International Journal of Innovative Pharmaceutical ...fasted overnight prior to the test but water...

RESEARCH ARTICLE Sharadha Srikanth et.al / IJIPSR / 2 (11), 2014, 2726-2740

Department of Pharmacognosy ISSN (online) 2347-2154

Available online: www.ijipsr.com November Issue 2726

EVALUATION OF ROSEMARY OIL FOR ITS NOOTROPIC

ACTIVITY AND FORMULATION OF IT INTO A

TRANSDERMAL PATCH

1Sharadha Srikanth

*,

2Prathyusha Kalleda,

3V. Uma Maheswara Rao,

4G. Krishna Mohan

1,2,3C.M.R. College of Pharmacy, Kandlakoya (v), Medchal-501401, Hyderabad, INDIA

4Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, J.N.T.U (H), Kukatpally-500072, Hyderabad, INIDIA

Corresponding Author

Sharadha Srikanth

Department of Pharmacognosy

CMR College of Pharmacy,

Medchal-501401, Hyderabad, Telangana, INDIA

Email: [email protected]

Mobile: +919885833269

International Journal of Innovative

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research www.ijipsr.com

Abstract

The plant Rosemary grows in different regions of India. The Fresh and dried leaves are used frequently

in traditional Mediterranean cuisine as an herb. They have a bitter and astringent taste.

Rosemary oil has been used traditionally for arthritis, rheumatism, neuralgia, exhaustion, gout and has

also been reported to possess memory enhancing activity. The scientific assessment of Rosemary oil for

its nootropic activity has not been carried out and our objective was to evaluate it for the same. The

exteroceptive models of Elevated plus Maze, Morris Water Maze, Passive Avoidance Step down models

were used to evaluate nootropic activity. The interoceptive model of inducing amnesia was carried out

using scopolamine. Brain acetylcholinestrase estimation was carried out to show cholinergic

transmission involvement for confirming nootropic activity. Rosemary oil at a dose of 0.5ml/kg was

administered to male albino mice to study the nootropic activity. The oil was found to improve learning

abilities and memory capacities in mice. It also elevated Acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the brain and,

ultimately, improved the memory of mice. It was successfully formulated into a transdermal patch and

evaluated as well.

Keywords: Rosemary oil, Nootropic, Acetylcholinesterase, Antioxidants, Transdermal patch.

mailto:[email protected]




INTRODUCTION

Nootropics referred to as “smart drugs or memory enhancers”, have been shown to improve many

aspects of brain and body function along with elevating mood and concentration levels [1].

Nootropics decrease platelet aggregation, increase cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption,

increase adenylatecyclase breakdown of ADP to ATP and increase density of frontal cortex Ach

receptors by 30-40% [2]. Rosemary oil was selected because it has major constituents like

rosemarinic acid, camphor, caffeic acid, urosolic acid, bornyl acetate and betulinic acid. And its

leaves, roots and flowers are used for various medicinal purposes [3]. Rosemary has antioxidant

and antimutagenic properties which come from the content of phenolic diterpenes, particularly

carnosic acid, carnosol, epirosmanol, and isorosmanol. Rosemary oil has been demonstrated to be

antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral. Researchers have found that the volatile oil of rosemary

leaves may be useful in treating diabetes and dementia [4]. Transdermal drug delivery uses the

skin as an alternative route for the delivery of systemically acting drugs [5]. Transdermal patches

control the delivery of drugs by employing an appropriate combination of hydrophilic and

lipophilic polymers. In addition, the dosage form is user friendly, convenient, painless and offers

multiday dosing. It generally leads to improved patient compliance, protects the active compound

from gastric enzymes, elimination of gastrointestinal irritation resulting from some drugs,

avoiding first pass metabolism and gastrointestinal degradation. It offers sustaining drug delivery

maintaining a constant and prolonged drug level in plasma, reduced dosing frequency,

minimizing inter and intra patient variability and is simple to terminate the therapy if any adverse

or undesired effects occur. [6].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Animals

Healthy Swiss Albino male mice weighing 20-35g were procured from Shri. Venkateshwara

Enterprises, Hyderabad. The rats were allowed with free access to standard pellet and water ad

libitum. All the experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with Committee for the

purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA). The study was

reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, CMR College of

Pharmacy, Medchal.

