Vamac® Ultra
High Viscosity AEM Polymers With Extended Application Possibilities
Klaus Kammerer
Technical Consultant Vamac® & Viton®DuPont Germany
IRC 2009 (June 29 – July 2), Nuremberg, Germany
2
2
Agenda
•Overview on Vamac® ethylene acrylic elastomer (AEM) Products
• Basic Properties of High Viscosity Grades
• Compounding
• Heat & Fluid Ageing
• Compounding Variations
• Curative Level
• Coagent Level
• Plasticiser/Filler Level
• Comparison to other Polymers, Compressive Stress Relaxation
• Exhaust Gas Condensate and Oil/Fuel Test results
• 2K Moulding
3
3
Vamac® Product Line and Developments
Lower oil swell
Best Low T properties
Better properties,faster cure
Higher viscosity
Best Dynamic Flex Fatigue
(Turbo Hoses)
Peroxide Cure
Limited Post-Cure
Vamac® DP (2001)
Vamac® D, DLS (1992-2001)
Vamac® G (1974)
Vamac® GLS (1992)
Vamac® GXF (2003)
Vamac® HVG (2001)
VMX-3038 (developmental, 2009)
Vamac® Ultra LT (VMX-4017, 2007)
Vamac® Ultra IP (VMX-3040, 2007-2008)
VMX-3110 (experimental, 2010)
Best Processing and Compression Set
Properties
High Viscosity Grades
4
4
High Viscosity Grades
Best Compression
Set, Fast Cure, Low
Oil swell
Molded parts with best fluid and
lubricant resistance
Best Dynamic
Fatigue Resistance;
High Temperature Turbo Charger
Hoses
Best Compression
Set, Fast Cure
Low HardnessMolded parts, Seals
& Gaskets, High
pressure hoses
Major Features;
Main Application(s)
Vamac® VMX-311030 MU, -25 °C
Vamac® VMX-303830 MU, -32 °C
Vamac® Ultra IP29 MU, -31 °C
High Viscosity Grade
ML (1+4) 100°C, Tg
Vamac® GLS18.5 MU, -24 °C
Vamac® GXF17.5 MU, -31 °C
Vamac® G16.5 MU, -30 °CStandard Grade
ML (1+4) 100°C, Tg
5
5
Formulations
22Vulcofac® ACT 55
1,21,5DIAKTM No.1
1010Rhenosin® W 759
6060Spheron® SOA SO N-550
1,51,5Stearic Acid
11Vanfre® VAM
0,50,5Armeen® 18 D
22Naugard® 445
100Vamac® Ultra IP
100Vamac® G
- Shorter Carbon Black Incorporation Time (B.I.T.) ���� better dispersion and shorter mixing
time (one-pass mix)
- Significant increase in Compound Mooney Viscosity ���� lower tackiness of compound
sheets and feeding strips
- Increased Scorch Safety (15% longer Ts5)
- Higher MH (+10%), shorter tc 90 (-5%),
- Combination of high MH and tc90 allows for faster demolding and shorter cycle time
Vamac® G vs. Ultra IPMixing, Rheology
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
B.I.T. Comp ML
(1+4,
100°C)
Ts5,
121°C
tc90,
180°C
MH
Vamac® G
Ultra IP
6
6
Injection Molding Trial Results
60-7075-8570-80Cure time @ 180°C
(seconds)
50-55
(abt. 15% reduction)
60-6560-65Cure time @ 190°C
(seconds)
Vamac® Ultra IP
with 1.2 phr Diak® 1
Vamac® Ultra IP
with 1.5 phr
Diak® 1
Vamac® G
with 1.5 phr Diak® 1
Compound #
Compounds were injected on a vertical REP injection molding machine into large CS button
cavities.
Cure time was determined as minimum time to obtain blister-free vulcanisate & no deformation of parts demolded.
