16
“Introductory Description of Matthew E Mantell Senior Environmental Engineer Hydraulic Fracturing” Matthew E. Mantell - Senior Environmental Engineer September 27, 2011
“Introductory Description of
Matthew E Mantell Senior Environmental Engineer
y pHydraulic Fracturing”
Matthew E. Mantell - Senior Environmental EngineerSeptember 27, 2011
Presentation OverviewKeys to Shale Development
Drilling Animation
Completion (Hydraulic Fracturing) Animation
Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid Systems
Slickwater Fluid Systemy
Linear Gel Fluid System
Linear Gel Hybrid Fluid System
Crosslinked Gel Fluid System Crosslinked Gel Fluid System
Crosslinked Gel Hybrid Fluid System
Closing Thoughts
2
Chesapeake Energy Operating Areasp gy p g
3
Keys to Shale Keys to Shale Development
Keys to Deep Shale Developmenty p p1st Key: Horizontal Drilling
B i ti l ll b t t j t Begins same as vertical well, but turns just above target reservoir zone
Exposes significantly more reservoir rock to well Exposes significantly more reservoir rock to well bore surface versus a traditional vertical well
Major advantage is fewer wells drilled to access j gsame reservoir volume
5
Keys to Deep Shale Developmenty p p2nd Key: Hydraulic Fracturing
Process of creating artificial porosity (fractures) in shale formations deep underground
Water with <2% special high viscosity Water with <2% special high viscosity additives is injected under high pressure to fracture the rock
A “ i g g t” ( ll d i d A “propping agent” (usually sand carried by the water) is pumped into the fractures to keep them from closing when pumping pressure is releasedwhen pumping pressure is released
Oil and/or natural gas can then flow freely from the rock pores through
7
production well to the surface
Hydraulic Fracturing Additives
Typical Deep Shale Gas and Oil Fracturing ProductsFracturing Products
Products are rarely ALL used
Other: <2.0%AcidFriction ReducerWater and Sand:SurfactantGelling AgentScale InhibitorpH Adjusting Agent
Water and Sand: ~98%
BreakerCross LinkerIron ControlCorrosion InhibitorCorrosion InhibitorAntibacterial AgentClay StabilizerNon‐Emulsifier
10
For more information, see the Hydraulic Fracturing Fact Sheet on http://www.hydraulicfracturing.com
Typical Northern Marcellus Shale Fracturing AdditivesFracturing Additives
Products are rarely all used in one shale play
Other: ~ 0.75%AcidFriction ReducerWater and Sand:
Scale Inhibitor
Water and Sand: 99.25%
Iron ControlCorrosion InhibitorCorrosion InhibitorAntibacterial Agent
11
For more information, see the Hydraulic Fracturing Fact Sheet on http://www.hydraulicfracturing.com
Typical Northern Marcellus Shale Fracturing ProductsFracturing Products
Brine,14.00%
Sand,5 00%
Friction Reducer,0.07%
Biocide,
Fresh Water,80.25%
5.00%
Acid Package: 0.6324%Acid (15% HCL): 0.6300%
0.03%
Scale Inhibitor,0.02%
Other,0.752%
Iron Control: 0.0018%Corrosion Inhibitor: 0.0006%
Reported values are calculated as percentage of fracturing fluid by VOLUME
12
For more information, see the Marcellus Shale Hydraulic Fracturing Fact Sheet on http://www.hydraulicfracturing.com
Reported values are calculated as percentage of fracturing fluid by VOLUME
Additives and Common Uses: Slickwater Fluid System
Product Purpose
Base Fluid (Always Used)
Water Expands fracture and deliver sand
Sand (Proppant) Allows the fractures to remain open so oil and gas can escape
y
Sand (Proppant) Allows the fractures to remain open so oil and gas can escape
Anti-Bacterial Agent Eliminates bacteria in the water that can produces corrosive or dangerous (i.e. hydrogen sulfide) by-products
Acid Package (Frequently Used)
Acid Helps dissolve minerals and initiate cracks in the rock
Corrosion Inhibitor Prevents the corrosion of the pipe
Iron Control Prevents precipitation of metal (in pipe)
Optional Additives (Used as-Needed)
Scale Inhibitor Prevents scale deposits in formation and in surface equipmentScale Inhibitor Prevents scale deposits in formation and in surface equipment
Surfactant Decreases surface tension of fluid to aid in fluid recovery
Clay Stabilizer Prevents swelling and expansion of clays and/or shales
Non-Emulsifier Prevents the formation of emulsions (generally only used in liquid / oil rich plays)Non Emulsifier Prevents the formation of emulsions (generally only used in liquid / oil rich plays)
Slickwater Fluid System Additives
Friction Reducer “Slicks” the water to minimize friction
13
Additives and Common Uses: Linear Gel Fluid System
Product Purpose
Base Fluid (Always Used)
Water Expands fracture and deliver sand
Sand (Proppant) Allows the fractures to remain open so oil and gas can escape
y
Sand (Proppant) Allows the fractures to remain open so oil and gas can escape
Anti-Bacterial Agent Eliminates bacteria in the water that can produces corrosive or dangerous (i.e. hydrogen sulfide) by-products
Acid Package (Frequently Used)
Acid Helps dissolve minerals and initiate cracks in the rock
Corrosion Inhibitor Prevents the corrosion of the pipe
Iron Control Prevents precipitation of metal (in pipe)
Optional Additives (Used as-Needed)
Scale Inhibitor Prevents scale deposits in formation and in surface equipmentScale Inhibitor Prevents scale deposits in formation and in surface equipment
Surfactant Decreases surface tension of fluid to aid in fluid recovery
Clay Stabilizer Prevents swelling and expansion of clays and/or shales