Plant material

Rosemary oil was purchased from market.




Acute toxicity studies

The acute toxicity studies were performed in mice by giving Rosemary oil at doses of 0.5, 1 and

1.5ml/kg body weight. The animals did not exhibit any toxic symptoms even at 5ml/Kg body

weight and the dose was fixed at 0.5ml/Kg body weight based on the OECD guidelines 423.

Chemicals

All the drugs and chemicals used in the study were obtained from authorized dealers. Nootropil

(Piracetam 150 mg/Kg) and Hyoscine (Scopolamine 0.4 mg/Kg) were purchased from Yashoda

Hospital, Secunderabad. Dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), Acetyl thiocholine iodide (ATCI),

and thiobarbituric acid were purchased from Chemicals and Chemicals Stores, Shahpur,

Hyderabad. Rosemary oil was purchased from Alwal market, Secunderabad. The collected

Rosemary plant was identified and authenticated by botanical survey of India(BSI), Hyderabad.

Experimental design:

Group I: Male albino mice served as negative control received scopolamine for 7 days. .

Group II: Male albino mice served as control received distilled water 10ml/kg for 7 days.

Group III: Male albino mice served as standard & received Piracetam 150mg/kg for 7 days.

Group IV: Male albino mice received marketed product, Medhyarasayana 0.4ml/kg for 7 days.

Group V: Male albino mice received rosemary oil (0.5ml/kg) by oral route for 7days.

Laboratory models for testing learning and memory.

1. Elevated Plus-Maze (Exteroceptivebehaviour model)

Method: Albino male mice (25-35g) were divided into 7 groups of 6 mice in each and were

fasted overnight prior to the test but water was supplied ad libitum. Elevated plus maze (EPM) is

used to evaluate learning and memory in mice. The apparatus consisted of two open arms (16cm

X 5cm) and two enclosed arms (16cm X 5cm). The maze was elevated to the height of 25cm from

the floor. The Center platform extended 5cm X 5cm from the arms. Transfer latency (TL) is the

time taken by the mouse to enter into one of the enclosed arms. Mouse was placed at the end of

the open arm facing away from the centre platform. TL was recorded when the mouse enters with

all its four legs into one of the enclosed arms. TL was recorded on the 1st and 8th day. Before the

1st day the mouse was exposed to plus maze by spending time in it for 10 seconds. Cut-off time is

90seconds for the model [7].

2. Morris water maze

Method: Albino male mice (25-35 g) were divided into 7 groups of 6 mice in each and were

fasted overnight prior to the test but water was supplied ad libitum. Morris water maze consists of




a large circular tank with a depth of 30cm, diameter 50cm. In the center a platform of 15cm

having dimensions 5cm X 5cm is mounted. The pool is filled with water added with milk in order

to make it opaque. Later animals were allowed for training before the experimental day. On the

1st day animals were treated with different doses of standard and test samples. The animal is

placed at the corner of the tank and allowed to swim until it identifies the hidden platform. The

cut-off time is 90seconds. The transfer latency is the time taken by the mouse to identify the

platform. TL was recorded on 1st day and 8th day [8].

3. Step down

Method: Albino male mice (20-25 g) were divided into 8 groups of 6 mice in each and were

fasted overnight prior to the test but water was supplied ad libitum. Step down type of passive

avoidance test is used to examine long term memory. The apparatus consists of transparent acrylic

cage (30X30X40 cm in height) with a grid floor; a platform (4X4X4 cm) is fixed in the centre of

the grid floor. Electric shocks of 1Hz, 500msec, 40V DC are delivered to the grid floor. The

training is carried out before the experimental day. On the experimental day mouse is placed on

platform in the centre of the cage, when the mouse steps down and places all its paws on the grid

floor shock is delivered. Later animal was placed again on the platform after 60-90 minutes and

Step down latency (SDL), is recorded with an upper cut of time of 300 seconds. Step down

latency was recorded on 1st day and 9th day [9].