7
7
O-Ring DemoldingTrials
• Specially designed, self deflashing 120 cavity compression mold• Cavities arranged in 2 sets of 60 to permit side by side demolding
evaluations• O-ring cavities with high surface area to promote demolding
difficulties
• Barwell extruder to make rod pre-form• Loading frame to position pre-form
• Air line to blow parts off mold (no physical contact)
Test Conditions:• Mold is cleaned thoroughly before testing
• Mold pressure = 110 bars• Mold temperature = 190°C
• Cure time = 90 seconds• Mold is not cleaned during test
- No. of O-rings sticking to the mold is counted & reported
8
8
O-Ring Compression Test
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Number of Shots
No
. o
f O
-rin
gs
Sti
ck
ing
Vamac® G
Vamac® Ultra IP
Less mold fouling
O-Ring DemoldingTrials
9
9
-Significant Improvement of Compression Set, especially acc. to PV3307 (VW)
Vamac® GLS vs. VMX-3110Compression Set
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Vamac® GLS VMX-3110
CS
et
in %
Cset, ISO 815 (6mm plied), 70h@150°C
VW PV3307, 22h@150°C
Cset Daimler (VDA67521B), 22h@150°C
Compound ingredients:100 phr Polymer, standard Process Aid and Antioxidant level,
60 phr FEF black, 10 phr Rhenosin® W759, 2 phr Vulcofac® ACT 55, 1.75 phr DIAKTM No.1
���� Question: What happens at reduced curative level ?
10
10
Diamine Curative (DIAKTM No.1) Reduction
-Similar CSet resistance at ~30% Curative reduction ���� Compound cost reduction
-Vamac® Ultra IP and VMX-3038: ~20% Curative reduction possible
Vamac® GLS vs. VMX-3110Compression Set
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Vamac® GLS, 1.75 phr
DIAK 1
VMX-3110, 1.75 phr
DIAK 1
VMX-3110, 1.25 phr
DIAK 1
CS
et
in %
Cset, ISO 815 (6mm plied), 70h@150°C
VW PV3307, 22h@150°C
Cset Daimler (VDA67521B), 22h@150°C
11
11
- Higher Crosslink density, Shorter cure time
- Hardness reduction ���� addition of Carbon Black Possible ���� Savings
- Tensile Strength Improvement ~ 10%
- Elongation Improvement ~40%
- Tear Strength Improvement ~ 20%
24,630,128,2Tear Strength Die C (N/mm)
200279232Elongation (%)
16,618,018,3Tensile Strength (MPa)
777475Hardness (Sh. A, 1 sec.), 6 mm plied
Cure 5 min. at 180 °C, Post-Cure 4 h @ 175°C
6,75,66,9tc90 (min)
13,914,817,9MH (dNm)
MDR 180 °C / 0.5deg / 12 min
Vamac® GLS
1,751,251,75Rubber Chem DIAKTM No.1
Reduction of Curative Level
VMX-3110
12
12
-Strain-Stress properties and Tear Strength at 150°C significantly improved
� Advantages in Processing (Demoulding)
���� Better stability of finished parts in the application itself
Variation of Curative Level
Physical Properties measured at 150°C
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Tensile Elongation Tear Die C
Vamac® GLS
VMX-3110, 1.75 DIAK No.1
VMX-3110, 1.25 DIAK No.1
13
13
-15,6-13TR 70 (°C)
-30,5-30TR 10 (°C)
-31,7-31,2Tg by DSC (°C)
VMX-3110Vamac® GLS
Low Temperature Properties
Slightly better low T properties forVMX-3110, especially in retractiontemperature when further away
from Tg
Compound ingredients:100 phr Polymer, standard Process Aid and Antioxidant level, 60 phr FEF black, 10 phr Rhenosin® W759, 1.75 phr DIAKTM No. 1, 2 phr Vulcofac® ACT 55
