Labour Law - Cambridge University...

Labour Law

Building on their successful cases and materials book, Collins, Ewing andMcColgan present an entirely restructured and freshly written new textbookon employment law. Comprehensive and engaging, it combines detailed anal-ysis and commentary on the law with short contextual extracts to fully equipthe labour law student. Carefully balancing clear exposition of legal principleswith critical and scholarly analysis, this is the definitive textbook on the subjectwritten by the UK’s foremost employment law scholars. The book’s twenty-part structure maps logically onto either a full or half module employment lawcourse. Chapter introductions and conclusions and an uncluttered text designcarefully guide the student through the material. Innovative case studies showthe law ‘in action’ and discussion of the globalised workplace gives the work acontemporary feel. Put simply, this is required reading for all students of thesubject.

Hugh Collins is Professor of English Law at the London School of Economics.

K. D. Ewing is Professor of Public Law at King’s College London.

Aileen McColgan is Professor of Human Rights Law at King’s College London.

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Labour Law

HUGH COLLINSK. D. EWINGAILEEN MCCOLGAN






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First published 2012

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

Collins, Hugh, 1953–

Labour law / Hugh Collins, K. D. Ewing, Aileen McColgan.

p. cm. – (Law in context)

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-107-02782-4 (hardback)

1. Labor laws and legislation – Great Britain. I. Ewing, K. D. (Keith D.) II. McColgan, Aileen.

III. Title. IV. Title: Labor law.

KD3009.C655 2012

344.4101 – dc23 2012027096

ISBN 978-1-107-02782-4 Hardback

ISBN 978-1-107-60886-3 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or

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websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






Contents

Preface page xixAcknowledgments xxTable of cases xxiTable of statutes xxxixTable of statutory instruments xlviTable of European Union instruments lTable of ILO instruments liiiTable of other international instruments lvList of abbreviations lvi

Part I Introduction 1

1 Nature and sources of labour law 3What is labour law? 4

Significance of labour law 5The employment relation 6

United Kingdom labour law 9European Union employment law 11

Competence 11Effects 14

Compliance 16Regulatory standards with criminal sanctions 17Individual civil claims 17Collective bargaining 18

Effectiveness of labour law 21Sources of workplace conflict 22Labour courts and dispute resolution 25

Conciliation 26Arbitration 27Employment tribunals 28






viii Contents

Other forms of alternative dispute resolution 32The ordinary courts 33

Prospects for labour law 35Flexibility and security 35Vulnerable workers 38Social exclusion 39Regulatory strategies 39Voice at work 41Work/life balance 42Human rights 42Globalisation 43

2 Globalisation and labour law 45Introduction 46International standards 47

ILO conventions 48ILO supervision 50

Global trade 52The social clause 52Legacy of the social clause 53Trade incentives to improve labour standards 55

Working abroad 57Rome I Regulation and contract 57Rome I Regulation and statute 58

Posted workers: minimum standards 60Core standards 61Raising the standard? 62

Globalisation and ‘precarious’ employment 63Morecambe Bay 64Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004 65

Forced labour and human rights 67Convention rights 68British law 69

Global corporations 72Codes of conduct 72Global framework agreements 74

OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 76OECD Guidelines in outline 76OECD procedures in operation 78

Global unions 80Global union organisation 81Global union action 82

Global labour law 84Right to bargain collectively 85






ix Contents

Right to Collective Action 86Conclusion 87

Part II The contract of employment 91

3 Terms of the contract of employment 93The contract of service 93

Freedom of contract 94The standard model of employment 95Criticisms of the contractual model 98Indeterminacy and plurality of sources of rules governing

employment 103Express terms 105

Disclosure of terms of employment 109The small print 116

Organisational rules 119Collective agreements 123

Legal enforceability 123Incorporation 124Enforcement by employees 125Enforcement by employers 128Conclusion 130

4 Authority and co-operation 131The legal construction of hierarchy 131Mutual trust and confidence 136

Good faith 139Arbitrariness in remuneration 140A foundation of the contract? 141

Performance in good faith 143Loyalty and confidentiality 145

Duty of loyalty 146Confidential information 148

Lawfulness 150Health and safety risks 150Tax evasion 151Restraint of trade 153

5 Flexibility and precarious work 158Unilateral variation of terms 162

Enforcement of the contract 162Claim for unfair dismissal 163

Variation by collective agreement 166






x Contents

Changing the job 169Flexibility and variation clauses 171Temporary and casual employment 177

Umbrella contracts 179Continuity of employment 181Transmutation of fixed-term contracts 183

6 The personal scope of labour law 185The challenge of personal scope 185Contracts of service and contracts for services 189Sham contracts 194Dependent entrepreneurs 197The variable scope of regulation 200

Employees 200Employment relationship 201Worker 202EU worker 205Personal work contracts 206Towards a unified personal scope? 210

Triangular relations 212Associated employers 212Service companies 214Agency workers 215Networks 222

Vulnerable workers 223

Part III Statutory regulation of the employmentrelationship 227

7 Wages 229The wage/work bargain 229Deductions for incomplete and unsatisfactory work 233

Withholding pay at common law 233Statutory protection against deductions 237

Duty to provide work 243Shortage of work 243The principle of mutuality or reciprocity 247

National minimum wage 248Scope of application 251Setting the minimum wage 252Calculating wages 253Enforcement of the National Minimum Wage 260Impact of the National Minimum Wage 262






xi Contents

8 Working time 266Introduction 267International standards 269

From conflict . . . 270. . . to co-operation 271

The Working Time Directive 273Challenging the legality of the Directive 274Extending the reach of the Directive 276

Questions of scope 277‘Worker’ 278‘Working time’ 279

Limits and entitlements 281Limits 281Entitlements 284

Annual leave 286Nature of the right to annual leave 286Exercising the right to annual leave 287

Payment during periods of leave 289What is pay? 289Timing of payment 291

The question of deferred pay 292‘Carrying over’ holiday pay 293The problem of unused leave 294

