K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD Executive Summary This project is carried out in Dharwad Milk Union, which is a part of Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF). KMF is a co-operative apex body in the state of Karnataka representing dairy farmer’s organization and also implementing dairy development activities to achieve the dairy objectives. KMF has 13 Milk unions and D.M.U. is one among the 13 unions. The project helps to study the practice in working capital by D.M.U. in the past years and to calculate management’s performance in the past five years. A working capital plays an important role in the successful operation of business activities. The need for working capital is very necessary for any business house. Working capital is a matter of top priority, as it has a light on liquidity, solvency and profitability. 1 | Page
Transcript
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Executive Summary
This project is carried out in Dharwad Milk Union, which is a part of Karnataka Milk
Federation (KMF). KMF is a co-operative apex body in the state of Karnataka representing
dairy farmer’s organization and also implementing dairy development activities to achieve
the dairy objectives. KMF has 13 Milk unions and D.M.U. is one among the 13 unions. The
project helps to study the practice in working capital by D.M.U. in the past years and to
calculate management’s performance in the past five years.
A working capital plays an important role in the successful operation of business
activities. The need for working capital is very necessary for any business house. Working
capital is a matter of top priority, as it has a light on liquidity, solvency and profitability.
This study is undertaken to analyse the firm’s liquidity and to test firm’s efficiency in
utilization of its current assets and resources.
Title of the Project:
“A Study to analyse the firm’s liquidity and to test firm’s efficiency in utilization
of its current assets and resources at Dharwad Milk Union”
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K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Objectives of the study:
To examine the establishment, organization and operational dimensions of the D.M.U.
To know the liquidity position of the firm.
To examine the management performance in components of ratio analysis.
To know how actually finance department works.
To test firm’s efficiency in utilization of its assets and resources.
Need of the study:
The study is undertaken to know the present liquidity position and working of the
Dharwad Milk Union, Dharwad. This project will throw light on firm’s competitiveness with
other firms and on the financial position. It also helps to know whether D.M.U. has properly
utilized its resources and assets.
The scope of the study is limited to financial aspects of the “Dharwad Milk Union”.
Limitations of the Study:
1. As this an academic efforts, it is limited by time, cost and coverage.
2. This study covers only a part of Dharwad Milk Union.
3. The present study covers only 3 years financial data.
4. It covers only annual reports of the firm.
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Research Methodoly
Research methodology is nothing but systematic investigation and study of sources &
materials. It establishes facts and helps in making conclusions.
Measurement Techniques / Statistical Tools
Accounting Ratios.
Financial Statements of the Company.
Sources of Data:
The data has been collected from both primary sources as well as secondary sources.
Primary Sources:
Primary data are the data gathered at first hand. It is collected by direct interviews and
discussing the subject matter with the management, staff employees and academicians.
Secondary Sources:
Secondary data are the data that have been compiled or derived from other sources
meant for some other purpose. It is collected from book records maintained by administration
department, published books and also collected from the trading and profit and loss accounts
and balance sheets of last 3 years of D.M.U.
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Industry Profile
Dairy Industry In India
The dairy industry plays an important role in the socio-economic development of India.
The dairy industry in India is instrumental in providing cheap nutritional food to the vast
population of India and also generates huge employment opportunities for people in rural
places.
The Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying, and Fisheries, which falls under the
central Ministry of Agriculture, is responsible for all the matters relating to dairy
development in the country. This department provides advice to the state governments and
Union Territories in formulating programmes and policies for dairy development. It also
looks after all the matters relating to production and preservation of livestock farms (cattle
and sheep). To keep focus on the dairy industry, a premier institution known as the National
Dairy Development Board was established. This institution is a statutory body that was
established in 1987. The main aim to set up the board was to accelerate the pace of dairy
development in the country and attract new investments.
India is a wonderland for investors looking for investment opportunities in the dairy
industry. The dairy industry of India holds great potential for investment and promises high
returns to the investors.
The reasons why the industry has huge potential for attracting new foreign
investment are:
There is a basic raw material needed for the dairy industry; that is, milk is available in
abundance.
India has a plentiful supply of technically skilled labourers.
There is an easy availability of technological infrastructure.
India has all the key elements required for a free market system.
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There are different sectors within the dairy industry that promise great business
investment opportunities:
Biotechnology:
The Indian cattle yield less milk as compared to their foreign counterparts. The Indian
cattle breeders are on the lookout for ways to improve their milk yield through cross-
breeding. Thus, there is a huge potential available for foreign investors to invest in dairy
cattle breeding of high-quality buffaloes with hybrid cows.
There is also great scope for investment in different dairy cultures, including dairy
biologics, enzymes, probiotics, and other coloring materials for food processing.
Producing biopreservative ingredients based on dairy fermentation, such as
pediococcin, aciophilin, bulgarican, and Nisin contained in dairy powder, also promise great
investment opportunity.
Dairy/Food Processing Equipment:
Great potential lies for foreign investment for manufacturing and marketing of cost-
effective, top-quality food processing machinery.
Food Packaging Instruments:
There is a tremendous investment opportunity for foreign investors in the
manufacturing of both machinery and packaging materials that aid the development of brand
loyalty and gives a clear edge in the marketing of dairy products.
