Introduction to the Human Body

Anatomy & Physiology Class

Mrs. Leisher

Anatomy: study of the structure, shape, and locations of body parts

Physiology: study of the function of body parts

WHAT IS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY?WHAT IS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY?

Principle of Complementarity of Structure & Function

- This principle states that function reflects structure

Can you think of an example?

ANATOMICAL POSITION Assumed position of body

standing face-front, feet flat on floor facing forward with palms facing forward

Structural level of organization

DIRECTIONAL TERMS Superior/inferior

Anterior/posterior

Medial/lateral

Proximal/distal

Superficial/deep

Systems of the Body1. Integumentary 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic/immune 7. Lymphatic/immune 8. Respiratory 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive9. Digestive

10. Urinary10. Urinary 11. Reproductive11. Reproductive

(Male and female)(Male and female)

Planes: imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body1. Sagittal: divides into right and left

2. Frontal: divides into anterior/posterior

3. Transverse: divides into superior/inferior

Cavities: spaces that protect, separate, and support internal organs

Dorsal:

Cranial

Vertebral

Ventral

Thoracic:

Abdominopelvic: separated from thoracic by diaphragm

IN CLASS ASSIGNMENT: For each system:

Write 1-3 sentences that describe the responsibilities of that system. Then list 2-4 organs/components of that system.

Work on your sentence NOT being just copied from the book. Sufficient, but concise!!!

Illustrate (literal or symbolic)

HOMEOSTASISMaintaining homeostasis is essential for life.

Homeostasis: keeping internal conditions relatively stable

Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids important for homeostasis

Intracellular

Extracellular: EX: blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid

Know examplesHOW IS THIS PICTURE A VISUAL

REPRESENTATION OF HOMEOSTASIS?

Regulated by: The body communicating within itself, constantly regulating the

balance in the body.

the nervous (fast) or endocrine (slow) system

Feedback Systems

A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so.

A disruption that changes a controlled condition (eg temp, blood glucose levels) is called a stimulus

Feedback systems cont. 3 components

Receptor: structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.

EX: nerve endings in finger tips sense temp. change

Control center: sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed.

EX: the brain or nucleus of cell

Effector: structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.

example

body temp. drops sharply (stimulus), detected by your hypothalamus (receptor), your brain (control center) sends nerve impulses (output) to your skeletal muscles (effectors). Results in shivering to generate heat to raise your body temp.

BIG PICTUREHOMEOSTASIS IS REGULATED BY FEEDBACK SYSTEMS!!!!!

_____ disrupts homeostasis

Disruption monitored by

___________ which send a message

______ _____: receives message and provides output

______ bring about a change or response that

alters the controlled condition

Flowchart of a feedback system

Messages sent to

and from the

control center are

either _______

or

______ signals

Negative Feedback Systems Reverses a change in a controlled condition.

EX blood pressure returning to normal after increasing.

Positive Feedback Systems Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled

conditions EX. Normal childbirth

Negative feedback sys.

Positive feedback sys.

Negative feedback sys.

Positive feedback sys.

Chemical and electrical messengers

Have receptorsControl center

effectors

Start with stimulusEnd with response

Reinforces a changeIn a

Controlledcondition

Reinforce events That don’t

HappenVeryoften

Reverses a change In controlled

condition

Regulate more common

conditions

Shut off by outsideevent

Stops as controlledCondition Returns

Tonormal