Exclusions 295Unmeasured working time 297‘Other special cases’ 298

Negotiated flexibility and the role of collective agreements 300The Directive and collective agreements 301The Regulations and collective agreements 302

Enforcement and remedies 304Individual remedies 305Individual remedies and regulation 4 307

Conclusion 309

9 Equality 311Introduction 312‘Protected characteristics’ 314

Disability 315Race 319Religion/belief 320

‘Discrimination’: an introduction 321Direct discrimination 322

Discrimination on the basis of association or perception 323






xii Contents

Intention, motivation and discrimination 325The comparator problem 326‘Less favourable treatment’: appearance rules 328

Indirect discrimination 331Justification 334

‘Multiple discrimination’ 337Positive action 338Harassment 341Victimisation 343Disability 346

Duty of reasonable accommodation 346Discrimination arising from disability 349

Prohibited discrimination 350‘General occupational requirement’ and other exceptions to the

prohibitions on discrimination 352Equal pay 360Establishing a claim 365

Burden of proof 366Remedies 367

10 Work/life balance 370Protection against disadvantage arising from pregnancy or

maternity leave 371Dismissal 372Detriment 373Discrimination 374

Right to paid maternity leave 375Statutory maternity leave 376Rights during maternity leave 377Maternity pay 378Return from maternity leave 381

Statutory adoption leave 382Paid paternity or partner leave 383Parental leave 385Emergency leave 390Right to request ‘flexible working’ 393Discrimination against part-time workers 398A vision of the work/life balance 405

11 Civil liberties at work 408Interpreting the Human Rights Act 409

Indirect effect of the Human Rights Act 409The influence of the European Court of Human Rights 412Article 14 ECHR 414






xiii Contents

Privacy 415Surveillance 416Confidential records 420Testing for drugs and alcohol 424Lifestyle 425

Freedom of religion 429Freedom of expression 433

Social networks 434Political activities 435Whistleblowing 438

Dress codes 443

Part IV Collective labour rights 445

12 Freedom of association and the rightto organise 447

Introduction 448Refusal of employment 449

TULRCA 1992, section 137 449TULRCA 1992, section 152 451

Blacklisting 453Consulting Association 454Blacklists Regulations 2010 457

Discrimination 459The Wilson and Palmer case 460The Strasbourg application 461

The legislative response to Wilson and Palmer 463Trade union services and representation 464Discriminatory inducements 466

Victimisation of workers’ representatives 469Nature of the activity 470Timing of the activity 472

Victimisation and the problem of remedies 474The Lynch and Thomas cases 474Lessons of the Lynch and Thomas cases 476

Trade union security and the right not to join 478The closed shop and organisational security 479International law and the closed shop 481

Organisational security and legal restriction 483Statutory framework 483‘100% campaigns’ and ‘fair shares’ agreements 485

Conclusion 488






xiv Contents

13 Freedom of association and trade union autonomy 490Introduction 490Trade union: definition, listing and status 492Trade union objects 495

Objects clauses 496Political objects 498

Trade union government 501Constitutional constraints 502Constitutional conflicts 504

Trade union elections 506Statutory procedures 507Role of the courts 509

Trade union members’ rights 511Right to information 512Right not to strike 514

Trade union exclusion and expulsion 518Cheall and its progeny 518ASLEF and its progeny 521

Trade union disciplinary procedures and decisions 523Disciplinary procedures 524Disciplinary decisions 530

Trade union supervision 531Conclusion 535

14 The right to bargain collectively 537Introduction 538Collective bargaining and international standards 539

The International Labour Organization 539The Council of Europe 542

Collective bargaining methods 544‘Regulatory’ and ‘representative’ bargaining models 545Bargaining decentralisation 547

Voluntary recognition arrangements 550Form and content of recognition arrangements 551Derecognition: strategies for resistance 555

The statutory board game 558Applications and admissibility 559The bargaining unit 562

Establishing majority support 565Forcing a ballot 565Conduct of the ballot 567

The problem of employer resistance 570News International 571Cable & Wireless plc 574






xv Contents

Rights of recognised trade unions: facilities for collective bargaining 577The legal framework 577Trade union facilities under threat 581

Rights of recognised trade unions: information forcollective bargaining 584

The statutory obligation 584The law in practice 587

Conclusion 590

15 The right to be informed and consulted 593Introduction 594Consultation rights and European law 595

From specific duties . . . 596Resisting employer avoidance 598. . . to general obligations 600Limited impact 602European Works Councils 604The ‘Recast Directive’ 607

Redundancy consultation 609The meaning of collective redundancy 609‘Proposing’ to dismiss 612Employee representatives 614Process of consultation 616Special circumstances 619Enforcement of duty to consult 621

Information and consultation procedures 624Questions of scope 625Pre-existing agreements 627Negotiated agreements 630Enforcing the employer’s obligation 632Protection of employee representatives 634Implementing the Directive 636

European Works Councils 638Questions of scope 639Special Negotiating Body 642Negotiating an agreement 644Subsidiary requirements 647Rights and duties of workers’ representatives 649Enforcement 651

Conclusion 653

16 Collective action and the right to strike 656Introduction 657Right to strike and international standards 658






xvi Contents

The International Labour Organization 659Council of Europe 661

Common law liability and statutory immunity 663Common law liability 664Statutory immunity 667

Narrow scope of protected action 669‘Trade’ disputes, not ‘political’ disputes 670Narrow scope of ‘trade’ disputes 672

Before the ballot 674Notice of intention to ballot 675Duty to provide explanation to employer 677

The ballot 679The statutory duty 679Conduct of the ballot 681

After the ballot 684Notice of ballot result 685Notice of industrial action 687

Prohibitions and restrictions 690Picketing 691Secondary action 693

The Human Rights Act 1998 696Stalling in the Court of Appeal 697Into first gear on Convention rights 699

Conclusion 703

17 Liability for collective action 706Introduction 707Industrial disputes and the state 708

Conciliation 709Arbitration and other powers 710

Labour injunctions 713Interim injunctions 713Evolution of the law 716

Labour injunctions in practice 718The employer’s interest 718The public interest 720