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Retailing:
Retailing of dairy products also promises great investment opportunities for
standardization and upgrading dairy products in the main metropolitan cities.
Manufacture of Ingredients:
Several ingredients are involved in the making of different dairy products like ghee,
condensed milk, and cheese. Manufacturing of ingredients for these products offers a great
potential for foreign investment.
Finished Products:
There is a great scope for investment in the manufacturing of finished dairy products
such as cheese sauce and cheese powders.
Technically Advanced Manufacturing Units:
There is a great opportunity for foreign investors to invest in establishing
manufacturing units for dairy products. The investors can build world-class manufacturing
units and let them for hire. Building manufacturing units supports specialized dairy-related
activities, such as cheese slicing, cheese packaging, butter printing, and dicing lines, which
hold greater potential over other activities.
Thus, the dairy industry in India has huge investment opportunities in a variety of
sectors. The investors are all set to gain profitable returns on their investment.
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Industry Profile
HISTORY:
Development Of Dairy Industry In India
During the pre-independence era, there was no serious thought given to dairy industry.
In 1886, the department of defence of the British Government established the dairy farms for
the supply of milk to the British troops in Allahabad. Later, in 1920 a series of steps were
taken by Mr. William Smith, an expert in dairy forming to improve the milk production.
There was discrimination done to the Indians. Hence, this led to the rise of the first milk
union in India in Lucknow, in 1937, called “The Lucknow Milk Producer’s Co-operative
Union Ltd”.
The diary and animal husbandry received attention after the independence. There were
lot of progressive steps taken by the government through five-year plans. Indian councils for
the agriculture research mostly drew up these plans.
Further, our late Prime Minister Lal Bahaddur Shastri felt the need for setting up co-
operative society throughout the country for the sake of rural development. This led to the
formation of “National Dairy Development Board” in 1965. This board was registered under
the Societies Registration Act and The Public Trust Act, having its office at Anand, Gujarat.
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National Dairy Development Board NDDB:
The NDDB was founded to replace exploitation with empowerment transition, with
modernity, with growth transforming dairy making an instrument for the development of
India’s people.
The NDDB was established in 1965, the board registered under the Societies
Registration Act and the public trust Act fulfilling the desire of the Prime Minister of India,
the late Lal Bahaddur Shastri to extend the number of the Kaira Co-operative milk producers
union (AMUL) to other parts of India. Dr Vergese Kurien was the founder chairman. The
success combined the wisdom and energy of farmers with professional management to
successful capture of liquid milk and milk product markets while supporting farmer’s
investment with inputs & services.
The Growth:
NDDB began its operations with the mission of making dairying a vehicle to a better
future for millions of gross tools milk producers. The mission has achieved to make India
become the world’s largest milk producing country.
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Objectives of NDDB:
To sponsor, promote, manage, acquire, construct or control any plant or work which
promotes projects of general public utility relation to dairying.
To make information available on request to technical services to increase production
of milk.
To prepare initial feasibility studies of dairying and other dairy related projects and
undertake subsequent designing planning and start up those projects.
To undertake research and development programmes related to production and
marketing of milk and milk products.
To provide assistance for exchange of information to other international agencies.
Services rendered by NDDB:
Planning dairy and rural development projects.
Organization of farmer co-operative societies.
Setting up dairy and cattle feed plants.
Manpower planning and training.
Applied research and development.
Implementation of milk production enhancement programme.
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Introduction to Karnataka Milk
Federation
The first diary in Karnataka was started in Kudige in Kodagu district in 1955.In 1975,
the World Bank aided dairy development was initiated. The present Karnataka Milk
Federation (KMF) came into existence in 1984 as a result of merging of Karnataka Dairy
Development Co-operation, small co-operatives and Karnataka Milk Producers Development
and loose vendors. The Karnataka Milk Federation is an apex body in the state of Karnataka
representing dairy organization and also implementing dairy development activities to
achieve the dairy objectives.
The KMF implements all the project activities. After all project activities are
accomplished, the Federation aims at formulating Marketing strategies in marketing the milk
and milk products.
The KMF performs the following functions:
The foremost function of KMF is to co-ordinate the activities between the Unions and
also in making market available so that the production increases.
The federation also manages to market milk and milk products outside the state.
It manages surpluses and deficiencies of liquid milk among the milk unions and helps
in dispatching the milk and milk products at reasonable price.
Training and development of senior managerial personnel, acquiring and applying all
recent technologies, prescribing quality guidelines and norms.
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Provides balanced cattle feed, mineral mixture, frozen semen straws and liquid
nitrogen reproduced.