Estimationof AcetylCholinesterase EnzymeActivity of whole Brain:

On the 8th

day animals were treated with scopolamine and after 90minutes the brains were

decapitated. The whole brain was taken out in normal saline later suspended in phosphate buffer

PH 8. The brain was homogenized in tissue homogenizer and then 0.4ml of the homogenate is

mixed with 10 micro liters of DTNB. The absorbance is recorded in UV-Spectrometer. After few

minutes the sample is mixed the acetyl thiocholine (ATC) and readings were taken, change in the

absorbance per minute was noted [10].

StatisticalAnalysis:

The step-down latency and transfer latency were analyzed using Graphpad Prism software. A

probability level of P<0.05 was consideredas significant. The AchE activity and open field

behavior of different groups were analyzed using One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA),

followed by Dunnett‟s test for individual comparison of groups, viz.; A probability level of

P<0.01 for One way ANOVA was considered assignificant, and for posttest (Dunnett‟s test), a




probability level of P<0.05 was considered as significant.

Transdermal patches

1. Preformulationstudies

The following preformulation studies were performedon Rosemary oil and polymers.

A. Determination of meltingpoint

Melting point of the drug was determined by taking small amount of drug in a capillary tube

closed at one end. The capillary tube was placed in a melting point apparatus and the temperature

at which drug melts was recorded. This was performed thrice and average value was noted.

B. Determinationofsolubility

The solubility of Rosemary oil wasdetermined as follows:

An excess amount of drug was taken and dissolved in a measured volume of distilled water in a

glass vial to get a saturated solution. The solution was sonicated and kept at room temperature

for the attainment of equilibrium. The concentration of samples in the filtrate was

determined spectrophotometrically by measuring at 390nm after 24hrs.

C. Determination of partition coefficient

The known quantity of Rosemary oil was added into 5ml of 1-octanol and it was mixed with 5ml

of water in a separating funnel. Then two phases were allowed to equilibrate at 37o

C for 24hrs

with in intermittent shaking. The concentration of the drug in the aqueous phaseand organic phase

was determined by U Vspectroscopicmethodafternecessary dilution. The apparent partition

coefficient (Kp) was calculated as the ratio of drug concentration in each phase by the following

equation.

Where, Corg is concentration of drug inorganic phase and Caq is the concentration of drug in

aqueous phase.

D. Drug–Excipient compatibilitystudies

The infrared (IR) spectra were recorded using an FTIR by the KBr pellet method and spectra




were recorded in the wavelength region between 4000and400cm–1

.The spectra obtained fo r

Rosemary oil and polymers and physical mixtures of Rosemary oil with polymers were

compared. Disappearance of peaks or shifting of peak in any of the spectra was studied.

2. CalibrationcurveofRosemary oil inphosphatebuffer solution (pH7.4)

From the Rosemary oil standard stock solution (1000µg/ml), 10ml solution was diluted to 100ml

using 7.4 pH phosphate buffer solutions (100µg/ml). Appropriate a liquots were taken into

different volumetricflasks and made up to10ml with phosphate buffer solution (pH7.4), so as to

get drug concentrations of 2.0to10.0µg/ml. The absorbencies of these drug solutions were

estimated at λmax 390 nm. This procedure was performed in triplicate to validate the calibration

curve.

3. Formulation of Transdermal patch

Table 1: Data table showing the formulation table of Rosemary oil 4.

Ingredients Purpose F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10

Rosemary

oil Test drug 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

HPMC-K4 Polymer 10% 15% 20% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30%

Propylene

glycol

Permeation

enhancer 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

Tween 80 Surfactant - - - - 5% 10% 15% 10% 10% 10%

Dibutyl

phthalate Plasticizer - - - - - - - 5% 10% 15%

Water Solvent Q.S Q.S Q.S Q.S Q.S Q.S Q.S Q.S Q.S Q.S

F1-F4 indicates different concentrations of HPMC-K4; F5-F7 indicates concentrations of Tween-

80; and F8-F10 indicates concentrations of Dibutyl phthalate. Total volume of the patch is 5ml

which is considered to be 100%.

Preparation of transdermal film:

HPMC was weighed in requisite ratios and mixed with 100 ml distilled water, and the mixture

stirred over a hot water bath until dissolved. After the mixture cooled down to 250 C, Rosemary

oil was added followed by tween 80 in order to solubilize the drug, glycerol as a humectant and

propylene glycol as penetration enhancer. All the above chemicals were mixed together using a

magnetic stirrer, at 800 rpm for 15 minutes under occluded condition. The mixture was then cast




on a circular disc kept inside a petri plate with a release liner of glycerin and dried at 80 0C for 25

min. After drying the patches were removed carefully and they were covered with a backing

laminate of aluminum foil and cut into appropriate sizes [11].