Trade union liability 724Injunctions against trade unions 724Enforcing the injunction 726

Discipline and dismissal 731Action short of dismissal 732Dismissal and replacement 734

Protected industrial action 737Statutory protection 738






xvii Contents

Limits of statutory protection 740Unprotected and unofficial industrial action 742

Unprotected action 743Unofficial action 745

The ‘public interest’ 747Prohibited industrial action 748Industrial action in essential services 751

Conclusion 754

Part V Termination of employment 759

18 Wrongful dismissal 761The right to protection against unjustified dismissal 761Common law and statute 765Breach of the duty to give notice 770

Implied term of reasonable notice 770Statutory minimum notice period 771Wrongful dismissal without notice 773Justified summary dismissal 777

Implied term of mutual trust and confidence 779Johnson exclusion zone 780Economic loss 782Psychiatric illness 784

Disciplinary procedure 786Right to representation 787Contractual disciplinary procedure 789

Disciplinary rules 793Injunctions 796

19 Unfair dismissal 800Qualifying conditions 801

Contract of employment 801Qualifying period of continuous service 802Three-month limitation period 805Effective date of termination 805

Statutory concept of dismissal 807Dismissal or resignation? 808Constructive dismissal 810Frustration 812Agreed termination and compromise agreements 815

The test of fairness 818Principal reason for dismissal 819Substantial reason 820






xviii Contents

Automatically unfair dismissal 820The range of reasonable responses test 823

Procedural fairness 833Remedies for unfair dismissal 838

Compliance and corrective justice 838Reinstatement 840Compensation 844Upper limit on compensation 855

20 Economic dismissal 857Competing policies 858

Capital markets 858Employment security 859Social costs 859Regulatory impact 860

Dismissal for redundancy 862Redundancy and unfair dismissal 863Statutory concept of redundancy 864Reorganisation involving new job specifications 869Flexibility clauses 873Place of work and mobility clauses 874

Claims for unfair dismissal 875Some other substantial reason for dismissal 875Fairness of selection for redundancy 877

Redeployment 880Offer of alternative employment 881Failure to consider redeployment 882A positive duty? 883

Insolvency 884Protection of wages 885Corporate rescue 888

Transfers of undertakings 890Acquired Rights Directive 891Dismissals before the sale or transfer 892Dismissals after the transfer 896Variation of terms by transferee 897Outsourcing 899Controlling capital 902

Index 907






Preface

This textbook aims to provide a comprehensive study guide for students inlabour law or employment law courses. It is divided into twenty chapters,corresponding approximately to a full-year university course. It includes botha comprehensive discussion of collective labour law issues as well as individualemployment law disputes. For shorter or more focused courses, teachers mayprefer to concentrate on some of the chapters or parts of the book and will findthat each chapter is largely self-contained. As well as providing a descriptionand analysis of the law, in the spirit of the Law in Context series, the textbookoffers criticisms of the law drawn from different perspectives and disciplines.Most chapters also include brief vignettes, often based on examples drawn fromthe news, which should provide a stimulus to classroom discussion.

Although the authors have written an earlier book on labour law together,this text is completely restructured and almost entirely new. Responsibility forthe different chapters has been divided unevenly: Collins: Chapters 1, 3–7, 10,11 and 18–20; Ewing: Chapters 2, 8 and 12–17; and McColgan: Chapter 9.

We are grateful to the editors of this series and the publishers at CambridgeUniversity Press, especially Sinead Moloney, for their encouragement for writingthe book and their patience in awaiting its delivery.

In the course of preparing this text, the authors have incurred a number ofdebts. We would like to acknowledge in particular the advice of Steve Acheson(Blacklist Support Group), Daniel Blackburn (ICTUR), Alan Bogg (Oxford),Nicola Countouris (UCL), Ruth Dukes (Glasgow), Kate Ewing (Unison),Jonathan Hayward (Unite), John Hendy QC, Brian Higgins (Blacklist Sup-port Group), Carolyn Jones (Institute of Employment Rights), VirginiaMantouvalou (UCL), Jim Mowatt (Unite), Mick O’Sullivan (Unite), ToniaNovitz (Bristol), Hannah Reed (TUC) and Dave Smith (Blacklist SupportGroup). We are also pleased to acknowledge the pioneering work of RosemaryOwens (Adelaide), Joellen Riley (Sydney) and Jill Murray (La Trobe) who appre-ciated the importance of globalisation for books of this kind before we did.

We have endeavoured to state the law up to 1 January 2012.






Acknowledgments

Every attempt has been made to secure permission to reproduce copyrightmaterial in this title and grateful acknowledgement is made to the authors andpublishers of all reproduced material. In particular, the publishers would like toacknowledge the following for granting permission to reproduce material fromthe following publications: Columbia Law Review, ‘Life’s Work’, by Vicki Schultz(2000); The Guardian, ‘Pregnant? Wait Till the Boss Hears’, by A. Gentleman(2011); Trades Union Congress, Hard Work, Hidden Lives (2007); and UNISON,Rules: Schedule D (2011).






Table of cases

AB v. CD [2001] IRLR 808 491Abadeh v. British Telecommunications [2001] IRLR 23 316Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. United Kingdom (1985) 7 EHRR 471

(ECtHR) 414Abernethy v. Mott, Hay and Anderson [1974] ICR 323 (CA) 820Abood v. Detroit Board of Education, 431 US 209 (1977) 486Adams v. Prison Officers Association, Decision D/21–22/02 508Addison v. Babcock FATA Ltd [1987] ICR 805 (CA) 846ADI (UK) Ltd v. Willer [2001] IRLR 542 (CA) 902Adin v. Seco Forex International Resources Ltd [1997] IRLR 280 (Court of

Session, Outer House) 776Addis v. Gramophone Co. Ltd [1909] AC 488 (HL) 57, 783–4, 792AEEU and Control Technique Drives, CAC Case No. TUR1/109/(2001) 562AEEU and GE Caledonian, CAC Case No. TUR1//120/(2001) 562Aegon UK Corporate Services Ltd v. Roberts [2009] EWCA Civ 932; [2010]

