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1 Kingdom Monera
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Kingdom Monera
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BACTERIA
Bacteria - small one celled monerans
Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment
They are found almost everywhere:
-water -air
-soil -food
-skin -inside the body
-on most objects
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Spiral: spirilla rod-shaped:
bacilli, bacillus
Round: cocci
3 Shapes of Bacteria
Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups:
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3 Shapes of Bacteria
Bacillus anthracis – (bacillus)
Neisseria meningitidis (coccus)
Leptospira interrogans – (spirilla)
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7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
•Capsule
•Cell wall
•Ribosomes
•Nucleoid
•Flagella
•Pilli
•Cytoplasm
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Capsule
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
keeps the cell from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells
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Cell wall
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
Thick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell
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Ribosomes
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
cell part where proteins are made Ribosomes give the cytoplasm of bacteria a granular appearance in electron micrographs
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Nucleoid
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
a ring made up of DNA
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Flagella
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
a whip-like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion
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7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
Amimation of E.coli
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Pilli
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
hollow hair-like structures made of protein
allows bacteria to attach to other cells. Pilli-singular Pillus-plural
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Cytoplasm
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
clear jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell
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•Binary Fission- the process of one organism dividing into two organisms
•Fission is a type of asexual reproduction
Reproduction of Bacteria
How?... The one main (circular) chromosome makes a copy of itself Then it divides into two
•Asexual reproduction- reproduction of a living thing from only one parent
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BINARY FISSION
Bacteria dividing Completed
Reproduction of Bacteria
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•The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the conditions are
•Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions
•Some can reproduce every 20 minutes (one bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours)
Reproduction of Bacteria
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Bacterial Cell & Nucleiod DNA Ring
DNA replication
Cell wall synthesis
Cell separation
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Bacteria Survival
Endospore- •a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell
•they are the major cause of food poisoning
•they can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions
•it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm
•allows the bacteria to survive for many years
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Bacillus subtilis
Endospore-the black section in the middle
highly resistant structures
can withstand radiation, UV light, and boiling at 120oC for 15 minutes.
Bacteria Survival
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2 TYPES OF BACTERIA:
•Bacteria - consumer
-Get food from an outside source
•Blue-green Bacteria - autotrophic
-Make their own food
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Bacteria Survival – Food sources
parasites – bacteria that feed on living things
saprophytes – use dead materials for food
(exclusively)
decomposers – get food from breaking down
dead matter into simple chemicals
important- because they send minerals
and other materials back into the soil so
other organisms can use them
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Harmful Bacteria
• some bacteria cause diseases •Animals can pass diseases to humans Communicable Disease – Disease passed from one organism to another This can happen in several ways: •Air •Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush •Drinking water that contains bacteria
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Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas)
Harmful Bacteria
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Helpful Bacteria
•Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow •Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay •Most are used to make antibiotics •Some bacteria help make insulin •Used to make industrial chemicals
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E.coli on small intestines
Helpful Bacteria
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•Used to treat sewage
Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria,
used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no
longer present to produce odors, sludge,
pollution, or unsightly mess.
•foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese,
sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria
that grows in milk
Helpful Bacteria
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Controlling Bacteria
3 ways to control bacteria:
1) Canning- the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria
•endospores are killed during this process
2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria
3) Dehydration- removing water from food
•Bacteria can’t grow when H2O is removed
•example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal
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Controlling Bacteria Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants
Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things
•means – “against infection”
Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash
Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things
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Agar petri dishes demonstrating zone of inhibition = area surrounding disk where bacteria have stopped growing due to substance on disk
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BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA
Autotrophs – make their own food through photosynthesis
commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams
larger than most bacterial cells
Some live in salt water, snow, and acid water of hot springs
food source for animals that live in the water
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BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA
Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water
can be toxic to humans and animals
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Bacteria Survival
Endospore- •a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell •it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm •They can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions •Allows the bacteria to survive for many years
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Bacteria Survival – Food sources
parasites – bacteria that feed on living things
saprophytes – use dead materials for food
decomposers – get food from breaking down
dead matter into simple chemicals
important- because they send minerals
and other materials back into the soil so
other organisms can use them
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Harmful Bacteria
• some bacteria cause diseases •Animals can pass diseases to humans Communicable Disease – Disease passed from one organism to another This can happen in several ways: •Air •Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush •Drinking water that contains bacteria
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Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas)
Harmful Bacteria
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Helpful Bacteria
•Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow •Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay •Most are sued to make antibiotics •Some bacteria help make insulin •Used to make industrial chemicals
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E.coli on small intestines
Helpful Bacteria
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Controlling Bacteria
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BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA
Make their own food through photosynthesis
Bigger than most bacterial cells
Commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams
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BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA
It can be toxic to humans and animals
Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water
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Bacillus anthracis - rod, vegetative stage prokaryote (bacterium) Image Number: 21185A
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Neisseria meningitidis - coccus prokaryote (bacterium) Image Number: 97214E
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Leptospira interrogans - spiral shaped prokaryote (spirochete)
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Strep animation http://www.hybridmedicalanimation.com/pages/jjani_qt/strep_pneumo_qt.html
Ecoli movement animatoin http://www.hybridmedicalanimation.com/pages/jjani_qt/ecoli_qt.html
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Ecoli movement animatoin http://www.hybridmedicalanimation.com/pages/jjani_qt/ecoli_qt.html
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HIV movie http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/Video/HIV.mov
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