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
The Growth Process:
The growth over the years and activities undertaken by Karnataka Milk
Federation (KMF) is summarized briefly here :
Particulars Unit 1976 - 77 2009 - 10
Dairy Co-operatives Numbers 416 11520
Membership Numbers 37,000 20,19,265
Milk Procurement Kgs/Day 50,000 31,23,551/
72,460(DMU) per
day
Milk Sales Liters/Day 95,050 23,23,03,026
Cattle feed consumed Kgs/DCS 220 3160
Daily Payments to Farmers Rs in (Lakhs) 0.90 354
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Turnover Rs in (Crs) Not Available 2,850
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Units of KMF:
I. Mother Dairy, Yelahanka, Bangalore.
II. Nandini Milk Products, KMF Complex, Bangalore.
III. Cattle Feed Plants at Rajanukunte/Gubbi/Dharwad/Hassan
IV. Nandini Sperm Station (formerly known as Bull Breeding Farm &
Frozen Semen Bank) at Hessaraghatta
V. Pouch Film Plant at Munnekolalu, Marathhalli
VI. Central Training Institute at KMF Complex, Bangalore.
VII. Quality Control Lab at KMF Complex, Bangalore
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K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Company Profile-DHARWAD MILK
UNION
Dharwad Milk Union:
Dharwad Milk Union (DMU) came into existence on 3-3-1986 under co-operative Act.
Districts Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, and Uttar Karnataka come under its operation.
Establishment:
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The Dharwad Milk Union is a co-operative society among the 13 establishments under
KMF. The DMU is one of the most modern plants in the country. It is located in the specious
25 acres of land, located in Lakkammanahalli Industrial Area, adjacent to the National
Highway-4.
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
History:
A group of experienced officers, appointed by the Karnataka Milk Federation surveyed
the whole of Dharwad district (includes two newly formed districts Gadag and Haveri) and
Uttar Karnataka. Further they found out the need for a Milk Dairy there. They travelled the
surrounding villages, educated the villagers about Milk and Milk products and the benefits
they would get from the Milk Dairy.
Seeing the response, untapped resources and the huge market, the Federation decided
to setup the Milk Union in 1984.
Company Profile:
Company Name Dharwad Co-operative Milk Producers Union Ltd,
DMU was Rs. 7crore project of which Government has Rs. 2crore of share capital and
authorized capital of DMU is Rs. 5crore.
DMU formed 551 milk producer’s co-operative societies in Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri,
and Uttar Kannada districts.
DMU is collecting 80 thousand liters of milk per day from its societies and sells 70
thousand liters of milk per day and the remaining milk is used for producing milk products.
Functions Of DMU:
The main function of DMU is to procure milk from villagers and pay them the right
price.
To educate the villagers about milk and its quality.
To make ‘Nandini’ as a part of daily life.
Objectives of DMU:
Providing hygienic and good quality milk to the consumers.
To build the economic strength of the milk products in villages.
To eliminate middlemen in the business so that milk products receive their
appropriate share of bread.
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To provide milk at reasonable rates to the consumers.
To build bridge between masses of rural producers and millions of consumers.
To ensure maximum returns to the milk producers.
To facilitate rural development by providing opportunities for self-development at
village level.
To build village level institutions in co-operative sector to manage the dairy activities.
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
PRODUCTS PROFILE
Nandini Toned Fresh and Pure milk containing 3.0% fat and 8.5% SNF. Available in 500ml and 1litre packs.
500 ml Rs.8.50
Standard Milk (500 ml) 9.50
Nandini Homogenized Milk is pure milk which is homogenized and pasteurized. Consistent right through, it gives you more cups of tea or coffee and is easily digestible.
500 ml Rs.8
Full Cream milk. Containing 6% Fat and 9 % SNF. Rich, creamier and tastier milk, Ideal for preparing home-made sweets & savories.
Buffalo's milk, 100% pure pasteurized processed and packed hygienically. This milk
500 ml Rs.10
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has 5% fat and 9% SNF.
5 liter Rs.100
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
A taste of purity. Nandini Ghee made from pure butter. It is fresh and pure with a delicious flavor. Hygienically manufactured and packed in a special pack to retain the goodness of pure ghee. Shelf life of 6 months at ambient temperatures. Available in 200ml, 500ml, 1000ml sachets, 5lts tins and 15.0 kg tins.
1 kg Rs.195
500 gm Rs.99.5
200 gm Rs.41
Rich, smooth and delicious. Nandini Butter is made out of fresh pasteurized cream. Rich taste, smooth texture and the rich purity of cow's milk makes any preparation a delicious treat. Available in 100gms (salted), 200gms and 500gms cartons both salted and unsalted.
100 gm Rs.18
500 gm Rs.85
Nandini Curd made from pure milk. It's thick and delicious. Giving you all the goodness of homemade curds. Available in 200gms and 500gms sachet.
Great way to those soft and juicy jamoon treats at home! Nandini Gulab Jamoon Mix is made from Nandini skimmed milk powder, Maida, Soji and Nandini Special Grade Ghee. Available in 100gms and 200gms standy pouch with a five layer foil lamination. Shelf life of 6 months.
200 gm Rs.32
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No matter what you are celebrating! Made from pure milk, Nandini Peda is a delicious treat for the family. Store at room temperature approximately 7 days Available in 250gms pack containing 10 pieces each.
250 gm Rs.35
Sterilized flavored milk, a nutritious and healthy drink and an all-season wholesome drink available in five different flavors - pineapple, rose, badam, pista.
200 gm Rs.12
Nutritious, delicious creamy ice cream is manufactured at ISO 9002/HACCP certified Mother Dairy modern plant. The range includes Vanilla, Strawberry, Pineapple, Mango, Chocolate, Butter scotch, Kesar Pista, Orange & Mango Candies, Mango & Raspberry Dollies, Chocó bar and Ball varieties Vanilla, Strawberry.