ICR 596 (CA) 846Agorastoudis v. Goodyear Hellas Cases C-187/05–190/05, [2006] ECR I-7775

598Ahmad v. United Kingdom (1981) 4 EHRR 126 430, 431Ahmed v. United Kingdom (1998) 29 EHRR 29 (ECtHR) 436Air Canada v. Lee [1978] ICR 1202 (EAT) 881Akavan Erityisalojen Keskusliitto AEK ry v. Fujitsu Siemens Computers Oy

[2009] ECR 000 C-44/08 599–600, 613Alboni v. Ind Coope Retail Ltd [1998] IRLR 131 (CA) 819Alexander v. Brigden Enterprises Ltd [2006] ICR 1277 (EAT) 880Alexander v. Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd (No. 2); Wall v. Standard

Telephones & Cables Ltd (No. 2) [1991] IRLR 287 (QB) 124Alfred Stoeckel [1991] ECR I-4047C-345/89 270, 271Allen (nee Aboyade-Cole) v. Hounga [2011] UKEAT 0326 10 3103 (31 March

2011) 71Allen v. Flood [1898] AC 1 449Allonby v. Accrington and Rossendale College C-256/01 [2004] ICR 1328

(ECJ) 205–6, 209, 219, 362–3






xxii Table of cases

ALM Medical Services Ltd v. Bladon [2002] ICR 1444 (CA) 443American Cyanamid Co. v. Ethicon Ltd [1975] AC 396 (HL) 713–14, 716, 717,

718Amicus and Macmillan Publishers Ltd, CAC Cases IC/04/2005 and

IC/08/2006 627, 636Amicus v. Macmillan Publishers Ltd [2007] IRLR 885 (EAT) 627, 634Anderson v. Pringle of Scotland Ltd [1998] IRLR 64 (Court of Session, Outer

House) 126ASLEF v. London and Birmingham Railway Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 226 664,

676, 678, 682, 699, 703ASLEF v. UK [2007] IRLR 361 (ECtHR) 438, 522Associated Newspapers Ltd v. HRH Prince of Wales [2008] 702Associated Newspapers Group v. Wade [1979] ICR 664 696Attorney-General for Australia v. The Queen [1957] AC 288 532Attrill v. Dresdner Kleinwort Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 229; [2011] IRLR 613

(CA) 87Austin Rover v. AUEW (TASS) [1985] IRLR 162 (QB) 727Awan v. Shariff, ET Case No. 3302759/07 71

Babula v. Waltham Forest College [2007]EWCA Civ 175; [2007] ICR 1026(CA) 441

Bacica v. Muir [2006] IRLR 35 279Bakhsh v. Unison (No. 3), Decision D/1–6/10 501Balfour Beatty Engineering Services Ltd v. Unite the Union [2012] EWHC 267

(QB) 717, 718, 720, 721Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA v. Ali [1999] IRLR 508 (ChD)

783Barber v. RJB Mining Ltd [1999] IRLR 308 151, 268, 307–8Bass Leisure Ltd v. Thomas [1994] IRLR 104 (EAT) 874BBC Scotland v. Souster [2001] IRLR 150 (CS) 315BBC v. Hearn [1977] ICR 686 657Beaumont v. Amicus Decision D/3/04 507, 509Berriman v. Delabole Slate Ltd [1985] ICR 546 (CA) 820, 898Beveridge v. KLM UK Ltd [2000] IRLR 765 (EAT) 245Birch v. University of Liverpool [1985] ICR 470 (CA) 815–16, 866Bleuse v. MBT Transport Ltd [2008] ICR 488 (EAT) 59Boddington v. Lawton [1994] ICR 478 496Bonsor v. Musicians’ Union [1956] AC 104 483, 494Botham v. Ministry of Defence [2010] EWHC 646 (QB) 58, 790, 791–2Bottrill v. Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [1999] IRLR 326 (CA) 214Bowden v. Tuffnells Parcels Express Ltd [2001] ECR I-7031 296Boyo v. Lambeth London Borough Council [1995] IRLR 50 (CA) 789BP Chemicals Ltd v. Gillick [1995] IRLR 128 (EAT) 219Breen v. Amalgamated Engineering Union [1971] 2 QB 175 491, 510–11, 533






xxiii Table of cases

Bristow v. City Petroleum Ltd [1988] ICR 165 (HL) 239British Actors’ Equity Association v. Goring [1978] ICR 791 (HL) 506British Airports Authority v. Ashton [1983] IRLR 287 692British Airways plc v. Noble [2006] EWCA Civ 537; [2006] ICR 1227 (CA) 290British Airways plc v. Unite the Union [2009] EWHC 3541 (QB) 675–6, 678,

683–4, 704, 722, 723, 734, 741–2, 748, 756British Airways plc v. Unite the Union (No. 2) [2010] EWCA Civ 669 690, 696British Home Stores Ltd v. Burchell [1980] ICR 303 (EAT) 827, 833British Railways Board v. Jackson [1994] IRLR 235 (CA) 825British Telecommunications plc v. Ticehurst [1992] ICR 383 (CA) 144–5,

235–6, 732British Transport Commission v. Gourley [1956] AC 185 (HL) 774British United Shoe Machinery Co. Ltd v. Clarke [1978] ICR 70 (EAT) 849Brompton v. AOC International Ltd [1997] IRLR 639 (CA) 776Broome v. DPP [1974] AC 587 692, 693Brown and G4Security (Cheltenham), CAC Case IC/27/2009 636Brown v. Rentokil Ltd [1998] IRLR 445 372BT plc v. CWU [2004] IRLR 58 (QB) 718–20, 721Burdett Coutts v. Hertfordshire County Council [1984] IRLR 92 (HC) 162Burger and Wincanton Container Logistics, CAC Case IC/38/2011 636Byrne Bros (Formwork) Ltd v. Baird [2002] ICR 667 (EAT) 193, 204