2Vulcofac® ACT 55
1.5DiakTM No. 1
20Rhenosin® W 759
20SRF N-772
50FEF N-550
1.5Stearic acid
1.5Vanfre® VAM
0.5Armeen® 18 D
2Naugard® 445
100Vamac® Ultra IP
Formulation to meet VW TL52293 (ACM Cam Cover Gaskets):
51CSet PV3307, 22h@150°C (%)
- 44Tg by DSC (°C)
2.7Weight Change (%)
6Volume Change (%)
Fluid Ageing in Lubrizol OS204306
335Elongation (%)
14.9Tensile Strength (MPa)
2.9M100% (MPa)
63Hardness (Sh.A) High viscosityVamac® grades
allow addition of more plasticizer
���� Outstanding
low T flexibilityto matchrequirements for
sealing materialsin contact with
low viscositylubricants
14
14
Compounds without plasticizer
- Better property retention for Vamac® Ultra IP
- Little to no Hardness and Modulus Change
- Compounds with tighter x-link density maintain properties better
Heat AgeingVamac® G vs. Ultra IP
-35-24-40Elongation Change (%)
-34-21-30Tensile Strength Change (%)
11629M 100% Change (%)
-3-13Hardness change (pts)
Heat ageing 168 h @ 190 °°°°C
-35-20-54Elongation Change (%)
-40-21-51Tensile Strength Change (%)
51332M 100% Change (%)
015Hardness change (pts)
Ultra IP /
low DIAKTM
No.1Ultra IPVamac® GHeat ageing 504 h @ 175 °°°°C
15
152,62,72,4Peak rate (dNm/min)
6,55,96,4t90 (min)
2,262,192,16t50 (min)
1,21,21,3tS 2 (min)
9,29,17,5MH (dNm)
0,70,650,34ML (dNm)
MDR, 12 min. at 180 °C
1Vulcofac® ACT55
2,52,52,5Rhenogran® DPG 80%
22Ekaland® DOTG / C
1,251,251,25Rubber chem Diak™ No.1
222Rhenosin® W759
454545Spheron® SOA N-550
111Vanfre® VAM
111Stearic acid
222Naugard® 445
100100Vamac® VMX-3038
100Vamac® GXF
Heat AgeingVamac® GXF vs. VMX-3038
Formulations (65 Shore A, Turbo Charger Hose)
16
16
Heat ageing 94 h @ 200 °C
2510Hardness Change (pts)
-2342M 50% Change (%)
13,211,99,3Tensile Strength (MPa)
388363232Elongation %
DeMattia Cut Growth at 150 °C (5 Hz) after Heat ageing 94 h @ 200°C
2555127535Median of 5 samples
2683101959Average of 5 samples
647575C.Set VW PV 3307, 22 h @ 175 C after 5 s (%)
477521484Elongation %
18,417,415,8Tensile Strength (Mpa)
1,71,61,4M 50% (Mpa)
666464Hardness (shore A, 1 sec)
VMX-3038VMX-3038Vamac®
GXFCure 10 min. at 180 °C & PC 4h / 175 °C
Heat AgeingVamac® GXF vs. VMX-3038
- VMX-3038 has better initial properties
- VMX-3038 shows very stable Modulus and Hardness after ageing
- VMX-3038 shows better retention of properties
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17
Other compound ingredients:100 phr VMX-3110, standard process aid level, 60 phr FEF black, 10 phr W759, 1.75 phr DIAKTM No.1
- Increase of Vulcofac® ACT 55 increases cure speed and allows shorter cure cycles
- Further improvement of CS by higher Vulcofac® ACT 55 level
31,828,229,9Tear Die C (N/mm)
212325CS Daimler (VDA 675216B), 22 h 150°C, 6mm plied disks, cooled in clamps for 2h, %
353942Compression Set PV3307 (22 h @ 150°C), %
192120Compression set ISO 815 (6mm plied pips), 70h @ 150 °C, %
232232271Elongation %
17,018,318,8Tensile Strength (MPa)
757575Hardness (Sh. A, 1 sec.), 6 mm plied
Cure 5 min. at 180 °C & PC 4 h @ 175°C
5,96,97,6tc90 (min)
19,217,915,9MH (dNm)
MDR 180 °C / 0.5deg / 12 min
7,68,610,1Scorch @ 121°C, TS5 (min)
3 phr2 phr1 phrVulcofac® ACT 55