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Nandini spiced Butter Milk is a refreshing health drink. It is made from quality curds and is blended with fresh green chilies, green coriander leaves, asafoetida and fresh ginger. Nandini spiced butter promotes health and easy digestion. It is available in 200 ml packs and is priced at most competitive rates, so that it is affordable to all sections of people.
Rs. 6
Rs. 10
Rs. 15
Rs. 20 & above
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Cow's pure milk, UHT processed bacteria free in a tamper-proof tetra-fino pack which keeps this milk fresh for 60 days without refrigeration until opened. Available in 500ml Fino and in 200ml Bricks.
Fresh and tasty, Nandini Mysore Pak is made from quality Bengal Gram, Nandini Ghee and Sugar. It's a delicious way to relish a sweet moment.
250 gm Rs.55
Pure and tasty dishes with Nandini Paneer! A fresh, nutritive product made by coagulating pure milk, it is an excellent source of milk protein. Nandini paneer is ideal for vegetarian dishes such as mutter paneer, sag paneer and various other dishes.
A delicious beverage with hot or cold milk. It can be used for kheer, kesaribath, desserts or ice cream. It's the goodness of Badam mixed with almond, edible starch, saffron, skimmed milk powder and cane sugar to give you the ideal Badam delight.
200 gm Rs.42
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Work flow Model
Production process has the following workflow model.
The administration department controls the overall functioning of the organization. The
department looks after administration functions such as payment of salaries, arrangement of
meetings, formation of policies etc.
The general functions of this department are as follows:
Up-to-date maintenance of files, records etc. Collecting and presenting data in the
form of useful information from records.
Implementing the organization systems, producers and policies in a co-ordinate
manner.
Ensuring of smooth running of the office by interfacing with the external agencies as
required. For example, payment of telephone bills, electricity, water supply bills etc.
Providing required facilities etc.
The administration department also handles following sub divisions:
Canteen
Time keeping machine
Security
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Structure of administrative department:
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Purchase Department
The main work of the purchase department is to make purchase of various materials
required by different departments. After ascertaining the stock position by stores department,
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DEPUTY MANAGER
ASSISTANT MANAGER (PERSONNEL)
ADMN SUPERINTENDENT ADMN SUPERINTENDENT
ADMN, ASSISTANT
TIME CANTEEN SECURITY
ASSISTANT MANAGER(BOARD)
an indent is sent by different departments duly approved by the managing director. This
department then comes into picture to purchase those materials.
It also maintains records of all supplies, calls for tenders, quotations etc. Quotations for
lowest rate are sanctioned. Purchase department can make purchases upto Rs.50,000/- If the
purchase amount exceeds Rs.50,000/- , then the approval of the board member is must.
Structure of Purchase Department:
Purchase Officer
Purchase Superintendent
Assistant Purchase Officer
Helpers
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Marketing Department
This department manages the sale of milk, milk products and advertisements. It sells
the goods in four districts namely Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri and Uttar Kannada in the brand
name Nandini.
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Marketing department performs the following functions:
Marketing of milk and milk products through own network.
Market development and sales promotion.
Reconciliation of sales with all agents, outlets and milk parlours.
Consumers’ grievances.
Need based marketing (pedha, ghee etc.).
To take up suppliers.
Operating areas:
DMU’s Nandini milk is marketed in Hubli-Dharwad, Karwar, Gadag, Haveri, Uttar
Karnataka, North Goa and 26 Taluks in Maharashtra. The milk is marketed through retailers.
Marketing department has the following objectives:
To increase the market share of Nandini.
To set up more marketing strategies.
To be responsive to consumers and channel members.
To promote more of Nandini milk and milk products through intense advertising.
Competitors:
The Nandini milk is facing lot of competition in the market. The prime competitors are
private brands like Bharat, Krishna, Dutta, Mysore, Gopal, Kazi, Arokya and loose vendors.
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Promotional Activities:
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To overcome the neck-to-neck competition, different promotional activities are
followed with the help of KMF and IMDDB for building the brand image of Nandini and
enhancement of sale of milk and milk products.
Advertisements in all available medias.
Sponsoring events viz. cricket match, exhibitions etc.
Participation in trade fairs.
Distribution Channels:
DMU has its own marketing channels. However, it follows two types of direct
channels:
1.Consumer Market:
DMU is selling directly to the consumers through its special vendors. It also distributes
to a total of 800 retailers and milk parlours which sell only KMF products. There is demand
of 85,000-90,000 ltrs of milk per day.
2.Instituitional Market:
There is demand for about 4,000 ltrs of milk per hour from various sources like
institutions, hospitals, jails, schools, hotels etc.
Strategies adopted by the department to enhance the sale of its products are:
Conducting awareness programme of milk and homogenized processed milk.
Attain daily complaints of consumers and retailers.
Need for healthy promotional activities against competitors.
Adopting differentiated marketing strategies in place of undifferentiated marketing
strategies.
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Marketing department has two sub-departments:
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1. Stores department 2. Finished goods stores department
1.Stores Department:This department stores materials required for day-to-day consumption
required in the production process and for other purposes. The stores department in DMU
follows the Cordex System (Coded Control System). A card is maintained for each item and a
number is allotted. The card attached to each article consists of amount balance, date of issue,
purchase etc. This is later recorded in separate ledger book. The inventories are of different
kinds ranging from mechanical, spares, packing items to animal drugs and satisfactory and
veterinary drugs. There are at least 4,000 different inventories.
