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INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6

(IPV6)

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Group Members

1.ET/06/64722.ET/06/64873.ET/06/64914.EE/06/63935.EE/06/64556.EE/06/6473

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A view of Internet History

1970s�Arpanet / Internet Technology Invented

1980s�Research / Non-Commercial Internet Service

1990s�The Web and the Internet Everywhere

Bill Gates decided he Invented it!2000s�

The Mobile and Wireless Internet

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What is A Protocol?

Imagine the number of people communicating in the world, the number of different languages they use, the number of different machines they use, the number of ways in which they transmit data and the different software they use. We would never be able to communicate worldwide if there were no ‘standards’ governing the way we communicate and the way our machines treat data. These standards are sets of rules.

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What Is An Internet Protocol?

The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite, also referred to as TCP/IP.

IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite and has the task of delivering distinguished protocol datagrams (packets) from the source host to the destination host solely based on their addresses.

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IPv4

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IPv4•Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth revision in the development of the Internet Protocol (IP) and it is the first version of the protocol to be widely deployedIP is the primary protocol in the Internet

•IPv4 uses 32-bit (four-byte) addresses, which limits the address space to 4,294,967,296 (232) possible unique addresses. However, some are reserved for special purposes such as private networks (~18 million addresses) or multicast addresses (~270 million addresses).

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• This reduces the number of addresses that can potentially be allocated for routing on the public Internet. As addresses are being incrementally delegated to end users, an IPv4 address shortage has been developing.

NAT• In computer networking, network address translation (NAT) is the process of

modifying network address information in datagram (IP) packet headers while in transit across a traffic routing device for the purpose of remapping one IP address space into another.

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IPv4 Addressing Each IPv4-based network must have the following:

•A unique network number that is assigned by either an ISP, an IR, or, for older networks, registered by the IANA. If you plan to use private addresses, the network numbers you devise must be unique within your organization.

•Unique IPv4 addresses for the interfaces of every system on the network.

•A network mask.

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The IPv4 address is a 32-bit number that uniquely identifies a network interface

on a system, as explained in How IP Addresses Apply to Network Interfaces. An

IPv4 address is written in decimal digits, divided into four 8-bit fields that are

separated by periods. Each 8-bit field represents a byte of the IPv4 address.

This form of representing the bytes of an IPv4 address is often referred to as

the dotted-decimal format.

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IPv4 Header FormatVERSION HD LEN TYPE OF SERVICE TOTAL LENGTH

Identification Flags Fragment Offset

Time To Live Protocol Header Checksum

Source Address

Destination address

Options

Data

32 Bits

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IP Classes

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IP Classes

Class A 0/1 - 126

Class B 128 - 191

Class C 192 - 223

Class D 224 - 239

Class E 240 - 254/255

D&E only for researches

IPv4 - 192.168.1.215

8 + 8 + 8 + 8 bits =32 bits

IPv6 - 3FFF :f200 :0234 :AB00 :0123 :2567: 8901: ABCD =128 bits

Ex For Full Address =10010110.11010111.00010001.00001001

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SUBNET MASK= A subnet mask is a number that defines a range of IP addresses that can be used in a network Subnet masks are used to designate sub networks, or subnets, which are typically local networks LANs that are connected to the Internet. Systems within the same subnet can communicate directly with each other, while systems on different subnets must communicate through a router.

Class A =10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255Class B =160.120.0.0 160.120.255.255Class C =192.168.1.0 192.168.1.255

No Change of Particular Classes(common for that)

192.168.1.215

Network ID (Can`t Change) Host Part(Can Change)

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Network ID Host Part.

Class C

Class B

Class A

Write the Network part and Put the “0” to the Host part

192.168.1.

Network IP -192.168.1.0

1st Valued IP =192.168.1.1

192.18.1.4

172.100.1.1

10.1.1.32

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Network ID +1 = 1st Valied IP

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To get network ID

1) 10.10.10.92 Class A

N/W IP =10.0.0.01st Valued IP =10.0.0.1

2)172.16.8.50 Class B

N/W IP =172.16.0.01st Valued IP =172.16.0.1

3) 200.100.42.45 Class C

N/W IP = 200.100.42.01st valued IP =200.100.42.1

10 .10.10.92

172.16 .8.50

.42.45200.100.42

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Last Valued ID

Ex- 192.168.1. =192.168.1.255

B/Cast IP-1 =Last Valued IP

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

IP Address N/W ID 1st Valued ID B/Cast IP Last Valued IP

200.192.111.10(Class C)

200.100.111.0 200.100.111.1 200.100.111.255 200.100.111.254

10.140.112.11(Class A)

10.0.0.0 10.0.0.1 10.255.255.255 10.255.255.254

192.42.50.55(Class C)

192.42.52.0 192.42.52.1 192.42.50.255 192.42.50.254

168.172.221.19(Class B)

168.172.0.0 168.172.0.1 168.172.255.255 168.172.255.254

122.13.140.51 (Class A)

122.0.0.0 122.0.0.1 122.255.255.255 122.255.255.254

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Slash Notations200.100.100.40/24

Total Network bit in this IP1) 200.100.100.0/25 200.100.100.

