Kul-1-Transport Policy and Planning

8/14/2019 Kul-1-Transport Policy and Planning

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Planning

What is it?

Examine the history of planning

Ask why plan at all?


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Some defintions

Charting the unknowable future

"planning as a general activity is the making of

an orderly sequence of action that can lead to

the achievement of a stated goal or goals"

Peter Hall, Urban and Regional Planning,

Penguin 1974


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Linguistic confusion!

the noun "plan" can mean either a physical

representation of something for instance a

drawing or a map, or it can mean a method to

do something or an orderly arrangements of

parts of an objective


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Most common meaning

is that it is concerned with deliberately achieving

some objective and it is done by dividing actions

into some orderly sequence

hence the term planning as used by plannersinvolves both meanings of the word from the

dictionary

one is what planning does and the other how

planning does it

the map is often how planners plan

while what planners do with such information is the

bigger picture of planning


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History of planning

planning is a profession eg urban planners and land

use planners.

planning has its origins in the industrial revolution in

Britain where massive urban and industrial growthoccurred hand in hand and steps had to be taken to

better protect public health

given this origin it is not surprising that an approachof separating out incompatible land uses has

dominated British planning and in turn been

exported round much of the westernworld and its

former colonies


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Planning approaches : survey-

analysis-plan first the planner made a survey, in which they

attempted to collect all relevant information,

secondly they analysed this data and tried to project it

as far as possible into the future and thirdly a plan was developed that took into account the

facts and interpretations revealed in the survey and

analysis

this approach developed for town planning was applied

more widely to all forms of planning

the approach however is now largely rejected in favour

of a systems approach


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Critiques Of Town And Country

Planning Approaches mid 1970s a review done of Town and Country

planning by Alice Coleman a geographer from the Uni

of London

showed that the system was not really working andargued the need for more decentralised and holistic

approaches to planning

she argued that to properly address Environment

issues responsibility needs to be placed in the hands oflocals as have the day to day capacity to monitor it

pointed out nature of industry was changing with

some now being quite compatible with residential land

uses


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Changes around the world

changes that occurred in Britain as a result of Colemans

review lead to similar changes around the world

Eg the 1979 Environment Planning act in NSW was a radical

decentralisation of authority

significantly Local Govt became the responsible body for this

act

similar changes around the same time in Canada and NZ

NZ interesting example where in 1991 the ResourceManagement Act (RMA) was passed

The NZ RMA involved a radical reorganization of local Govt,

local Govts were reorganized along watersheds and so ended

up with a lot less local Govt with each being defined on

bioregional grounds


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Systems approach goals-continuous information-projection and simulation of

alternative futures-evaluation-choice-continuous monitoring-

goals etc

system approach acknowledges the complexity of the real

world,

stresses that it is important to understand the system as a

whole in order to effectively control it, unless this is done

actions taken to control one part of the system may have

completely unexpected effects elsewhere

analogy of a car, if a designer produces extra power without

considering the total impact on the rest of a complex system

the results could be instability or rapid wear of other partswith disastrous results


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Why plan?

Need to plan to produce better futures than would

otherwise be the case

Otherwise poor will miss out on resources as basic

as a clean and safe environment

Live in a complex world today where we need

planningthings would quickly fall apart without it

eg essential water and power supplies would fail all these signs of non planning indeed do break out

when events such as severe disastersoccur that can

not be planned for and that throw planning into

chaos


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Canberra one of the most planned

cities in the world Canberra had one great advantage when the

federal government built Canberra it provided

successive suburbs which had everything. Every

suburb had a school and sporting facilities andsewerage. In Sydney we didnt have sewerage

at Turramurra But in Canberra every new

suburb was fully supplied with schools and

roads and sewerage. That obviously had an

influence on me Gough Whitlam in Hocking

2008


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OK lets move on to what is

Policy


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Definition of policy

Political Sagacity (mentally penetrating)

Prudent conduct

Craftiness

Course of action followed by a government

Oxford Dictionary :


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Policy, Bureaucrats, Politicians And You

Another definition of policy

Policy and the public

Policy and politicians

Policy and bureaucrats


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An un-named public servants definition

Policy is a flimsy raft drifting in apolitical and administrative current


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Implications of this definition

It does not matter how good your idea is

it will sink without a trace if it is launched

at the wrong time in the wrong current the converse is true unfortunately as well

- some pretty stupid poorly thought ideas

have become policy as a result of thembeing launched at the right time


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Public policy is the interaction of values,interests and resources, guided throughinstitutions and mediated by politics.

Policy and politics are not easily separated,since each informs the other. But neither

should policy simply be reduced toconsideration of the politics of themoment.


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Politics is the essential ingredient for producing

workable policies, which are more publicly

accountable and politically justifiable . . .

While some are uncomfortable with the

notion that politics can enhance rational

decision-making, preferring to see politics as

expediency, it is integral to the processes ofdeciding defensible outcomes. Weare unable

to combine values, interests andresources in

ways which are not political.

