UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY LABORATORY (CPE 453)

Name :saiful bahri bin liman 2012804736 NUR SHArMIMI BT. ABDUL RAZAK 2012440374 NURSUHAINI BT. ZAKARIA 2012654358SUKRIADI B. OSMAN 2012823072Group : EH221(3A)Experiment: (FREE AND FORCED VORTEX ) date performed: 10/10/2013SEMESTER: 3programme / code : eh221/ CPE 453submit to :miss habsah binti alwi

No.TitleAllocated Marks (%)Marks

1Abstract/Summary5

2Introduction5

3Aims5

4Theory5

5Apparatus5

6Methodology/Procedure10

7Results10

8Calculations10

9Discussion 20

10Conclusion10

11Recommendations5

12Reference 5

13Appendix5

TOTAL MARKS100

Remarks:

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CONTENTS

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY2INTRODUCTION3AIMS4THEORY5APPARATUS8METHODOLOGY/PROCEDURE9RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS10Sample of calculation11DISCUSSION18CONCLUSION20RECOMMENDATIONS21REFERENCE22APPENDIX23

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

This report is written out to determine the pressure drop pattern for different type of material and diameter and also to determine the pipe friction coefficient for different pipe material. For this experiment, we use Gunt Humburg M100 as fluid friction apparatus. Different material is used for the pipes, different pipes diameter , have flow junction in the pipe which is 90 elbow and also have venture meter at the pipeline. The material of the pipes are copper and galvanised iron. The friction factor for copper is 0.0121 and the head loss due to friction is 0.33 m. For the galvanised iron, the friction factor is 0.015 and the head loss is 0.409 m. For this experiment we also assume the diameter of the pipe are 0.01 m and 0.02 m. For the 0.010 m diameter pipe, the head loss due to 90 elbow fitting is 0.0224 m. For the valve, we have two valve which are fully open globe valve where the head loss is 0.149 m and the closed gate valve where the head loss is . The total head loss for this pipe is 0.2528 m. For 0.02m diameter pipe the head loss due to sudden contraction is m. There also have two valve for this 0.02m diameter pipe which are fully open globe valve where the head loss is 0.0266m and the closed gate valve where the head loss is . For the 0.02m diameter pipe the total head loss is 0.4391m.

INTRODUCTION

Fluid flow in circular pipes has wide in engineering applications. Water distribution systems and industrial hydraulic system liquid are generally transported from one point to another by forcing them through pipes or tubes. The flow of a real fluid does cause frictional and other losses. In flow through circular pipes the flow pattern constitutes a series of thin shell that are sliding over one another. This condition is known as laminar flow. When the velocity is relatively high, eddies are formed and there is mixing of fluid particle. This situation is known as turbulent flow. Reynolds conducted a series of experiment with different of pipes diameter and variety of fluids. He concluded that the type of flow is dependent on the average velocity of the fluid (v), the pipe diameter (d), the fluid viscosity ( and the fluid density (p). He combined these and forms a dimensionless parameter known as Reynolds Number (Re).

In pipe flow, laminar flow exist when Re is 2000 or less, turbulent flow exist if Re is 4000 or more. If Re is between 2000 and 4000 the flow type cannot be determined and is called transition flow.The most of the flow in the pipe is turbulent flow due to the piping system. The fluid in a typical piping system passed through various fitting, valves, bend, elbow in addition to the straight section of piping .These component interrupt the smooth flow of the fluid and cause additional losses because of the flow separation mixing they induced. In a typical system with long pipes, this losses are minor compared to the head loss in the straight section and are called minor losses. Friction Loss occurs when water is pumped through a hose or pipe. Distance, diameter, and the material all affect friction loss. As water passes through the pipe, friction develops between the moving water and the inside surface of the pipe. This turbulence flow reduces the pressure at the other end of the pipe and the pipe will experience pressure loss due to friction.

AIMS

To find the pressure drop pattern for different type of pipe material and diameter To determine the pipe friction coefficient for different pipe material

THEORY

The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the geometry, surface roughness, flow velocity, surface temperature, and type of fluid, among other things. To decide that the flow is laminar, transition or turbulent, a formula called Reynolds number is used. The Reynolds number expresses the ratio of inertial (resistant to change or motion) forces to viscous forces.