It has to maintain the proper records of the stores.
It has to control the storage costs and reduce it as much as possible.
It has to send indent from stores to purchase section when there is storage of stock.
It has to send stock report to finance department.
It has to supply the necessary materials to the entire departments.
Structure of marketing department:
Manager
Deputy Manager
(Account/Audit)
Asst. Manager
(Tech. Officer)
Supervisor
Market Assistant
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2.Finished Goods Stores Department
This department works as interface between production department and marketing
department. It is mainly concerned with the maintenance of finished goods and its records.
The goods stored are mainly non-pre indent sent by marketing department. This department
uses the First In First Out (FIFO) method of inventory to manage the stock.
A separate ledger account is maintained for each item and it shows the receipt and
dispatch of goods. Before dispatching, approval of the goods by the quality department is
mandatory. A consolidated daily and monthly report is submitted to production and finance
department.
Structure of Finished Goods Stores Department:
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Assistant Manager
Marketing Assistant Account Assistant
Daily Operators
Daily Workers
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Procurement and Input
Department
Procurement and input department is concerned with procurement of milk and input
i.e. technical facilities. Once a milk society is established, the P & I department starts
functioning and makes other provisions.Milk procurement process done all the 365 days and
two times a day and DMU procuring milk routes will appear for the purpose of convenience
of transportation.
DMU fixes minimum of Rs.14.60 (Fat: 3.5 %, SNF: 8.5 %) for cow milk and Rs.18.60
(Fat: 6 %, SNF: 9 %) for buffalo milk. Sometimes prices vary with quality.Procurement of
milk varies season wise. During flash season i.e. from September to December, the milk
productivity will be high. During summer, it will come down.
Milk collected from the societies will be taken to the nearest chilling centre. Here the
quality i.e. fat and SNE content of milk will be checked and confirmed with that of the
checklist sent by the society.Then milk is loaded into tankers to be taken to the union. There
are nearly 6 chilling centres under the Dharwad Milk Union and about 600 milk societies.
Once milk is brought to the union, it is rechecked for the quality and freshness and then down
loaded and directed to the production department.
If the milk is spoiled, it is brought to the notice of the society immediately. But in case
of far away, the driver and the contractor will be held responsible for the loss, if milk by
tankers spoil due to the delay. As per the law of the society recommended by the union states
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members should supply milk only to the union and other agency. The extension officers at
various chilling centres take care of this.
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To upgrade the functioning and expand the productive capacity of each society
the union provides many facilities:
Remunerative price for the milk produced.
Animal husbandry and veterinary health care programmed for the member animals.
Cross breeding programmers.
Supplying power seeds for animal development.
Imparting training to all the members of co-operatives for smooth functioning of co-
operatives.
Subsidized cattle feed to the members of the society.
DMU has 13 doctors to provide door-to-door service.
First aid centers in every co-operative society.
Conducting animal health camp every 2 weeks.
Procurement and input department structure.
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Procurement and Input Department Structure:
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Manager
Procurement Manager Technical Wing
Deputy Manager Deputy Manager
Assistant Manager Assistant Manager
Extension Officer
Clerks Helpers
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Production Department
The main object of this department is to follow up production schedule as per plan and
maintain close and co-operative relationship with other departments and ensures to upgrade
the technical efficiency of production. Most of the production equipments are imported from
Sweden and Denmark. The entire production has procedure and at every stage of production,
proper care is taken to maintain the quality and freshness of milk and milk production.
Production Procedure:
When the milk is received from the cans and tankers, it is tested for quality. From these
tanks the milk is sent though steel pipes to undergo pasteurization, cooled to 4-5 degree C.
After pasteurization, the milk is taken to the cream separator machine (to get other milk
products) where the cream is separated according to the standard norms. This is called
skimmed milk. It is then directed towards standardization process to procure for variety of
milk by mixing with appropriate proportion of cream. These varieties of milk are then packed
in different packets and stored in cold storage for dispatch. Other milk production such as
butter, ghee, milk powder, curd, lassi, pedha are also produced and stored in cold storage.
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Structure of Production Department:
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Manager (Dairy)
Deputy Manager Office Staff
Asst.(Accounts) Asst.( Stores)
Clerk Typist
Asst. Manager
Technical Officer
Senior Supervisor
Junior Supervisor
Dairy Operators Dairy Technician Dairy Worker
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Quality Control
Department
The main task of the quality control department is checking the quality of milk and
milk products in the plant. There are various tests conducted by the officers to meet this
requirement. If any product does not pass the quality standards then that would be rejected.
Even before dispatching the products, they undergo testing and they must get approved by the
quality department.