Physical characterization

The physico-chemical parameters such as thickness, uniformity of weight, tensile strength,

content uniformity test, moisture content, moisture uptake, drug content uniformity and folding

were carried out.

Thickness

The thickness of the patch was determined by measuring the thickness at random sites on the

formulated patch using micrometer screwguage and the average thickness was determined.

Folding endurance

It was measured manually for the patches. It was determined by repeatedly folding a small strip of

film at the same place till it breaks. The number of times the film could be folded at the same

place either to break the film or to visible the cracks [12].

Percentage moisture content

The prepared films were weighed individually and kept in a desiccator containing fused calcium

chloride at room temperature for 24hrs.Then the films were reweighed and the percentage

moisture contentwas determined.

Percentage moisture uptake

The prepared films were weighed individually and kept in a desiccator at room temperature for

24hrs containing saturated solution of potassium chloride in order to maintain room temperature.

After 24hrs films were weighed and determine the percentage moisture uptake.

Drug content

The prepared was dissolved in a suitable solvent to aspecific volume. Then the solution was

filtered through a filter medium and analyze the drug contain with the suitable method [13].

In-vitro drug release studies

In vitro release studies of Rosemary oil patches were carried out in diffusion cell using

commercial available semi permeable membrane and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) as a diffusion

medium. The release profile data of rosemary oil was given in table No-12.




RESULTS

1. Elevated plus maze results for Rosemary oil

Table 2: Data table showing the EPM results of Rosemary oil

S.no Treatment Transfer latency on 1

ST

day MEAN±SEM

Transfer latency on 8TH

day MEAN±SEM

1 Control 39.50±2.187 36.00±1.065ns

2 Control. N 39.50±2.217 40.33±2.108

3 Standard 34.16±0.600 13.00±0.966**

4 Marketed product 37.00±0.966 29.33±1.256*

5 Rosemary oil 35.66±0.881 15.50±0.9574**

The results are expressed as mean ± SEM. n=6 in each group. The analysis of results were done

by comparing the sample groups with the positive control and also by comparing the positive

control with control by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet‟s „t‟ test. In

all tests p < 0.05 i.e. 95% confidence levels was chosen to interpret the result and measure

statistical significance. The analysis was performed by using GraphPad Prism 6. P value P<0.05 is

considered as significant *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

Co n tr

o l

Ne g a tiv

e co n tr

o l

S tan d a rd

Ma rk e te

d Pro d u c t

Ro s e m

a ry oil

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

E le v a te d p lu s m a z e o f R o s e m a ry o i l

G ro u p s

Tran

sfer

late

ncy

in s

econ

ds

C o n tro l

N e g a tiv e c o n tro l

S ta n d a rd

M a rk e te d P ro d u c t

R o s e m a ry o il

****

n s

Fig. 1: Bar charts showing Elevated plus maze results for Rosemary oil

2. Morris Water Maze Results for Rosemary Oil

Table 3: Data table showing the WM results of Rosemary oil

S.no Treatment Transfer latency on 1

ST

day MEAN±SEM

Transfer latency on 8TH

day

MEAN±SEM

1 Control 42.00±1.571 37.00±0.7303ns

2 Control. N 42.167±1.302 40.66±1.856

3 Standard 38.50±0.223 14.33±1.282**

4 Marketed product 39.833±0.792 32.66±1.145*

5 Rosemary oil 38.667±0.421 17.667±1.145**




Values are Mean ± SEM *, ** and ns

indicates the difference with negative control group at

p<0.05, p>0.01 and p>0.05 n=6 in each group. Rosemary oil showed better results when

compared with negative control group.

C o n tro l

N e g a tive c

o n tro l

S tan d a rd

Ma rk e te

d Pro d u c t

R o s e ma ry o

il0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

W a te r M a z e

o f R o s e m a ry o i l

TIM

E IN

SEC

C o n tro l


S ta n d a rd


R o s e m a ry o il

****

n s

*

Fig. 2: Bar charts showing water maze results for rosemary oil.