Callaghan v. ASLEF D/21–35/01 504, 533Camellia Tanker SA v. ITF [1976] ICR 274 668Campbell and Cosans v. UK (1982) 4 EHRR 293 321Campbell v. Frisbee [2002] EWCA Civ 1374; [2003] ICR 141 (CA) 149, 156Campion v. Hamworthy Engineering Ltd [1987] ICR 966 (CA) 824Carden v. Pickerings Europe Ltd [2005] IRLR 720 316Carl v. University of Sheffield [2009] ICR 1286 (EAT) 403Carmichael v. National Power [1999] ICR 1226 (HL) 114, 179–80, 182Carry All Motors Ltd v. Pennington [1980] IRLR 455 (EAT) 868Catamaran Cruisers Ltd v. Williams [1994] IRLR 384 (EAT) 165, 214Caulfield v. Marshalls Clay Products Ltd [2004] ICR 1502 (CA) 291CEMEX Investments Ltd and Federation Nationale des Salaries de la

Construction CGT CAC Case EWC/3/2006 640, 641Centrum voor gelijkheid van kansen en voor racismebestrijding v. Firma

Feryn NV Case C-54/07, [2008] ECR I-5187 328Chant v. Aquaboats Ltd [1978] ICR 643 458, 471Chapman v. Goonvean and Rostowrack China Clay Co. Ltd [1973] ICR 310

(CA) 869Cheall v. United Kingdom (1986) 8 EHRR 74 519Cheng Yuen v. Royal Hong Kong Golf Club [1998] ICR 131 (PC) 222Chief Constable of Lothian and Borders Police v. Cumming [2010] IRLR 109

318






xxiv Table of cases

Chubb Fire Security Ltd v. Harper [1983] IRLR 311 (EAT) 165, 876City of Edinburgh Council v. Wilkinson [2010] IRLR 756 363Clarke v. Frank Staddon Ltd [2004] EWCA Civ 422 291Clarkson International Tools Ltd v. Short [1973] ICR 191, at 196 (NIRC) 847Coleman v. Attridge Law Case 303/06, [2008] ECR I-5603 324Collier v. Sunday Referee Publishing Co. Ltd [1940] 2 KB 647 246Collins v. Secretary of State for Work and Pensions C-138/02 [2005] ICR 37

(ECJ) 14Commission for Racial Equality v. Dutton [1989] QB 783 319Commission v. Luxembourg Case C-319/06, [2008] ECR I-4323 62, 63Commission v. Portugal Case C-55/02, [2004] ECR I-9387 597Commission v. United Kingdom Case C-484/04, [2006] ECR I-7471 298,

306Commission v. United Kingdom Case C-383/92, [1994] ECR I-2479 600, 609,

614Commissioners of Inland Revenue v. Post Office Ltd [2003] IRLR 199 (EAT)

204Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis v. Shaw [2011] UKEAT 0125 11

2911 (EAT) 440Confederation Generale du Travail (CGT) v. France, Complaint No. 55/2009,

23 June 2010 280Confederation Generale du Travail (CGT) v. Premier Ministre and Ministre de

l’Emploi, de la Cohesion Sociale et du Logement C-385/05 [2007] 2 CMLR6 600, 603, 626–7

Confederation of Swedish Enterprise v. Sweden Complaint No. 12/2002 481,482–3, 487

Consistent Group Ltd v. Kalwak [2007] IRLR 560 (EAT) 196Conway v. Wade [1909] AC 506 483, 695, 724Coors Brewers Ltd v. Adcock [2007] EWCA Civ 19; [2007] ICR 983 (CA) 242Corps of Commissionaires v. Hughes (No. 1) [2009] IRLR 122 (EAT) 284Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374

464, 556, 468–9Council of Civil Service Unions v. United Kingdom (1988) 10 EHRR 269 460,

464, 468–9Cream Holdings Ltd v. Banerjee [2004] UKHL 44; [2005] 1 AC 253 (HL)

720Credit Suisse First Boston (Europe) Ltd v. Lister [1999] ICR 794 (CA) 899Cresswell v. Board of Inland Revenue [1984] ICR 508 (QB) 145, 169Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed v. Veitch [1942] AC 435 657, 694Crofts v. Veta Ltd [2006] UKHL 3; [2006] ICR 250 (HL) 58Crosville Wales Ltd v. Tracey (No. 2) [1997] IRLR 691 (HL) 848CSU v. CAC [1980] IRLR 274 587, 590CWU and Cable & Wireless (No. 2), CAC Case No. TUR1/570/2007 564, 575,

576, 577






xxv Table of cases

D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd v. Deakin [1952] Ch 646 667, 694, 725Da’Bell v. NSPCC [2010] IRLR 19 368Da Silva v. Composite Mouldings & Design Ltd [2009] ICR 416 (EAT) 213Dalgleish v. Lothian and Borders Police Board [1991] IRLR 422 (Court of

Session, Outer House) 150Dansie v. Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police (2009), unreported,

UKEAT/0234/09/RN (transcript) 330Darnton v. University of Surrey [2003] ICR 615 (EAT) 441Darnton and Bournemouth University, CAC Case IC/14/2007 627, 636, 638Dawkins v. Department of the Environment [1993] ICR 517 (CA) 319Dawnay, Day & Co. Ltd v. De Braconier d’Alpen [1998] ICR 1068 (CA) 154De Diego Nafria v. Spain [2002] ECHR 300 (ECtHR) 434Dedman v. British Building & Engineering Appliances Ltd [1974] ICR 53 806Defrenne v. Sabena Case 43/75 [1976] ECR 455 (ECJ) 14Dekker v. VJV-Centrum Case C-177/88, [1991] IRLR 27 (ECJ) 372Delabole Slate Ltd v. Berriman [1985] ICR 546 (CA) 820, 898Dellas v. Premier Ministre [Case C-14/04, 2005] ECR I-10253 280Demir and Baykara v. Turkey [2008] ECHR 1345 462, 540, 542–4, 591, 661–3,