VMX-3110 - Variation of Coagent Level
18
18
Hardness maintained by increasing Carbon Black100 phr VMX-3110, standard process aid level, 1.75 phr DIAKTM No.1, 2 phr ACT 55
26,325,822,3Tear Die C (N/mm)
0,56,111,6Volume Change after 504 h @ 160 in Lubrizol OS204306 (%)
4,53,6-1,0Hardness Change (pts) after heat ageing 168h @ 175°C
282015Compression set ISO 815 (6mm plied pips), 70h @ 150 °C
262269273Elongation (%)
15,818,121,1Tensile Strength (MPa)
5,96,17,8M 100% (MPa)
717070Hardness (Sh. A, 1 sec.), 6 mm plied
Cure 5 min. at 180 °C & PC 4h @ 175 °C
6,96,847,44tc90 (min)
13,615,419,4MH (dNm)
MDR 180 °C / 0.5deg / 12 min
48,258,186,7Mooney ML (1+4) @ 100 °C on compound
20100Rhenosin® W 759
615143Spheron® SOA SO N-550
VMX-3110 - Variation of Plasticizer level
19
19
Vamac® Ultra IP vs. ACM
-4
49
142
-26
0.2
-2
23
177
-39
10.3
CASTROL SLX III, AGING 504h at 160°C
Hardness Change (pts)
M50% change (%)
Eb (%)
Eb change (%)
Volume change (%)
79
2.5
8.1
191
13.9
16
19.4
286
78
3
17.6
290
26.7
19
43.6
133
ORIGINAL PROPERTIES
Hardness (Shore A)
M50%
Tb (MPa)
Eb%
Delft Tear, Fmax (N/mm)
CS (168h @ 150C), 12mm buttons
Resilience (ISO 4662)
Sandpaper Abrasion (mm^3)
12
59
-17
9
43
-32
HEAT AGING, 168h at 190°C
Hardness Change (pts)
M50% change (%)
Eb change (%)
HT-ACMUltra IP
After ageing:Better hardness and modulus retention than ‘HT ACM’.
Original properties:Vamac® Ultra IP shows significant
higher Elongation (+54%), Tear resistance (+48%) and Abrasion
resistance vs. ‘HT-ACM’ at similar CSet.Ultra IP with best Abrasion Resistance of all AEM grades.
2Vulcofac® ACT 55
0.61.2DIAKTM No.1
2Ekaland® DOTG/C
1010Rhenosin® W 759
8565Spheron® SO N550
11Vanfre® VAM
1.51.5Stearic acid
0.50.5Armeen® 18D
22Naugard® 445
100HT-ACM No. 12
100Vamac® Ultra IP
20
20
Compressive Stress Relaxation in Air
Acc. To ISO 3384
Shawbury Wallace
Test Equipment
Cylindrical Specimen,
6 mm high, 13 mm
diameter
Force Retention Ranking: Vamac® Ultra IP > Vamac® G >> HT ACM
CSR in Air at 150°C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Time (h)
Fo
rce R
ete
nti
on
(%
)
Vamac® G (78 Sh. A)
Ultra IP (79 Sh. A)
Ultra IP (61 Sh. A)
HT-ACM (79 Sh. A)
21
21
After one week, Vamac® Ultra IP shows more than double force retention level vs. HT ACM at same hardness level.
CSR in Engine OilCastrol Longlife 2
Acc. To ISO 3384
Shawbury Wallace
Test Equipment
Cylindrical Specimen,
6 mm high, 13 mm
diameter
OIL AGING (Castrol SLX LL III / 150°C)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Time (h)
Fo
rce
Re
ten
tio
n (
%)
Vamac® G (78 Sh. A)
Ultra IP (79 Sh. A)
Ultra IP (61 Sh. A)
HT-ACM (79 Sh. A)
1 WEEK
ACM
new AEM
22
22
Ranking: Vamac® Ultra IP>Vamac® G>> HT ACM
CSR in Transmission FluidDexron VI
Acc. To ISO 3384
Shawbury Wallace
Test Equipment
Cylindrical Specimen,
6 mm high, 13 mm
diameter
OIL AGING (Dexron® VI / 150°C)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Time (h)
Fo
rce R
ete
nti
on
(%
)
Vamac® G (78 Shore A)
Ultra IP (79 Shore A)
Ultra IP (61 Shore A)
HT-ACM (79 Shore A)
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23
Exhaust Gas Condensate Tests
Some OEMs have specified their EGC.