3. Step down Results for Rosemary Oil

Table 4: Data table showing the SD results ofRosemary oil

S.NO TREATMENT TRANSFER LATENCY

ON 1ST

DAY MEAN±SEM

TRANSFER LATENCY ON

8TH

DAY MEAN±SEM

1 Control 10.33±0.4216

10.83±0.7032*

2 Control.N 11.83±0.5426

10.17±1.400

3 Standard 9.167±0.7923

21.67±0.4944**

4 Marketed product 10.83±0.8333

17.67±0.4944**

5 Rosemary oil 10.50±0.6708

20.83±0.7491**

Values are Mean ± SEM. ** and ns

indicates the difference with negative control group at p<0.01

and p<0.05. n=6 in each group. Rosemary oil showed better results when compared with negative

control group (p<0.01).

C o n tro l

N e g a tive c

o n tro l

S tan d a rd

Ma rk e te

d Pro d u c t

R o s e ma ry o

il0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

S D L

o f R o s e m a ry o i l

TIM

E IN

SEC

C o n tro l


S ta n d a rd


R o s e m a ry o il

* *

* *

* *

*

Fig. 3: Graphical results of SD results of Rosemary oil




3. Acetyl cholinesterase activity Results for Rosemary Oil

Table 5: Data table showing the AchE results ofRosemary oil

S.no Treatment Dose Acetyl cholinesterase

enzyme activity

1 Control 10ml/kg 29.5±0.691ns

2 Control.N 0.4mg/kg 31.19±0.710

3 Standard 150mg/kg 11.01±0.551**

4 Marketed product 10ml/kg 30.11±0.712ns

5 Rosemary oil 0.5ml/kg 12.30±0.590**

Values are Mean ± SEM. ** and ns

indicates the difference with negative control group at p<0.01

and p<0.05. n=6 in each group. Rosemary oil showed better results when compared with negative

control group (p<0.01).

C O N T R O L

N E G A T IVE C

O N R O L

S T A N D A R D

M A R K E T D PR O D U C T

R O S E M A R Y OIL

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

A c h E e n z y m e a c t iv ity o f R o se m a r y o il

G ro u p s

enzy

me a

ctivit

y

C O N T R O L

N E G A T IV E C O N R O L

S T A N D A R D

M A R K E T D P R O D U C T

R O S E M A R Y O IL

**

n s

**

n s

Fig. 4: Graphical results of AchE results of Rosemary oil

1. Preformulation studies:

Table 6: Data table showing results of preformulation studies of transdermal patches

S.No Parameters Value of Parameters for Rosemary oil

1 Melting Point 176±1.15°C

2 Solubility Insoluble in water. Soluble in ethanol

3 Partition coefficient 10.38

Drug–Excipient compatibility studies

Fig. 5: Graph showing FTIR spectrum of Fig. 6: Graph showing FTIR spectrum of

Rosemary oil Rosemary oil with HPLCpolymer




Table 7: FTIR spectrum of drug and polymer mixture

S.No. IR spectrum of Groups Peak (cm-1

)

1 Rosemary oil

C-H 2945

=C-H 837

COOH 1250

C-OH 1449

2 Rosemary oil+HPMC

C-H 2943

=C-H 833

COOH 1250

C-OH 1450

2. Calibration:

Table 8 : D a t a of Absorbance of Rosemary oil Fig. 7: Calibration curve of Rosemary

pH7.4 phosphate buffer solution oil in pH7.4 phosphate buffer solution

3. Physical characteristics:

Table 9: Showing Evaluation Parameters of Appearance, Folding Endurance, Surface pH,

Thickness

Formul

ation

code

Appea

rance

Folding

endurance

Surface

pH Thickness

Percentage

Moisture

content

Percentage

Moisture

uptake

Weight

variation

In-Vitro

Drug

content

Rosema

ry oil

Transp

arent 96±2 5.5±0.6

0.224±0.0

09 3.56±0.2 1.68±0.02

19.33±1.0

2

99.73±0

.12

Table 10: Details of Percentage Drug content of TDP of Rosemary oil

S.no Concentration

(µg/ml)

Absorbance

(390 nm)