Non-Emulsifier Prevents the formation of emulsions (generally only used in liquid / oil rich plays)Non Emulsifier Prevents the formation of emulsions (generally only used in liquid / oil rich plays)
Linear Gel Fluid System Additives
Gelling Agent Increases the viscosity (thickens) the water in order to suspend the sand
Breaker Breaks down the gel to allow the fracturing fluid to be recovered
14
Additives and Common Uses: Linear Gel Hybrid Fluid System
Product Purpose
Base Fluid (Always Used)
Water Expands fracture and deliver sand
Sand (Proppant) Allows the fractures to remain open so oil and gas can escape
y y
Sand (Proppant) Allows the fractures to remain open so oil and gas can escape
Anti-Bacterial Agent Eliminates bacteria in the water that can produces corrosive or dangerous (i.e. hydrogen sulfide) by-products
Acid Package (Frequently Used)
Acid Helps dissolve minerals and initiate cracks in the rock
Corrosion Inhibitor Prevents the corrosion of the pipe
Iron Control Prevents precipitation of metal (in pipe)
Optional Additives (Used as-Needed)
Scale Inhibitor Prevents scale deposits in formation and in surface equipmentScale Inhibitor Prevents scale deposits in formation and in surface equipment
Surfactant Decreases surface tension of fluid to aid in fluid recovery
Clay Stabilizer Prevents swelling and expansion of clays and/or shales
Non-Emulsifier Prevents the formation of emulsions (generally only used in liquid / oil rich plays)Non Emulsifier Prevents the formation of emulsions (generally only used in liquid / oil rich plays)
Linear Gel Hybrid Fluid System Additives
Friction Reducer “Slicks” the water to minimize friction
Gelling Agent Increases the viscosity (thickens) the water in order to suspend the sand
15
Breaker Breaks down the gel to allow the fracturing fluid to be recovered
Additives and Common Uses: Crosslinked Gel Fluid System
Product Purpose
Base Fluid (Always Used)
Water Expands fracture and deliver sand
Sand (Proppant) Allows the fractures to remain open so oil and gas can escape
y
Sand (Proppant) Allows the fractures to remain open so oil and gas can escape
Anti-Bacterial Agent Eliminates bacteria in the water that can produces corrosive or dangerous (i.e. hydrogen sulfide) by-products
Acid Package (Frequently Used)
Acid Helps dissolve minerals and initiate cracks in the rock
Corrosion Inhibitor Prevents the corrosion of the pipe
Iron Control Prevents precipitation of metal (in pipe)
Optional Additives (Used as-Needed)
Scale Inhibitor Prevents scale deposits in formation and in surface equipmentScale Inhibitor Prevents scale deposits in formation and in surface equipment
Surfactant Decreases surface tension of fluid to aid in fluid recovery
Clay Stabilizer Prevents swelling and expansion of clays and/or shales
Non-Emulsifier Prevents the formation of emulsions (generally only used in liquid / oil rich plays)Non Emulsifier Prevents the formation of emulsions (generally only used in liquid / oil rich plays)
Cross-Linked Gel Fluid System Additives
Gelling Agent Increases the viscosity (thickens) the water in order to suspend the sand
Breaker Breaks down the gel to allow the fracturing fluid to be recovered
16
Crosslinker Further increases the viscosity of the gel in order to suspend even more sand
pH Adjusting Agent Aids in providing optimal fluid conditions for other additives (specifically crosslinkers) to work properly
Additives and Common Uses: Crosslinked Gel Hybrid Fluid System
Product Purpose
Base Fluid (Always Used)
Water Expands fracture and deliver sand
Sand (Proppant) Allows the fractures to remain open so oil and gas can escape
y y
Sand (Proppant) Allows the fractures to remain open so oil and gas can escape
Anti-Bacterial Agent Eliminates bacteria in the water that can produces corrosive or dangerous (i.e. hydrogen sulfide) by-products
Acid Package (Frequently Used)
Acid Helps dissolve minerals and initiate cracks in the rock
Corrosion Inhibitor Prevents the corrosion of the pipe
Iron Control Prevents precipitation of metal (in pipe)
Optional Additives (Used as-Needed)
Scale Inhibitor Prevents scale deposits in formation and in surface equipmentScale Inhibitor Prevents scale deposits in formation and in surface equipment
Surfactant Decreases surface tension of fluid to aid in fluid recovery
Clay Stabilizer Prevents swelling and expansion of clays and/or shales
Non-Emulsifier Prevents the formation of emulsions (generally only used in liquid / oil rich plays)Non Emulsifier Prevents the formation of emulsions (generally only used in liquid / oil rich plays)
Cross-Linked Gel Hybrid Frac Additives
Friction Reducer “Slicks” the water to minimize friction
Gelling Agent Increases the viscosity (thickens) the water in order to suspend the sand
17
Breaker Breaks down the gel to allow the fracturing fluid to be recovered
Crosslinker Further increases the viscosity of the gel in order to suspend even more sand
pH Adjusting Agent Aids in providing optimal fluid conditions for other additives (specifically crosslinkers) to work properly
Introductory yDescription of
Hydraulic Fracturing
Matthew E. Mantell, P.E.Senior Environmental EngineerEngineering Technology GroupEngineering Technology Group
Chesapeake Energy Corporation6100 N. Western Avenue ı Oklahoma City, OK 76118 [email protected] ı chk.com ı NYSE: CHK