We have tested AEM and ACM in such Condensates, in closed Lab Autoclaves,
filled 50% with Condensates
Two sets of specimen are tested in the autoclavs:
liquid phase & gas phase
Compounds of Vamac® have been successfully used for many years in applications in
contact with Blow-By condensates. New environmental regulations that have to be met with EURO V and VI will make exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) necessary. In some areas, higher acid levels from exhaust gas
condensates (EGC) may be expected.
24
24
EGC ContentsOEM #1 & OEM #2
EGR solution (pH =3.3) defined by OEM #1
1122.8140.00NaOH
1801.8398.1H2SO4
90.1463.0HNO3
2474.2358.4NaCl
500.8658.1KF
mg/lmmol/lmg/mmol
requestedrequested
ConcentrationConcentrationMW
OEM #1 EGR chemical composition: only mineral acid
OEM #2 EGR chemical composition: blend of mineral + organic acid
EGR solution (pH =3.0) defined by OEM #2
79110.6874.1CH3CH2COOH
113524.6646.0HCOOH
750.57132.1(NH4)2SO4
350.4480.0NH4NO3
2743.5677.1CH3CO2NH4
mg/lmmol/lmg/mmol
requestedrequested
ConcentrationConcentrationMW
25
25
Formulations & Original Properties
SealSealHoseSealHoseApplication
275407448293347Elongation at Break (%)
9.317.518.614.915.1Tensile Strength (MPa)
5158646066Hardness (Shore A)
Cure & Post-Cure
4Hytemp® SR 50
2Hytemp® NPC 50
4Sodium Stearate
2.52.5Rhenogran® DPG 80
2121Vulcofac® ACT 55
1.21.251.51.25DiakTM No 1
1021010Plasticizer
5540454060Spheron® SO A N 550
2Struktol® WB 222
11.51.51.51.5Stearic acid
1111Vanfre® VAM
0.50.50.5Armeen® 18D
22222Naugard® 445
Standard ACMVamac® Ultra IPVMX-3038Vamac® GLSVamac® GPolymer (100 phr each)
26
26
1
100
71
101 99
8
-3
101
1090
100100 97100
75
6160
-7-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Hardness change
(points)
Tensile (%) Elongation (%) Volume Swell (%)
Vamac® G
Vamac® GLS
Vamac® Ultra IP
VMX-3038
Standard ACM
EGC liquid contact, 168 h @ 90°C
% o
f o
rig
ina
l va
lue
Condensate of OEM #1Temperature Variation
3
113
63
105
90
7
-3
105 101
11
106
91
3 7
100
-8
68
94
59
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Hardness change
(points)
Tensile (%) Elongation (%) Volume Swell (%)
Vamac® G
Vamac® GLS
Vamac® Ultra IP
VMX-3038
Standard ACM
EGR liquid contact, 168 h @ 120°C
% o
f o
rig
ina
l va
lue
All AEM grades show excellent
retention of properties and low volume swell.
ACM shows high property loss and nearly doubled volume of
the test slabs.
27
27
-3
114
70
112104
7
-5
113
1081
104105106113
84
5969
-7-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Hardness change
(points)
Tensile (%) Elongation (%) Volume Swell (%)
Vamac® G
Vamac® GLS
Vamac® Ultra IP
VMX 3038
Standard ACM
Liquid Phase, 168 h @ 90°C
% o
f o
rig
ina
l va
lue
EGC of OEM #2Liquid & Gas phase
-6
96
11
-4
102 99
11
-6
104112
9
93 99
-5
11
100
-7
80
38
76
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Hardness
change (points)
Tensile (%) Elongation (%) Volume Swell (%)
Vamac® G
Vamac® GLS
Vamac® Ultra IP
VMX 3038
Standard ACM
Gas Phase, 168 h @ 90°C
% o
f o
rig
ina
l va
lue
All AEM grades show excellent retention of properties and low
volume swell in every condition.
ACM shows high property loss and volume swell when totally
immersed in the liquid phase.
Samples kept in the gas phase also show significant impact
caused by the EGC even at 90°C.