697, 698Dench v. Flynn and Partners [1998] IRLR 653 (CA) 846Department for Work and Pensions v. Thompson [2004] IRLR 248 330Devonald v. Rosser Sons [1906] 2 KB 728 (CA) 96, 244Dimbleby & Sons Ltd v. NUJ [1984] 1 WLR 427 672–3, 716, 717Discount Tobacco & Confectioners Ltd v. Armitage (Note) [1995] ICR 431 461Dixon v. BBC [1979] ICR 281 (CA) 807Dixon v. West Ella Developments Ltd [1978] ICR 856 470Dodd v. Amalgamated Marine Workers’ Union [1924] 1 512Dooley v. Balfour Beatty Ltd, Case No. 2203380/2009 (5 March 2010) 451, 459Douglas and Zeta-Jones v. Hello Ltd [2001] QB 967 410Douglas v. GPMU [1995] IRLR 426 510DPP v. Jones [1999] 2 AC 240 692Drage v. Governors of Greenford High School [2000] IRLR 314 (CA) 806Driscoll v. Australian RMSN Co. [1859] 1 F & F 458 246Dryden v. Greater Glasgow Health Board [1992] IRLR 469 (EAT) 122Dudgeon v. UK, App. No. 7525/76, Judgment of 22 October 1981 (ECtHR) 427Duncombe v. Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families (No. 2)

[2011] UKSC 36; [2011] ICR 1312 (HL) 58, 59Duport Steel v. Sirs [1980] ICR 161 (HL) 718, 720Dynamex Friction Ltd v. Amicus [2008] EWCA Civ 381; [2009] ICR 511 (CA)

742

E. Green & Son (Castings) Ltd v. ASTMS [1984] ICR 352 609–10, 618, 672Eagland v. British Telecommunications plc [1992] IRLR 323 (CA) 115Earl v. Slater Wheeler (Airlyne) Ltd [1973] 1WLR 51 (NIRC) 834, 848






xxvi Table of cases

Eastwood v. Magnox Electric plc [2004] UKHL 35; [2004] ICR 1064 97, 139,781, 784, 792, 853

EBR Attridge LLP and Another v. Coleman [2010] ICR 242 324Ecclestone v. NUJ [1999] IRLR 166 508, 509ECM (Vehicle Delivery Service) Ltd v. Cox [1999] ICR 1162 (CA) 902EDF Energy Powerlink Ltd v. RMT [2010] EWCA Civ 173 675, 696, 697, 698,

699, 700, 702, 723Edwards v. Chesterfield Royal Hospital [2011] UKSC 58 (SC) 34Edwards v. Halliwell [1950] 2 All ER 1064 503, 504Enfield Technical Services Ltd v. Payne 152Esterman v. NALGO [1974] ICR 625 491, 514, 530–1, 533, 534Euro Brokers Ltd v. Rabey [1995] IRLR 206 155, 245Evening Standard Co. Ltd v. Henderson [1978] ICR 588 (CA) 155, 245Everson and Barrass v. Secretary of State for Trade and Industry and Bell Lines

Ltd (in liquidation) Case C-198/98, [2000] IRLR 202 (ECJ) 887Eweida v. British Airways [2010] ICR 890 333Express & Echo Publications Ltd v. Tanton [1999] ICR 693 (CA) 193Express and Star Ltd v. NGA [1986] IRLR 222 (CA) 727Express Newspapers Ltd v. McShane [1980] ICR 42 696, 718, 721, 722

F. C. Shepherd & Co. Ltd v. Jerrom [1986] IRLR 358 814Faccenda Chicken Ltd v. Fowler [1986] ICR 297 (CA) 150, 154Faramus v. Film Artistes’ Association [1964] AC 925 483Farley v. Skinner [2001] UKHL 49; [2002] 2 AC 732 (HL) 784Farrell Matthews & Weir v. Hansen [2005] ICR 509 (EAT) 242Fechter v. Montgomery (1863) 33 Beav 22 246Financial Techniques Ltd v. Hughes [1981] IRLR 32 (CA) 121Fisher v. York Trailer Co. Ltd [1979] IRLR 385 (EAT) 743Fitzgerald v. University of Kent at Canterbury [2004] EWCA Civ 143; [2004]

IRLR 300 (CA) 806Ford Motor Co. Ltd v. AUEFW [1969] 2 QB 303 555Foreningen af Arbejdsledere I Danmark v. Daddy’s Dance Hall A/S Case

324/86, [1988] ECR 739 (ECJ) 899Fortune v. National Cash Register Co., 373 Mass 96; 364 NE 2d 1251 (1977)

247Foss v. Harbottle (1843) 2 Hare 461 503, 504, 505–6Foster v. Musicians’ Union Decision D/13–17/03 526, 527Francovich and Bonifaci v. Italy C-6/90 and C-9/90, [1992] IRLR 161 (ECJ) 13Fraser v. Ontario, 2011 SCC 20 52Fuentes Bobo v. Spain (2001) 31 EHRR 50 (ECtHR) 434Fullarton Petitioner [2001] IRLR 752 566

GAB Robins (UK) Ltd v. Triggs [2008] EWCA Civ 17; [2008] ICR 529 853Gale and Bournemouth University, CAC Case IC/28/2009 636, 638Gallacher v. Post Office [1970] 3 All ER 712 556






xxvii Table of cases

Gallagher v. Alpha Catering [2004] EWCA Civ 1559; [2005] ICR 673 (CA)285, 299–300

Gascol Conversions Ltd v. Mercer [1974] ICR 420 268, 290Gate Gourmet v. TGWU 2005] EWHC 1889 (QB); [2005] IRLR 881 (QB) 725,

726Gates v. BECTU, Decision D/23–24/00 507General Billposting Ltd v. Atkinson [1909] AC 118 (HL) 149, 155–6GFI Group Inc. v. Eaglestone [1994] IRLR 119 155, 245Gibson v. East Riding Council [2000] EWCA Civ 199; [2000] ICR 890 (CA)