Tests conducted at quality department:
Alcohol test
Clot on boiling test( COB)
Taste
Flavour
Acidity
Corrected lactometer reading (CLR)
Gender method for the test
Milk tester method
Moisture test
Solid no test
Solid not fat test (SNF)
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K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Human Resource Department
This department looks after the recruitment, selection and welfare of the employees. It
also conducts training and orientation programmes and facilitates the following for
employees:
Transportation
Medical
Uniform
Canteen
Provident fund
Gratuity
Women’s pregnancy allowance
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K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Finance Department
This department controls the financial activities such as preparation of annual report,
maintenance of accounts etc. This department is responsible for keeping all the inward and
outward flow of money of unions. It prepares budget every year and financial rules for
receipts and payments.
Functions:
To prepare monthly accounts (Receipts & Payment A/c, Profit & Loss A/c, Balance
Sheet).
To prepare quarterly financial statements.
To prepare integrated business plans.
To prepare year ending financial statement.
To get accounts audited from statutory books of accounts.
DMU follows 2 types of auditing:
1. Pre-audit system: done by Finance and Account Department every year.
2. Statutory System: done by private Charted Accountants every year.
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K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Structure of Finance Department:
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Deputy Manager
Assistant Manager
Assistant Account Officers
Assistant Accountants
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Financial Statement
A financial statement is an organized collection of data according to logical and
consistent accounting procedures. Its purpose is to convey understanding of some financial
aspects of business firm. It may show a position at a moment in time as in the case of b/s or
may reveal a series of activities over a given period of time as in case of income statement.
Financial statement are prepared for the management to deal with
a. Status of investments.
b. Results achieved during a given period under review.
A financial statement generally refers to the following;
1. Income Statement: The income statement also termed as (profit or loss account) is
generally considered to be the most useful of all financial statements. It explains what has
happened to a business as a result of operations between two balance sheet dates. It discloses
the revenue realized from the sale of goods and the costs incurred in the process of producing
the scheme. It tells the story of progress or decline over given period and why and how an
indicated result was achieved.
2. Balance Sheet: It is statement of financial position of a business at particular moment of
time and the claims of the owners and outside against those assets at that time.
3. Statement of Retained Earnings: The term retained earnings means the accumulated
excess of earnings over losses and dividends. The balance shown in income statement is
transferred to the balance through this statement after making necessary appropriations. It is
thus a connecting link between the balance sheet and the income statement. This statement is
also termed as profit and loss appropriation account in case of companies.
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K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Working Capital Management
Introduction:
Management of the working capital is nothing but the management of current assets.
The management of the current assets includes inventory, received, debtors, book debts,
short-term assets, cash and bank balances. The management of fixed and current assets,
however differs in three important ways.
1. In managing fixed assets time is a very important factor. Consequently, discounting
and compounding techniques play significant roles in capital budgeting and latter one in the
management of current assets.
2. The large holding of current assets, especially cash strengthens the firm’s liquidity
position (reduces riskiness) but also reduces the overall profitability. Thus a risk returns trade
off is involved in holding current assets.
3. Level of fixed as well as current assets depends upon expected sales but it is only
current assets which can be adjusted with sales fluctuations in the short run. Thus the firm has
a greater degree of flexibility in managing current assets.
Working capital refers to the amount of capital which is readily available to an
organization. That is, working capital is the difference between resources in cash and readily
convertible into cash (current assets) and organizational commitments for which cash will
soon be required (current liabilities).
Thus working capital involves activities such as arranging the short-term finance,
negotiating favourable credit terms, controlling the movement of cash, administrating
accounts receivables and monitoring the investments also a great deal of time.
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Types of working capital:
A) On the basis of concepts: There are two concepts of working capital –
1. Gross Working Capital:
It refers to the firm’s investment in current assets. Current assets are the assets which
can be converted into cash within an accounting year and include cash, short-term securities,
debtors, bills receivables and stock (inventory).
2. Net Working Capital:
It refers to the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Current
liabilities are those claims of outsiders which are expected to mature for payment within an
accounting year and include creditors, bills payable and outstanding expenses.
Net working capital can be positive or negative. A positive net working capital will
arise when current assets exceed current liabilities. A negative net working capital occurs
when current liabilities are in excess of current assets.
The gross working capital concept focuses attention on two aspects of current
assets management:
(a) How to optimise investment in current assets?
(b) How should current assets be financed?
The level of investment in current assets should avoid two danger points- excessive and
inadequate investment in current assets. Investment in current assets should be just adequate,
not more, not less, to the needs of the business firm. Excessive investment in current assets
should be avoided because it impairs firm’s profitability as idle investment earns nothing. On
the other hand, inadequate amount of working capital can threaten solvency of the firm
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because of its inability to meet its current obligations. The working capital needs of the firm
may be fluctuating with changing business activity.
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
B) On the basis of time:
1. Permanent Working Capital:
Permanent Working Capital is permanently locked up in the circulation of current
assets. It covers the minimum amount required for maintaining the circulation of current
assets.
(a) Initial Working Capital:
At its inception and during the formative period of its operations, a company must have
enough cash fund to meet its obligations. The need for initial working capital is for every
company to consolidate its position.
(b) Regular Working Capital:
It refers to the minimum amount of liquid capital required to keep up the circulation of
the capital from the cash inventories to account receivable and from account receivables to
back again cash. It consists of adequate cash balance on hand and at bank, adequate stock of
raw materials and finished goods and amount of receivables.
2. Variable Working Capital:
It refers to the working capital that changes with the volume of business, it may be
divided into two classes.