28
28
Liquid Phase, 1008 h @ 90°C
0
115106
12
-7
72
59
123
14
0
94106
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Hardness change
(points)
Tensile (%) Elongation (%) Volume Swell (%)
Vamac® G
Vamac® GLS
ACM
% o
f o
rig
ina
l va
lue
Condensate of OEM #2Long term exposure
1
95 94
7
-9
8174
66
106 105
013
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Hardness change
(points)
Tensile (%) Elongation (%) Volume Swell (%)
Vamac® G
Vamac® GLS
ACM
Gas Phase, 1008 h @ 90°C
% o
f o
rig
ina
l va
lue
Fluids were exchanged weekly.
Vamac® with excellent
retention of properties and low swell.
ACM with extreme volume swell in the liquid phase, and
very high swell in the gas phase. Significant property
loss.
29
29
New test specifications include elastomer testing in Oil / Fuel blends, very often in a 90% /
10% blending ratio. Fuels comprise biofuels like Ethanol.
AEM shows advantages over ACM in Compressive Stress Relaxation Tests in Oil / Fuel blends.
Oil / Fuel Blends
CSR
(SF105 W/ 10% CE85)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Hours at RT
Re
tain
ed
Se
ali
ng
Fo
rce
Vamac G
Vamac GLS
AR-12
Vamac® G
Vamac® GLS
‚HT-ACM‘
30
30
2K Molding
Zytel® FE 270056/ Vamac® Ultra IP specimen(2.5 mm/2.5mm thickness) made with 2K technology
Engel injection press model ES 500H 200L /175 HL-2F
Direct overmolding of thermoplastic parts by elastomers is a growing area of applications.DuPont developed a special PA66 with 35% glass fibre suitable for engine applications that
bonds to Vamac® polymers without need for a bonding promoter���� Zytel® FE 270056
Tests on 2 K equipment were run in our Technical Centre.
Vamac® Ultra based compounds were run in automatic demolding mode with cure times of < 45 seconds
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31
� New, high viscosity AEM Ultra polymers offer significant advantages compared to standard Vamac® grades
� High compound viscosity and longer Scorch times allow for better dispersion and may cut mixing cycle ���� one-pass mix
� Faster Cure and cleaner molding processes
� Higher viscosity and faster cure allow for more compounding possibilities
� Better physical properties open new opportunities
� Tensile, Elongation, Tear, Heat Resistance � high T, high pressure hoses (power
steering?)
� Abrasion Resistance � Shaft Seals
� Faster cure � better suitable for combinations with thermoplastic parts
� Bright/Colored Compounds with better processing and properties
� Good Blow-By and Exhaust Gas Condensate Resistance make standard Vamac® and Ultra grades a good candidate for exhaust recycling loops
� Blending of Ultra Grades with standard grades may be possible at variuosratios for optimum price/performance ratio
�More polymer developments ongoing
Summary
Thank YOU !!!
For your attention
and if you have any questions….
www.dupontelastomers.com
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33
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implied, and assume no liability in connection with any use of this information. As with any material, evaluation of any compoundunder end-use conditions prior to specification is essential. Nothing herein is to be taken as a license to operate or a recommendationto infringe on patents. While the information presented here is accurate at the time of publication, specifications can change. Pleasecheck www.dupontelastomers.com for the most up-to-date information.
Caution: Do not use in medical applications involving permanent implantation in the human body. For other medical applications,discuss with your DuPont Performance Elastomers customer service representative and read Medical Caution StatementH-69237.
Dexron® is a registered trademark of General Motors.Vamac® is a registered trademark of DuPont and is brought to market by DuPont Performance Elastomers.DuPont™ and Zytel® are trademarks and registered trademarks of DuPont and its affiliates.Spheron® is a registered tradmark of Cabot Corporation.Naugard® is a registered trademark of Uniroyal.Armeen® is a registered trademark of Akzo Nobel.Vanfre® is a registered trademark of R.T. Vanderbilt.Castrol® is a registered trademark of Castrol, Ltd.Lubrizol® is a registered trademark of Lubrizol Corporation.Di-Cup® is a registered trademark of Hercules Powder Company.Dexron® is a registered trademark of General Motors.Vulcofac® is a registered trademark of Safic-Alcan.Struktol® is a registered trademark of Schill & Seilacher.Rhenogran® and Rhenosin® are registered trademarks of Rheinchemie.DIAK™ is a trademark of DuPont Performance Elastomers
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