276Gilham v. Kent County Council (No. 2) [1985] ICR 233 (CA) 824Gillan v. Commissioner of Police of theMetropolis [2006] 2 AC 307 325Gillespie v. Northern Health and Social Services Board Case C-342/93, [1996]

ECR I-047 (ECJ) 380Gisda Cyf v. Barratt [2010] UKSC 41; [2010] ICR 1475 (SC) 806Glamorgan Coal Co. v. South Wales Miners’ Federation [1905] AC 239 (HL)

729Glasgow City Council v. McNab [2007] IRLR 476 356GlaxoSmithKline v. Rouard Case C-462/06, [2008] ECR I-3965 (ECJ) 60GMB v. Man Truck & Bus UK Ltd [2000] IRLR 636 (EAT) 867GMB v. Beloit Walmsley Ltd [2004] IRLR 18 (EAT) 621Gogay v. Hertfordshire County Council [2000] IRLR 703 (CA) 245, 784Goring v. British Actors Equity Association [1987] IRLR 122 491, 497–8, 512Gota hovratt v. Lindqvist [2003] ECR I-12971; [2004] QB 1014 (ECJ) 421Gover v. Propertycare Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 286; [2006] ICR 1073 (CA) 849Grace v. BF Components Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 393; [2008] ICR 1423 152Gray v. Thames Trains [2009] UKHL 33; [2009] 1 AC 1339 153Gregory v. Philip Morris Ltd (1988) 80 ALR 455 795Grigoriades v. Greece 439Gunton v. Richmond-upon-Thames London Borough Council [1980] ICR

755 (CA) 773, 789–90Gustafsson v. Sweden (1996) 22 EHRR 409 487

Haddon v. Van Den Bergh Foods Ltd [1999] ICR 1150 (EAT) 831Hagen v. ICI Chemicals and Polymers Ltd [2002] IRLR 31 (QB) 891Hall v. Woolston Hall Leisure Ltd [2001] ICR 99 (CA) 152, 153Hanley v. Pease & Partners Ltd [1915] 1 KB 698 245Hannam v. Bradford Corporation [1970] 1WLR 937 526Hardy v. Ryle (1829) 9 B&C 611 189Harman v. Flexible Lamps Ltd [1980] IRLR 418 (EAT) 813, 814Hare v. Murphy Brothers Ltd [1974] ICR 603 (CA) 814Harper v. Virgin Net Ltd [2004] EWCA Civ 271; [2004] IRLR 390 (CA) 806Harrods Ltd v. Remick [1998] ICR 156 (CA) 218Hashman v. Milton Park, ET Case No. 3105555/2009 320Hashwani v. Jivraj [2011] ICR 87 313






xxviii Table of cases

Health Services and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Association v.British Columbia [2007] 2 SCR 391; 2007 SCC 27 52, 539

Henry v. London General Transport Services Ltd [2002] EWCA Civ 488;[2002] ICR 910 (CA) 125, 168

Herbert Clayton and Jack Waller Ltd v. Oliver [1930] AC 209 246Hewcastle Catering Ltd v. Ahmed [1992] ICR 626 (CA) 153Hibbins v. Hesters Way Neighbourhood Project [2009] ICR 319 (EAT) 441High Table Ltd v. Horst [1998] ICR 409 (CA) 874Hill v. BFAWU Decision D/31/02 509Hill v. C. A. Parsons & Co. Ltd [1972] Ch 305 (CA) 773, 796–7, 798Hivac Ltd v. Park Royal Scientific Instruments Ltd [1946] Ch 169 (CA) 146HM Revenue and Customs v. Stringer [2009] ECR I-179 240, 271, 287, 293,

294, 307, 308Horizon Recruitment Ltd v. Vincent [2010] ICR 491 (EAT) 816Horkulak v. Cantor Fitzgerald International [2004] EWCA Civ 1287; [2005]

ICR 402 (CA) 141, 775Hornby v. Close (1867) LR 2 QB 153 496Howitt Transport Ltd v. TGWU [1973] IRLR 25 (NIRC) 728Hubbard v. Pitt [1976] 1 QB 142 692Hughes v. Corps of Commissionaires Management (No. 2) [2011] EWCA Civ

1061; [2011] IRLR 915 (CA) 285, 300Hughes v. Southwark London Borough Council [1988] IRLR 56 150Huntley v. Thornton [1957] 1 All ER 234 483

Inland Revenue Commissioners v. Ainsworth [2005] EWCA Civ 441; [2005]ICR 1149 (CA) 293, 307, 308

Ingram v. Foxon [1984] ICR 685 (EAT) 182Inter-City West Coast Ltd v. RMT [1996] IRLR 583 681Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v. Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd [1989] QB 433

(CA) 117International Transport Workers’ Federation v. Viking Line ABP C-438/05,

[2007] ECR I-10779; [2008] IRLR 143 51, 83, 84, 669, 730International Transport Workers’ Federation v. Viking Line ABP [2005]

EWCA Civ 1299; [2006] 1 Lloyd’s LR 303 (CA) 83Irani v. Southampton and South West Hampshire Health Authority [1985]

ICR 590 (ChD) 797, 798–9Item Software (UK) Ltd v. Fassihi [2004] EWCA Civ 1244; [2005] ICR 450

(CA) 147

J. & J. Stern v. Simpson [1983] IRLR 52, at 53 (CA) 809J v. DLA Piper UK LLP [2010] IRLR 936 324James W. Cook & Co. (Wivenhoe) Ltd v. Tipper [1990] IRLR 386 (CA)

849John Brown Engineering Ltd v. Brown [1997] IRLR 90 (EAT) 880






xxix Table of cases

Johnson Press plc 673–4, 696Johnson v. Nottinghamshire Combined Police Authority [1974] ICR 170 (CA)

869Johnson v. Unisys Ltd [2001] UKHL 13; [2001] ICR 480 (HL) 112, 779–82,

784, 789, 797, 851, 853Johnstone v. Bloomsbury Health Authority [1992] QB 333 (CA) 117, 151,