(a) Seasonal Working Capital:
There are many lines of business where the volumes of operations are different in
different seasons and hence the amount of working capital varies with seasons. The capital
required to meet the seasonal needs of the enterprise knows as Seasonal Working Capital.
(b) Special Working Capital:
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The capital required to meet any special operations such as experiments with new
products or new techniques of production and making interior advertising campaign etc is
also known as Special Working Capital.
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Needs of Working Capital:
The need for working capital to run the day-to-day business activities cannot be
overemphasized. We will hardly find a business firm which does not require any amount of
working capital. Indeed firms differ in their requirements of the working capital.
The firm’s aim is maximizing the wealth of shareholders. Earning a steady amount of
profit requires successful sales activity. The firm has to invest enough funds in current assets
for generating sales activity. Current assets are needed because sales do not convert into cash
instantaneously. There is always an operating cycle involved in the conversion of sales into
cash.
Therefore working capital is required for:
To meet the cost of inventories including total of raw materials, purchased parts,
operating supplies, work in progress, finished goods.
To pay wages, salaries for indirect labor, clerical staff, managerial and supervision
staff.
To meet overhead costs including those of maintenance service activities, fuel, power
charges, taxes and general expense administration.
To bear the expansion (with regard to promotion of sales) e.g. expenses on packing,
advertisement, salesmanship, sales servicing, credit facilities, delivery services, etc.
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Importance of Working Capital Management:
Adequate working capital creates certainty, security and confidence in the minds of the
persons in the management as well as in the minds of creditors and workers.
It creates a good credit standing for the firm because credit standing depends upon the
ability to pay promptly. A Company with adequate working capital is always able to
meet current liabilities.
It ensures solvency and stability of the enterprises. It also ensures continuity in
production and sales.
It enables the company to take advantage of cash discount offered by the suppliers of
raw materials or merchandise.
It enhances the prestige of the company and moral of its workers because a company
with adequate working capital is always able to pay wages and salaries promptly and
regularly.
It enables the company to procure loans from banks on easy and competitive terms.
Objectives of WC management:
Deciding optimum level of investment in various WC assets.
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Decide optimal mix of short-term and long-term capital.
Decide appropriate means of short term financing.
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Components of Working Capital:
There are two components of Working Capital
A. Current Assets.
B. Current Liabilities.
A) Current Assets:
Components of current assets are as follows:
1. Cash and bank balance
2. Stock of raw materials at cost- work in process and finished goods.
3. Advanced recoverable in cash or kind for value to be received.
4. Deposits under the company scheme.
5. Advanced payment of income takes credit certificates.
6. Outstanding debts for a period exceeding six months.
7. Balance with central excise authorities.
B) Current Liabilities:
Components of Current Liabilities are as follows:
1. Sundry Creditors for the goods and expenses.
2. Income tax deducted at sources from contractors.
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3. Expenses Payable.
4. Unclaimed Dividend.
5. Security Deposits.
6. Liabilities for bills discounted.
7. Bank overdraft acceptance.
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Operating Cycle:
Operating cycle or working capital cycle indicates the length of time between a firm’s
paying for raw materials entering into finished stock and receiving cash on the sales of such
finished stock.
This operating cycle differs from firm to firm. Longer the operating cycle greater will
be the amount of working capital required and vice versa. Thus it plays an important role in
determining the working capital needs of a firm.
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Cash Raw Materials
Work In Process
Milk & Milk Products
Sales
Debtors
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Operating Cycle is the time duration required to convert sales, after the conversion of
resources into inventories, into cash. The operating cycle of a DMU involves three phases.
1. Acquisition of resources such as raw material, labor, power and fuel etc.
2. Manufacture of the product which includes conversion of raw material into work-
in- progress into finished goods.
3. Sales of the product either for cash or on credit.
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In the Dharwad Milk Union (manufacturing concern), the working capital operating
cycle starts with the purchase of raw materials and ends with the realization of cash from the
sale of finished products. It is also called as cash conversion cycle. It involves the purchase
of raw materials and stores, fits into stocks of finished goods through the work-in-progress
with the progressive increment of labour and service costs, conversion of finished goods
(Milk & Milk Products) into sales, debtors and receivables and ultimately realization of cash
and this cycle continues again from cash to purchases of raw material and so on.
Length of operating cycle:
When raw materials remain in store pending for production for a less duration, when
raw materials gets converted into WIP in a short duration, when finished goods remain in
warehouse pending for sales for a short duration only and when cash realizations out of sales
are made quickly and finally when payment to creditors is made slowly, the operating cycle
would be smaller and consequently the working capital will also be reasonable. Thus shorter
duration of operating cycle indicates an efficient working capital management.
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Determinants of Working Capital:
The following is the description of factors which generally influence the working
capital requirements of Dharwad Milk Union :
1. Nature of Business:
This is one of the primary factors influencing the working capital requirements of a
firm. The DMU is a manufacturing firm having a longer operating cycle for manufacturing
the products and investing more funds in its current assets. Therefore it requires more
working capital.
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2. Manufacturing Cycle:
It comprises of the purchase and use of raw materials and the production of finished
goods. Longer the manufacturing cycle, large will be the firm’s working capital requirements.