Politics


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Policy is many things

a goal -- what you're trying to achieve

official strategy to achieve something

legal framework to manage a resource conscious use of resources to achieve the

goal

statements/guidelines to follow a goal

structure by which you can work(can be for

individuals, government or NGOs)


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Policy learning

Policy-making is a process of successive

approximation to some desired objective

in which what is desired itself continues to

change under reconsideration.

Charles Lindblom 1959:86 The science of muddling

through, Public administration review, 19, 2: 79 -- 88


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Two crucial issues in making policy work

important to know what you're trying to

achieve

democracy and social capital areimportant to policy process -- policies

tend not to work if a dictator just decides

what needs to be done


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Policy can be ambiguous

A parliamentary bill states policy that

may not passed Parliament

a White Paper states government policyintentions but these may not be realised

a ministerial statement might be policy,

or might just be one view on the way to

the Govt forming a position


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Policy can be ambiguous (cont)

election platforms describe the politicalparty's intentions, but do they state thepolicy of the resulting government?

Is it 'policy' when departmental activitiesproceed without explicit statement ofintent, continuing from government to

government, never exciting publicinterest or political scrutiny?


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Policy, bureaucrats, politicians and you

What is policy

Policy and the public Policy and politicians

Policy and bureaucrats


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Policy development is an interactive

and iterative process between :

1. the public

2. special interest groups representing

elements of the public

3. industry lobby groups

4. bureaucrats

5. politicians


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Agenda setting is an important part of

influencing the policy process

outside initiative model - community groups gain broad

public support and get an issue onto the formal agenda

issues are the initiative of government which places them on

the public agenda in order to successfully implement them inside-access model where policy proposals come from so

called policy communities with easy access to government

with support from particular interest groups but little public

involvement nor often support

R. Cobb et al 1976 Agenda building as a comparative political process

American Political Science Review70: 126-138.


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My experience in government is that when things

are non-controversial and beautifully

coordinated, there's not much going on

John F. Kennedy

Politics is not the art of the possible. It consists

in choosing between the disastrous and the

unpalatable.

John Kenneth Galbraith


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I am extraordinarily patient, providing I get my own wayin the end.

Policy is the means by which the lives of individuals,families and communities are shaped. It is the meansby which we reshape the character and future of the

nation. It is the purpose of political life, the onlyworthwhile measure of political success, and by far themost significant measure of the worth of politicians andpolitical parties.



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I am extraordinarily patient, providing I get my own wayin the end. Margaret Thatcher PM of UK 1979-1990

Policy is the means by which the lives of individuals,families and communities are shaped. It is the meansby which we reshape the character and future of the

nation. It is the purpose of political life, the onlyworthwhile measure of political success, and by far themost significant measure of the worth of politicians andpolitical parties. Paul Keating PM of Australia 20 Dec

1991 to 11 March 1996



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Policy and Bureaucrats

A cynical public servants viewpoint.

There are only three types of policy

Policies developed

before,

during or

after the event

that they are trying to influence


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Sir Humphreys view

"All politicians are required to do is look plausible,

stay sober and say the lines that we give them inthe right order"


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Sir Humphreys view on how never to do

anything

Stage 1 say nothing is going to happen

Stage 2 say something may be going to happen butwe should do nothing about it

Stage 3 say maybe we should do something aboutit but there is nothing we can do

Stage 4 say maybe there was something we could

have done but it is too late now to do anything.


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The public service is large and diverse

Some authors credit the public sector with

enormous power and the capacity to direct thefortunes of the Government

eg Michael Pusey Economic rationalism inCanberra : a nation-building state

changes its mind 1991

Pusey M 1991 Economic rationalism in Canberra:


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Pusey, M. 1991. Economic rationalism in Canberra:

a nation-building state changes its mind.

Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

Argues that the Public policy debate has largely been

hijacked by economists who weigh every policy option

up economically, have no or very poor idea of the

concept of the community and the environment, so

unable to consider impact various policies have on eachother


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There is often a lack of coherence

across the public service

wars between departments

Industry groups capturing departments


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The impact of economic (ir)rationalism

small government is good government

Outsourcing Use of consultants

New managerialism


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What is the role of Governmentdepartments in policy?

Th l f G t d t t i


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The role of Government departments in

policy

to formalise the proposal into policy documents

to turn the proposal into legislation and

to implement the proposal


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How is policy put in place

Policy through advocacy

Policy though money

Policy through government action

Policy through law


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In terms of advocacy who has the power?

rise of the industry lobby groups

1970s the peak of the effectiveness of

community based environmentalism?


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Sharon Beders Global Spin

Once they realized how the political scene had changed,

corporations began to adopt the strategies that public-

interest activists had used so effectively against them---

grassroots organising and coalition building, telephone andletter-writing campaigns, using the media, research reports

and testifying at hearings, to maximize political influence.

To these strategies, corporations added huge financial

resources and professional advice.


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Who gets access to parliamentarians?

current govt made great play when it came

it power on how ALP had been captured by

special interest groups

but equally captured but by very different

groups

it is about who has access

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