N/W =200.100.100.128

2)200.100.100.0/26

200.100.100.

N/W =200.100100.192

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 128

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 128+64=192

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IPv6

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IPv6

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is an Internet Protocol version which is

designed to succeed IPv4, the first implementation which is still in

dominant use currently. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-

switched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of

Internet Protocol is the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 was

defined in December 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

with the publication of an Internet standard specification, RFC 2460.

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IPv6 Addressing

The most important feature of IPv6 is a much larger address space than

that of IPv4: addresses in IPv6 are 128 bits long, compared to 32-bit

addresses in IPv4. The very large IPv6 address space supports a total of

2128 (about 3.4×1038) addresses—or approximately 5×1028 (roughly 295)

addresses for each of the roughly 6.8 billion (6.8×109) people alive in

2010.

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IPv6 ADDRESSINGIPv6 addresses are classified into three types:-

•unicast addresses

•anycast addresses

•multicast addresses

Broadcast addresses are not used in IPv6. Each IPv6 address also has a 'scope', which specifies in which part of the network it is valid and unique.

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• Uni cast :- In computer networking, unicast transmission is the

sending of messages to a single network destination host on a packet

switching network.

• Any cast :- Network addressing and routing scheme whereby data is

routed to the topologically "nearest" or "best" node.

• Multicast :-Multicast addressing is a network technology for the delivery

of information to a group of destinations simultaneously using the most

efficient strategy to deliver the messages over each link of the network

only once, creating copies only when the links to the multiple

destinations split.

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IPv6 Header Format

Version Traffic Class Flow Label

Pay Load Length Next Header Hop Limit

Source Address

Destination address

Data

40Octets

Variable Length

32 Bits

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•Version :- 4 bits.IPv6 version number.•Traffic Class :-8 bits. Internet traffic priority delivery value.•Flow Label :- 20 bits. Used for specifying special router handling from source to destination(s) for a sequence of packets.•Payload Length :-16 bits unsigned. Specifies the length of the data in the packet. When cleared to zero, the option is a hop-by-hop Jumbo payload•Next Header :-8 bits.Specifies the next encapsulated protocol. The values are compatible with those specified for the IPv4 protocol field.•Hop Limit :-8 bits unsigned. For each router that forwards the packet, the hop limit is decremented by 1. When the hop limit field reaches zero, the packet is discarded. This replaces the TTL field in the IPv4 header that was originally intended to be used as a time based hop limit.•Source address :-16 bytes. The IPv6 address of the sending node.•Destination address :-16 bytes. The IPv6 address of the destination node.

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IPv6 Interoperability

Two most common techniques to transition from IPv4 to IPv6 are;

Dual Stack IPv6 to IPv4 Tunnels

A third method is to use an extensions of IP network Address Translation (NAT) to translate the IPv4 to an IPv6 address and IPv6 to IPv4.

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Dual Stack

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IPv6 To IPv4 TUNNELS

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Comparison Of IPv6 & IPv4 Feature IPv4 IPv6

Address 32 bits (4 octets) 128 bits (16 octets)

Address Space over 109; possible addresses

over 1038; possible addresses

Packet Header variable size - time-consuming to handle

fixed size (40 octets) - more efficient

Packet Size

•65536 octets maximum •compromise between overhead of smaller packets and line seizure by large ones

•normal packet up to 65536 octets •"jumbogram" - up to 4 billion octets for high-performance computing LANs

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Cont…… Feature IPv4 IPv6

Address Notation (numeric)

dotted decimal notation

hexadecimal with colons and shortcuts (abbreviations); IPv4 addresses a special case

Fragmentation possible multiple step fragmentation, done by routers, impacting routing performance

done at most once, by host (not router), after MTU discovery over the path, improving router performance

Quality of Service defined but not generally used consistently

•flow labeling •priority •support for real-time data and multimedia distribution

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Cont……

Feature IPv4 IPv6

Security

•limited; no authentication or encryption at IP level •(dependence on higher-level protocols; vulnerable to denial-of-service and address deception or "spoofing" attacks

•authentication (validation of packet origin) •encryption (privacy of contents) •requires administration of "security associations" to handle key distribution, etc.

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