175–6Jones v. Associated Tunnelling Co. Ltd [1981] IRLR 477 (EAT) 115, 170–1Junk Irmtraud v. Wolfgang Kuhnel Case C-188/03, [2005] ECR I-885 594, 598,

616, 618

Kampelmann v. Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe Cases C-253/96 to258/96, [1998] IRLR 333 (ECJ) 114

Kavanagh v. Hiscock [1974] 1 QB 600 692Keeley v. Fosroc International Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 1277; [2006] IRLR 961

(CA) 121Kelley v. Johnson, 425 US 238 (1976) 444Kelly v. National Society of Operative Printers (1915) 31 TLR 632 524Kelly v. Northern Ireland Housing Executive [1998] ICR 828 208, 209Kent Free Press v. NGA [1987] IRLR 267 (QB) 727KHS AG v. Schulte [2011] EUECJ 0000 271, 272, 274, 294, 301, 309Kimberley Group Housing Ltd v. Hambley [2008] ICR 1031 (EAT) 902KirkleesMetropolitan Borough Council v. Radecki [2009] EWCA Civ 298;

[2009] ICR 1244 (CA) 806Kopel v. Safeway Stores plc [2003] IRLR 753 (EAT) 32Kucukdeveci v. Swedex GmbH & Co C-555/07 [2010] ECR I-xxx; [2010] 2

CMLR 33; [2010] IRLR 346 (ECJ) 13, 153, 334Kulkarni v. Milton Keynes Hospital NHS Trust [2009] EWCA Civ 789; [2010]

ICR 101 (CA) 787, 788Kwik-Fit (GB) Ltd v. Lineham [1992] ICR 183 (EAT) 810

Ladbroke Racing Ltd v. Arnott [1983] IRLR 154 (Court of Session) 826Lana v. Positive Action Training in London [2001] IRLR 501 365Lane v. Shire Roofing Company (Oxford) Ltd [1995] IRLR 493 (CA) 191Lange v. Georg Schunemann GmbH [2001] IRLR 244 (ECJ) 112Langley v. Burlo [2006] EWCA Civ 1778; [2007] ICR 390 (CA) 846Langston v. Cranfield University [1998] IRLR 172 (EAT) 882Laval un Partneri Ltd v. Svenska Byggnadsarbetareforbundet C-341/05 [2007]

ECR I-11767; [2008] IRLR 160 (ECJ) 51, 63, 550, 730Lavigne v. Ontario Public Service Employees Union [1991] 2 SCR 211 483Lawrie-Blum v. Land Baden-Wurttemberg Case C-66/85, [1987] ICR 483

(ECJ) 206Laws v. London Chronicle (Indicator Newspapers) Ltd [1959] 1 WLR 698

(CA) 132, 777






xxx Table of cases

Lee v. Showmen’s Guild of Great Britain [1952] 2 QB 329 530Lees v. Arthur Greaves (Lees) Ltd [1974] ICR 501, at 505 (CA) 815Leicestershire County Council v. Unison [2005] IRLR 920 (EAT) 612, 618Leighton v. Michael [1995] ICR 1091 (EAT) 153Lenhert v. Ferris Faculty Association, 500 US 507 (1991) 486Lennon v. Commissioner of Police of theMetropolis [2004] EWCA Civ 130;

[2004] IRLR 385 (CA) 116Leonard v. Strathclyde Buses Ltd [1998] IRLR 693 (Court of Session, Inner

House) 855Lesney Products & Co. v. Nolan [1977] ICR 235 (CA) 268, 869, 870Lewis v. Motorworld Garages Ltd [1986] ICR 157 (CA) 136, 812Lister v. Hesley Hall Ltd [2002] 1 AC 215 (HL) 190Lister v. Romford Ice and Cold Storage Co. Ltd [1956] AC 583 (HL) 145, 237Litster v. Forth Dry Dock & Engineering Co. Ltd [1989] ICR 341 (HL) 894Lloyds Trade Union and Lloyds Banking Group CAC Case No. DI/2/2011 590London Borough of Newham v. NALGO [1993] IRLR 83 683London Probation Board v. Kirkpatrick [2005] ICR 965 (EAT) 182London Underground Ltd v. ASLEF [2011] EWHC 3506 (QB) 682, 696, 697,

718London Underground Ltd v. NUR [1996] ICR 170 682, 689Luce v. Bexley London Borough Council [1990] ICR 591 583Lumley v. Gye (1853) 2 E&B 216 664Lustig-Prean and Beckett v. UK, App. Nos. 31417/96 and 32377/96 (1999) 29

EHRR 548 (ECtHR) 427Lyon v. St James Press [1976] ICR 413 470, 471Lyons v. Mitie Security [2010] IRLR 288 (EAT) 288, 294–5Lyons v. Unite the Union (Amicus Section), Decision D/48–50/09 509

Mahmoud and Malik v. Bank of Credit and Commerce International S.A.[1998] AC 20 (HL) 96, 136, 137, 783

Mailway (Southern) Ltd v. Willsher [1978] ICR 511 (EAT) 163Maistry v. BBC, ET Case No. 1313142/2010 320Malik v. BCCI [1998] AC 20 288, 289Malloch v. Aberdeen Corporation [1971] 1WLR 1578, at 1581 (HL) 766, 770Malone v. British Airways [2011] IRLR 32 (CA) 172Mandla and Another v. Dowell Lee and Another [1983] 2 AC 548 (HL) 319,

324, 331, 539Mangold v. Helm Case C-144/04, [2005] ECR I-9981 (ECJ) 153Marbe v. George Edwardes (Daly’s Theatre) Ltd [1928] 1 KB 269 246Market Investigations v. Minister of Social Security [1969] 2 QB 173 191Martin v. MBS Fastenings (Glynwed) Distribution Ltd [1983] IRLR 198 808,

809Martin v. South Bank University Case C-4/01, [2004] IRLR 74 (ECJ) 894Martin v. Southern Health and Social Care Trust [2010] NICA 31; [2010]

IRLR 1048 (NICA) 285






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