Where, D is the diameter of the pipe is the density of the fluidV is the velocity of the fluid is the viscosity of the fluid

The range of flow of fluid is determine as below : Laminar Re < 2100 Transition 2100 < Re < 4000 Turbulent Re > 4000

The properties relevant to fluid flow are summarized below.

i. Density: This is the mass per unit volume of the fluid and is generally measured in kg/m3.

ii. Viscosity: This describes the ease with which a fluid flows. A substance like treacle has a high viscosity, while water has a much lower value. Gases, such as air, have a still lower viscosity. The viscosity of a fluid can be described in two ways.

a) Absolute (or dynamic) viscosity, : This is a measure of a fluid's resistance to internal deformation. It is expressed in Pascal seconds (Pa s) or Newton seconds per square metre (Ns/m2). [1Pas = 1 Ns/m2]

b) Kinematic viscosity, : This is the ratio of the absolute viscosity to the density and is measured in metre squared per second (m2/s).

In fluid flow, it is a sure to have pressure loss in pipe. Whenever fluid flows in a pipe there will be some loss of pressure due to several factors: a) Friction: This is affected by the roughness of the inside surface of the pipe, the pipe diameter, and the physical properties of the fluid.

b) Changes in size (diameter) and shape or direction of flow

c) Obstructions: For normal, cylindrical straight pipes the major cause of pressure loss will be friction. Pressure loss in a fitting or valve is greater than in a straight pipe. When fluid flows in a straight pipe the flow pattern will be the same throughout the pipe. In a valve or fitting changes in the flow pattern due to factors (b) and (c) will cause extra pressure drops. Pressure drops can be measured in a number of ways. The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal.

Relationship Between Frictional Head Loss and Frictional Pressure Drop

The energy loss in pipe flow due to friction can be expressed as a pressure drop instead of as a head loss. The relationship between frictional head loss and frictional pressure drop is simply :(-P)f = ghfswhere: (-P)f = frictional pressure drop , hfs = frictional head loss due to skin friction, = fluid density, g = acceleration due to gravity

Head loss formulae :hf = f where f is the friction factor

APPARATUS

Hydraulic bench Fluid friction apparatus

1. annular chamber for pressure measurement,2. rotameter,3. level indicator at measuring tank,4. tank with submerged pump,5. pipe section with bends,6. pipe section with interchangeable valves and fittings,7. pipe section with sudden contraction and enlargement,8. interchangeable valves and fittings,9. panel with Bourdon tube manometer, differential pressure sensor and tube manometers,10. Long pipe section

METHODOLOGY/PROCEDURE

1. The fluid friction apparatus equipment in the pilot plant is studied2. The different type of pipe in the fluid friction apparatus is examined3. The different diameter of the two pipe is considered4. Type of valve located in the fluid friction apparatus is determined5. The degree of the angle of the pipe is measured6. Using different diameter of pipe, the Reynolds number is calculated7. When the Reynolds number has been calculated, the type of flow of the fluid is determined according to the range given8. The pressure head of the fluid is calculated9. The pressure head then been compared between the two different diameter10. Then, the experiment can be conclude with the result

RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

Assume incompressible flow and no frictional losses, from Bernoullis Equation

Use of the continuity Equation Q=A1V1 = A2V2 equation above becomes

Ideal,Q = A2V2 = A2Actual,Q= Cd x A2 x Hence, Q = Cd x At x [2g(P1 P2)/ Where,Cd = Coeffient of discharge (0.98)D2 = Throat diameter 16 mmD1 = Inlet diameter = 26 mm

Sample of calculation

i. First pipe, diameter = 10 mm , velocity = 1ms-1Re = = = 4.266x105 (Turbulent flow)

The flow of water through venturi meter,A1v1 = A2v2

= 0.0816 ms-1Based on Bernoullis equation,P = -496.671 kPaBased on Colebrook Equation,The information in the Moody diagram (See appendices) also exists as a number of formulae. The formula used is Colebrook formulae,

f = 6.2889x10-3

In a typical system with long pipes, these losses are minor compared to the head loss in the straight sections (major losses) and are called minor losses.

