational use = 15 BCM

•Loss of water by evaporation from reservoirs = 76 BCM

•Environment and ecology = 20 BCM

Total 970 to 1200 BCM

Availability 1100 to 1400 BCM

Where does the water come from?

•New dams - inter-basin transfer

•Groundwater - underdeveloped

•Demand Management

•Water savings - increase in efficiency, reduce evaporation.

•Water productivity - increases in crop per drop

•Trade (virtual water), import food.

Part 2:Part 2: Watershed Development & Modelling

Limited water resources,- more demand.

Watershed is the basic scientific unit. Need for proper planning and management. Integrated watershed development approach

Digital revolution Recent advances in watershed modelling - use of

computer models, remote sensing and GIS.

WATERSHED Development

• Watershed Characteristics.

• Hydrology of watershed.

Watershed (ha) Classification

50,000-2,00,00010,000-50,0001,000-10,000100-1,00010-100

WatershedSub-watershedMilli- watershedMicro-watershedMini-watershed

WATERSHED Development …

Parameters of Watershed• Size•Shape•Physiography•Climate •Drainage •Land use •Vegetation •Geology and Soils •Hydrology •Hydrogeology •Socioeconomics

WATERSHED MODELLING … Watershed modelling steps 1. Formulation 2. Calibration/verification 3. Application Watershed model constitutes 1. Input function 2. Output function 3. Transform function

Precipitation

Interception Storage

Surface Runoff

Groundwater Storage

Channel Processes

InterflowDirect Runoff

Surface Storage

BaseflowPercolation

Infiltration

ET

ET

Fig Flowchart of simple watershed model (McCuen, 1989)

WATERSHED MODELLING …

WATERSHED MODELLING …

General Classification of Models

Broadly classified into three types Black Box Models: These models describe mathematically the relation between rainfall and surface runoff without describing the physical process by which they are related. e.g. Unit Hydrograph approach Lumped models:These models occupy an intermediate position between the distributed models and Black Box Models. e.g. Stanford Watershed Model Distributed Models:These models are based on complex physical theory, i.e. based on the solution of unsteady flow equations.

Background

• Large water resources development projects in Indiahave adverse socio-economic and environmental consequencesadverse socio-economic and environmental consequences.

• The failure of such projects, contributed to indebtednessindebtedness, raising economic pressureeconomic pressure and jeopardising future development.

• Indiscriminate expansion of marginal landsexpansion of marginal lands and over-utilisation of existing water resources for irrigation.

• Traditional water harvesting systems have suffered sever neglect.

• This type of development not only called into question • the adequacy of water resources schemesadequacy of water resources schemes but triggered the urgent• search for more effective and appropriate management strategies.

• Major response to follow “Integrated Watershed Management Approach”.

Part 3: Integrated Watershed Management

Concepts and Principles of IWM

Objectives: Objectives: Water has Water has multiples usesmultiples uses and must be managed in an integrated way. and must be managed in an integrated way. Water should be managed at the Water should be managed at the lowest appropriate levellowest appropriate level.. Water allocation should take Water allocation should take account of the interests of allaccount of the interests of all who are affected. who are affected. Water should be recognised and treated as an economic good.Water should be recognised and treated as an economic good.

Concepts and Principles of IWM

Strategies: Strategies: A long term, viable A long term, viable sustainable futuresustainable future for basin stake holders. for basin stake holders. Equitable access to water resources for water users.Equitable access to water resources for water users. The application of The application of principles of demand managementprinciples of demand management for efficient utilisation. for efficient utilisation. Prevention of further Prevention of further environmental degradationenvironmental degradation (short term) and the restoration of (short term) and the restoration of degraded resources (long term). .degraded resources (long term). .

Concepts and Principles of IWM

Implementation Programs: Implementation Programs: Comprise an overall strategy that clearly defines the management objectives, a deliveryComprise an overall strategy that clearly defines the management objectives, a delivery mechanisms and a mechanisms and a monitoring schedulemonitoring schedule that evaluates that evaluates program performanceprogram performance. . Recognise that the development of water resources may require research, to assess the Recognise that the development of water resources may require research, to assess the resource base through resource base through modelling and development of DSSmodelling and development of DSS, and to determine the , and to determine the linkage between water resources and the linkage between water resources and the impacts on environment, socio-economyimpacts on environment, socio-economy. . Ensure that mechanisms and policies are established that enables long term support. Ensure that mechanisms and policies are established that enables long term support.

Integrated Watershed Approach

IWM is the process of planning and implementing water and natural resources …… an emphasis on integrating the bio-physical, socio-economic and institutional aspects.

Social issues are addressed through involvement of women and minority.

Community led water users groups have led the implementation efforts.

1970 1980 1990 2000

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Project success

•The four engineering and management tools for effective and sustainable development of water resources in semi-arid rural India: -

• Appropriate technologies • Decentralised development system • Catchment based water resources planning • Management information system

•In past the efforts were more on the soil conservation and taking measures on the land where as we used to neglect the welfare of the land users.

• For sustainable watershed management there is need to integrate the social and economic development together with soil and water conservation

IWA – Modeling through Advanced Technologies

Part 4: Water Conservation & Harvesting

Total water management for sustainable

development?.

Water Conservation• Important step for solutions to issues of water and

environmental conservation is to change people's attitudes and habits

• Conserve water because it is right thing to do!.• What you can do to conserve water?• Use only as much water as you require. Close the

taps well after use. While brushing or other use, do not leave the tap running, open it only when you require it. See that there are no leaking taps.

• Use a washing machine that does not consume too much water. Do not leave the taps running while washing dishes and clothes.