3. Credit Policy:
The credit policy relating to sales and purchases also affects the working capital. The
credit policy influences the requirement of working capital in two ways:
1) Credit terms generated by the firm to its customers.
2) Credit terms available to the firm from its creditors.
4. Growth & Expansion:
As a firm grows, it is logical to expect that a large amount of working capital is
required. The growth in volume of the business effects the requirements of working capital. If
the firm goes on diversifying its activities, the working capital also increases.
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
5. Price Level Changes:
Changes in the price level also affect the requirements of working capital. The rising
price levels will require a firm to maintain higher amount of working capital. Same level of
current assets will need increased investment when price are increasing.
6. Operating Efficiency & Performance:
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The operating efficiency of the firm relates to the optimum utilization of resources at
minimum costs. The firm will be effectively contributing to its working capital if it is
efficient in controlling operating costs. The use of working capital is improved and pace of
cash cycle is accelerated with operating efficiency.
7. Level of Taxes:
Tax liability is the short-term liability. The amount of taxes to be paid in advance
creates the need for working capital. If the tax liability increases, it leads to an increase in the
requirement of working capital and vice versa. The need for working capital varies with the
tax rates and advance tax provisions.
8.Sales Growth:
The working capital needs of the firm increase as its sales grow. The growing firm
may need to invest funds in fixed assets in order to sustain its growing production and sales.
This will in turn increase investment in current assets to support enlarged scale of operations.
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Working Capital Management concerned with the following aspects:
1. Cash Management:
Cash is the important current asset for the operation of the business. Cash is the basic
input needed to keep the business running on a continuous basis; it is also the ultimate output
expected to be realized by selling the service or product manufactured by the firm. The firm
should keep sufficient cash, neither more nor less.
Cash is the liquid form of an asset. It is the ready money available in the firm or with
the business essential for its operations. A firm needs the cash for the following three
purposes:(a) The Transaction Motive
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(b) The Precautionary Motive
(c) The Speculative Motive
2. Receivables Management:
Receivable represents amounts owed to the firm as a result of sale of goods or services
on the ordinary course of business. These are claims of the firm against its customers and
form part of its current assets. These receivables are carried for the customers. The period of
credit and extent of receivables depends upon the credit policy followed by the firm. The
main purpose of maintaining or investing in receivables is to meet competitors, to increase
sales, and to maintain a cordial relationship with the clients.
3. Inventory management:
Every enterprise needs inventory for smooth running of its activities. It serves as a link
between production and distribution process. There is generally a time lag between the
recognition of a need and its fulfilment. The greater the time lag, the higher the requirements
for inventory. The unforeseen fluctuations in demand and supply of goods necessitate the
need for inventory. Moreover, it provides a cushion for future price fluctuations.
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Sources of Working Capital:
There are two type of sources for financing the working capital requirement .
1. Permanent/Long term sources
2. Temporary/ Short term sources
1. Permanent/Long term sources:
Shares capital
Debentures
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Public deposits
Ploughing back of profits
Loan from financial instituitions
2.Temporary/ Short term sources:
Indigenous bankers are the short term source for financing the working capital
Trade credits
Instalment credits
Income received in advance
Customers’ advance
Bank loans which include cash credit and overdraft
Commercial papers
Purchasing and discounting of bills
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
Analysis and Interpretation
Dharwad Milk Union (DMU) is one of the most reputed companies in the
Karnataka. Dharwad Milk Union (DMU), leading milk & milk products co-operative society,
aims at providing health and toned milk to its consumer at a better and reasonable price.
Dharwad Milk Union (DMU) is facing competition from various manufactures of milk&milk
products.The study is conducted in Dharwad Milk Union (DMU) to measure the working
capital management of the company. The working capital management is the most important
tool to measure the liquidity position of the company. Every company has to maintain good
management of working capital, so this study is undertaken to observe the management of
Working Capital through Ratio Analysis Technique, because ratio analysis is the important
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tool to measure the working capital management. So I have taken the three years annual
reports to measure the working capital management.
Note: For calculating operating cycle and also to understand the liquidity position the
following ratios are used: 1. Current Ratio
2. Quick Ratio/ Liquidity Ratio/ Acid-Test Ratio
3. Inventory Turnover Ratio/Stock Turnover Ratio
4. Inventory Conversion Period
5. Debtors Turnover Ratio/Accounts Receivables Turnover Ratio
6. Debtors Collection Period
7. Creditors Turnover Ratio/Payable Turnover Ratio
8. Creditor’s Payment Period
9. Working Capital Turnover Ratio
10. Current Assets Turnover Ratio
K ARNATAKA M ILK F EDERATION, D HARWAD
1). Current Ratio:
The current ratio of a unit measures firm’s short-term solvency. That is its ability to meet short-term obligations. It is the ratio of total current assets to total current liabilities.The current ratio measures the ability of the firm to meet its current liabilities. Current assets get converted into cash in the operating cycle of the firm and provide the funds needed to pay current liabilities.
It is calculated by dividing total current assets by total current liabilities:
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CURRENT RATIO = CURRENT ASSETS
CURRENT LIBILITIES
Current Assets include: Closing Stock, Deposits (asset), Loans & Advances, Sundry Debtors, Cash-in-hand, and Bank Accounts.