1 0 0

2 2 0.136±0.001

3 4 0.254±0.003

4 6 0.387±0.001

5 8 0.516±0.003

6 10 0.634±0.002

Formulation

Code F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10

Drug content

(%) (n=5)

74.29

± 0.56

76.44

± 0.34

78.78

± 1.07

79.56

± 0.67

85.22

± 0.89

86.57

± 0.23

88.43

± 1.12

89.36

± 0.08

91.17

± 0.32

91.24

± 1.56




Table 11: Percentage Drug content of the F9 TDP of Ro oil

Formulation Code Absorbance Concentration Drug content

Rosemary oil 0.03 0.458 mcg/ml 91.17%

In Vitro drug release studies:

Table 12: Showing in-vitro drug release studies

The cumulative amount of drug released at 12th hour from F9 was found to be 91.173±0.55 %.

Fig.8: Zero order drug release kinetics Fig. 9: Higuchi release kinetics

Fig. 10: Peppa’s Drug release kinetics

Time

(hr) % C.D.R √T log T log % C.D.R

0 0 0 0 0

1 32.576±0.347 1.000 0.0000 1.5051±0.028

2 44.9±0.875 1.414 0.3010 1.6435±0.053

4 57.666±0.609 2.000 0.6021 1.7559±0.042

6 62.103±0.566 2.449 0.7782 1.7924±0.026

8 71.453±0.163 2.828 0.9031 1.8513±0.013

10 88.743±0.714 3.162 1.0000 1.9445±0.015

12 91.173±0.55 3.464 1.0791 1.9590±0.012




DISCUSSION

Oral route of administration of drugs is the most commonly preferred route of administration. In

spite of ease of usage of this type of drug delivery, it shows few disadvantages like first pass

metabolism and decreased bioavailability that affects therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Therefore,

to improve the bioavailability of the drug, other drug delivery systems that have benefits over oral

route are suggested. The transdermal route of administration has been recognized as one of the

potential route for the local and systemic delivery of drugs. It provides a steady plasma state

particularly for drugs with short half-lives and reduced systemic side effects with improved

patient compliance and avoidance of the first pass metabolism [14]. Transdermal patches deliver

the drug at a predetermined and controlled rate [15]. The λmax of Rosemary oil in pH 7.4

phosphate buffer solution was found to be 390 nm which is same as that of literature review. The

calibration curve of Rosemary oil (fig 7) in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution shows linearity with

r2 of 0.998. The compatibility between Drug and polymer was studied by using FTIR absorption

spectra shown in fig no. 5 and 6. The preliminary study conducted on compatibility between Drug

and HPMC revealed that there is no interaction between the drug and polymer as from FTIR

spectra. The physico-chemical characteristics such as thickness of the patch, folding endurance,

percentage of moisture absorbed, percentage of moisture lost, and drug content analysis were

found to be within the acceptable limits as shown in table no.9. The patches were found to be

stable to withstand the stress. Transdermal patches of Rosemary oil was prepared by using

propylene glycol as a penetration enhancer to enhance the penetration of drug across the skin. The

results of in-vitro drug release revealed that the drug was released in a controlled manner from all

the formulations and F9 showed maximum drug release at the end of 12th hour 91.173±0.55 %.

Formulation F9 was considered to be the best formulation as the drug content, and the percentage

cumulative drug release were high (91.17%) for F9. Rosemary oil patch with hydroxyl

proplymethyl cellulose polymer followed Zero order drug release of 0.9884, and higuchi

mechanism with 0.9831.

CONCLUSION

Transdermal patches were prepared as a convenient means to improve learning and memory. Data

obtained from the Nootropic studies showed significant neuro-protection and memory

enhancement by the sample (Rosemary oil) at a dose of 0.5ml/kg p.o. The oil of Rosemary in

transdermal patch was found to improve learning abilities and memory capacities in mice. The oil




also elevated Acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the brain and ultimately, improved the memory of

mice. The rosemary oil patch was evaluated for various physical and mechanical properties. The

results were encouraging and showed that Rosemary oil can be incorporated into a transdermal

drug delivery system for its efficient and convenient use.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to CMR College of Pharmacy, for their valuable support and in

providing facilities to carry out this research work.

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