Head loss due to fittingSince the type of elbow is Threaded Regular 90o Elbows, KL = 1.51.5 = 0.0224 m

Valve in this system is Fully Open Globe Valve, KL=1010 =0.149m

Valve 1/4 Closed Gate Valve, KL= 0.26 = 3.8757x10-3 m

For major head loss,

We assumed, the total length of the copper pipe is 18.3 m.Copper pipes are drawn tubing so = 0.0015 mm = 1.5 x 10-6Therefore /D = 9.375 105 . Friction factor from the Colebrook equation (or Moody Chart) is 6.2889x10-3 (It is practically smooth). Therefore, the total head loss, hL is,

hL,total = ( f )hL,total = (6.2889x10-3 11.76) = 0.2825 m

For pipe that have diameter = 0.02 mm, velocity = 1.0 ms-1Re = = = 5.9727x105 (Turbulent flow)

The flow of water through venturi meter,A1v1 = A2v2

= 0.3265 ms-1P = -446.6989 kPaf = 0.0121

In a typical system with long pipes, these losses are minor compared to the head loss in the straight sections(major losses) and are called minor losses. i. Head loss due to sudden contractionSince the type of elbow is Threaded Regular 90o Elbows, KL = 1.51.5 = 0.0336 mii. Head loss due to valve

Valve in this system is Fully Open Globe Valve , KL=1010 =0.2242m

Valve 1/4 Closed Gate Valve, KL= 0.26= 5.8303x10-3 m

For major head loss, We assumed, the total length of the copper pipe is 18.3 m.Copper pipes are drawn tubing so = 0.0015 mm = 1.5 x 10-6Therefore /D = 9.375 105 . Friction factor from Moody Chart is 0.028 (It is practically smooth). So the total head loss, hL is

hL,total = ( f )hL,total = (0.0121 x 11.76) = 0.512 m

Different material for the pipeline but in same diameter of pipeline For diameter = 10 mmCopper = 0.0121hL,total = ( f )hL,total = (0.0121 = 0.3301

Galvanised Iron = 0.015

hL,total = ( f )hL,total = ( 0.015 = 0.4092

For copper

0.3301 = + = 2741.61 kPa

For galvanized iron

0.4092 = + = 3517.58 kPa

DISCUSSION

This report was written to achieve several objectives. One of the objectives are to find the pressure drop pattern for different type of pipe material and diameter. Another aim of the experiment is to determine the pipe friction coefficient for different pipe material.

If there is experiment conducted, it was undergoing by using the GUNT HAMBURG HM 122 Pressure loss in pipe model. The part of model included annular chamber for pressure measurement , rotameter, level indicator at measuring tank, tank with submerged pump, pipe section with bends, pipe section with interchangeable valves and fittings, pipe section with sudden contraction and enlargement, interchangeable valves and fittings, panel with Bourdon tube manometer, differential pressure sensor and tube manometers, and long pipe section .Calculation for this report was just assumption since our group did not run the experiment due to damaged equipment, thus we had been given task to make this report as an assignment. Thus, in order to investigate the pressure drop pattern, calculation that involved were just assumptions. For the first objective, we used the the venturi meter to investigate the pressure difference where at each end of the venturi meter were attached with different diameter pipe. We assumed the inlet diameter of 0.010 m with velocity of 1 m/s and the outlet of 0.035 m. Then we applied the value into the continuity equation, Q=A1V1 = A2V2, the second velocity of outlet was calculated of 0.0816 m/s. Then proceed with the Bernoullis equation,

The pressure difference can be obtained between these two velocities with the result of -496.671 kPa. However, when the diameter is 0.020 m with velocity 1.0 ms-1 and the outlet of 0.035 m, the velocity outlet is 0.3265 ms-1. As the Bernoullis equation was again used with all the value, the pressure difference will be -446.6989 kPa. For this situation, we compared the result where the inlet was different while the inlet velocity and the outlet diameter being constant. Thus, based on the result, a relationship can assumed that as the diameter increase in the inlet , the pressure difference will be decreases.