Water Conservation…

• Install small shower heads to reduce the flow of the water. Water in which the vegetables & fruits have been washed - use to water the flowers & plants.

• At the end of the day if you have water left in your water bottle do not throw it away, pour it over

some plants. • Re-use water as much as possible• Change in attitude & habits for water

conservation• Every drop counts!!!

Rain Water Harvesting?.Rain Water Harvesting?. • Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting, conveying & storing water from rainfall in an area – for beneficial use.

• Storage – in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage- groundwater

• Hydrological Cycle

Rain Water Harvesting?. Rain Water Harvesting?. • RWH - yield copious amounts of water. For an average rainfall of 1,000mm, approximately four million litres of rainwater can be collected in a year in an acre of land (4,047 m2), post-evaporation.

•As RWH - neither energy-intensive nor labour-intensive

•It can be a cost-effective alternative to other water-accruing methods.

• With the water table falling rapidly, & concrete surfaces and landfill dumps taking the place of water bodies, RWH is the most reliable solution for augmenting groundwater level to attain self-sufficiency

• Roof Rain Water Harvesting

• Land based Rain Water Harvesting

• Watershed based Rain Water harvesting

• For Urban & Industrial Environment –

• Roof & Land based RWH

• Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings

• Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open spaces

RWH – Methodologies RWH – Methodologies

Rain Water Harvesting– Advantages Rain Water Harvesting– Advantages 1.Provides self-sufficiency to water supply

2.Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water

3.Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals

4.Improves the quality of ground water through dilution when recharged

5.Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas

6.The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive & easy to construct, operate and maintain

7. In desert, RWH only relief

8. In saline or coastal areas & Islands, rain water provides good quality water

Part 5: Successful Case Study

Catchment Area = 1800 km2

Jhabua Watershed: Case Study

Madhya Pradesh ( INDIA ), ~ altitude of 380 m to 540 m. Area – 1800 sq.km

Highly undulating, sparsely distributed forest cover.

~ 57% arable land including cultivable fellow and ~ 18% notified as forest land.

Average rainfall ~ 750 mm per annum.

~ 20-30 events during June-September

~ Classified as drought prone region.

Moisture deficit during January to May months each year.

Jhabua watershed: Case study

Major crops: Maize, Cotton, Peanuts, Soyabeans;Gram, Black beans, Oil seeds.

Predominantly tribal population, 92% engaged in agriculture. ~ high seasonal migration ~ economically one of the most backward district

Yearly rainfall departure from the mean for rainfall station Jhabua

Seasonal rainfall departure are extremely variable.

•Subsistence of rain-fed mono-cropping farming system with low agriculture productivity

•Undulating topography and soil erosion due to overgrazing causing degradation of land.

•High pressure of population on the agriculture land leading to substantial poverty causing immigration.

•Absence of decentralized water resources and basic infrastructure facilities.

•Degradation of forestry land due to absence of community involvement in protection of the forest.

Development Issues

Planning & Implementation

A Three step IWMA model approach

1. Resources Mapping using Geographical Information System

2. Appropriate Technology

3. Management Information System

Resources mapping: Ground water dynamics

Total alluvium area= 18.5 km2

Channel porosity = 20% Depth of wetting front = 4.0 m

Total storage capacity = 14.8 x106 m3.

Resources mapping: Surface water storage

Reserv

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Reserv

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Total number of reservoirs = 144

Storage capacity = 81.3 x 106 m3

Appropriate Technology Water conservation and groundwater recharge techniques

Water harvesting cum supplementary irrigation techniques in Jhabua

Water Conservation

Water conservation interventions includes contour trenches, gully plugging, vegetative and field bunding, percolation tanks.

Overall land treatment against potential area is varying between 40-60%.

45%

30%

25%

Private land Fallow land Forest land

28%

65%

2% 5%

Contour bunding Gully pluggingStaggered trenching Level terraces

Type of land ownership for soil and water

conservation measures

Techniques of soil and water conservation

measures

Redevelopment of forest is essential for catering socio-economics needs of the people and ecological needs of the region.

Forest committees are formed for forest protection and part of area is made available for grazing on rotation basis.

Implementing agencies promoted the concept of “Social Fencing” people protecting the forest and grazing land.

Joint Forest Management

Community participation and local capacity buildingDevelopment of new village level institutions and local capacity building.

Operation & maintenance of structures, regulation of financial matters, andconflict resolution.

Discussion

Success interventions reside in integration of appropriate technical and integration of appropriate technical and managerial measuresmanagerial measures.

People’s participation in the entire process are most important.

The benefits of water harvesting and water conservation definitely reached.

Efficient utilisation of funds, only 10-15% spent on non-project costs.

Limitation: 100% drought proofing for every water use can not be achieved.

Thus, IWM approach may be characterised by

•Community management built on existing social structureexisting social structure,

•Project management drawn from village level organisationsvillage level organisations,

•Joint forest management with community participation,•Self-help water user groups and community based banking institutions.

Concluding Remarks

The integrated watershed management approach have the following major components:

• Promote sustainable economic developmentsustainable economic development through optimum utilisation of natural resources and local capacity building.

• Restore ecological balanceecological balance through community participation and cost affordable technologies for easy acceptance.

• Improving living conditionsliving conditions of the poorer through more equitable resources distribution and greater access to income generating activities.

Concluding Remarks

• Water security through IWM

•Efficient utilisation of funds as only 10-15% of the total budget spent on non-project costs.

• The benefits of water harvesting and water conservation not only for drinking water security but also for agriculture definitely reached.

• About 2-4 meter water level increase is observed in selected wells.

• Watershed management can easily cope with climate change impacts.