However different concept of study was needed when to investigate the pressure drop for different type of material. Contradicted to the calculation before, when we consider different pipe of of material, other factors must be constant in order for the result at the end to be more satisfy. Thus in this investigation we considered the total head loss, h, in order to get the pressure drop value. The reason why we need to consider head loss was because different type of material have different coefficient friction, f, which is the fundamental in formula calculating the head loss. Due to that, head loss was crucial in indicating the pressure drop pattern between copper and galvanized iron. In order to study the pressure differences for both material ,formula of

The result for the pressure differences for copper will be 2741.61 kPa while for galvanized iron will be 3517.58 kPa. Significantly form the result we can see that different type of material will have different pressure drop.We had chosen copper and galvanised pipe as our material. The diameter of both pipeline was constant of 0.016 m . Friction coefficient,f ,for both pipe were needed to be calculated first before calculating the pressure drop of both pipeline. Based on the calculation above, the copper pipe had the f = 0.0121 and produced the result for total head loss , h=0.3301 m , while galvanized pipe have the f = 0.015 and thus the h= 0.4092. Throughout the result we can see that different type of material will have different value of friction coefficient which led to different calculation of pressure drop pattern.

CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, this experiment is conducted to measure the head loss and friction loss in circular pipe. For the material of the pipe, when we use material that has small value of relative roughness, the friction factor will be lower and he head loss will be smaller than the material that have larger value of relative roughness. So, it is better to used materials that have small value of relative roughness such as plastic or stainless steel to make the flow of the fluid become smooth. For the diameter of the pipe, when we used large diameter of the pipe, the total head loss will be bigger than the pipe that have small diameter so its better to use small diameter of the pipe to avoid the large head loss in the pipe. Recent study shown that no less than one third of a car's fuel consumption is spent in overcoming friction, and this friction loss has a direct impact on both fuel consumption and emissions. Therefore in order to overcome the problem, new technologies such as new surface coatings, surface textures, lubricant additives, low-viscosity lubricants, ionic liquids and low-friction tyres inflated to pressures higher than normal are being suggested (VTT Techical Researcg Centre of Finland, 2012).Mainly the article showed how the friction loss happen in daily life and how the problem being overcome. Comparing the friction loss that we studied in this report was just only based on observation in the laboratory. Few or less, there might be differences but however both situation can be overcome if a serious precaution being taken.

RECOMMENDATIONS

In this report, we are not conducting experiment, therefore the recommendations are on the the calculation itself. In this report, we are recommend thatUse appropriate formula to find the outlet velocity, head loss and pressure dropIn a calculation, there are must have fixed variable, as long as manipulated and responding variable.In presenting a calculation, there are must have only one fixed and manipulated variableEnsure that the wire of the pressure reading is connected to the pipe that we are going to measureEnsure that machine is in its best condition to conduct experiment

REFERENCES

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (2012, January 12). One-third of car fuel consumption is due to friction loss.ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 19, 2013, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120112095853.htm

Fluid flow through Real pipes. (2001). Retrieved fromhttp://www.library.ucsb.edu/internal/libwaves/apr04/seaM. Venkatesan, S. K. (2010). Effect of diameter on two-phase pressure drop in narrow tube. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science .P.L. Spedding, E. B. (2000). Fluid flow through a vertical to horizontal elbow bend III three phase flow. United Kingdom.Yunus A. Cengel, J. M. (2006).Fluid Mechanics Fundamental and Application.McGraw-Hill Higher Education.Tech-ED. (n.d.). Retrieved from Fluid Mechanics & Machinery: http://www.tech-edequipment.com/fluid-mechanics-machinerys.htmlGunt Hamburg. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.gunt.de/static/s1_1.php

APPENDICES

Figure 1 Close Gate Valve

Figure 2 Fully Open Globe Valve

Figure 3 Thread 90 Angle

Figure 4 Moody Chart