Influence of The Air Conditioner on Human Skin
PAPER
Presented to SMAN 4 Berau
In partial fulfillment of the requirement For Graduated Student of SMAN 4 Berau
In academic years 2014/2015
Complied by:Emir Ahmad Hasyimi
NIS/NISN: 0654/9970946797
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT BERAU REGENCY SMA NEGERI 4 BERAU
SCIENCE PROGRAMMEIn Academic Years 2014/2015
i
Approval Sheet 1
This is to certify that paper of Emir Ahmad Hasyimi has been approved by The
Paper Advisor for further approval by the Board of Examiners.
The Paper Advisor 2,
Surya Darma, S.Pd NIP. 19760606 200012 1 002
Sambaliung, 30th November 2014
Acknowledgement by
The Principal of SMAN 4 Berau,
Ahmadong, S.Pd. M.Pd. NIP. 19811210 200312 1 004
The Paper Advisor 1,
Seno Pujosantosa, S.Pd, M.PdNIP. 19671022 199412 1 003
ii
Approval Sheet 2
This is to certify that paper of Muhammad Azka Amal has been approved
by the Board Examiners as requirement the graduated SMAN 4 Berau in
academic years 2015/2016.
Sambaliung, 30th November 2014
ChairmanNIP.
MemberNIP.
MemberNIP.
Acknowledged by
The Principal of
SMAN 4 BerauAhmadong, S.Pd. M.Pd.
NIP. 19811210 200312 1 004
The Chairman of
Science forum of
Berau
Drs. Eddy Darmawan, M.M.Pd
NIP.19611018 1990101 1 001
iii
Table of ContentsApproval Sheet 1................................................................................................................. i
Approval Sheet 2................................................................................................................ ii
Abstract..............................................................................................................................2
Acknowledgements............................................................................................................3
Chapter I............................................................................................................................1
Introduction....................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background....................................................................................................1
1.2. Research Question..........................................................................................2
1.3. Objective Writing...........................................................................................2
1.4. Significance of Writing..................................................................................2
Chapter II...........................................................................................................................3
Review of Literatures.....................................................................................................3
2.1. Air Conditioner (AC).....................................................................................3
2.2. Human Skin..................................................................................................19
2.3. The characteristics of Healthy Skin..............................................................27
Chapter III........................................................................................................................28
Research Methods........................................................................................................28
3.1. Setting of Research............................................................................................28
3.2. Focus Research..................................................................................................28
3.3. Data Resources..................................................................................................28
3.4. Data Collections Techniques.............................................................................28
3.5. Analysis of Data................................................................................................28
3.6. Discussion.........................................................................................................29
Chapter IV........................................................................................................................30
Closure.........................................................................................................................30
4.1. Conclusion........................................................................................................30
4.2. Sugesstion.........................................................................................................30
Appendix 1.......................................................................................................................31
Reference.....................................................................................................................31
Appendix 2.......................................................................................................................32
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Curiculum Vitae...........................................................................................................32
Abstract
Hasyimi, Emir Ahmad. 2015. Influence of The Air Conditioner on Human Skin. Science Program Departemen of SMAN 4 Berau, Berau. Advisor: Darma, Surya. S.Pd
Air Conditioner, as we know as AC is a good thing, because the day is so hot, we just turn it on and the room begin to cold again. But, there are some effects when we are too long in the room who has AC when we do not take care of our skin’s healt. Yes, there is an influence of the air conditioner on human skin.
“Air Conditioner (AC) absorb the humidity from the skin and cause the skin become dry. If it’s not protected with moistening cream, so the skin susceptible to damages. The dry’s skin if it’s continously it can effect to the deep layer of the skin.” Said Dr. Rajan TD the specialis of skin’s healt and beauty.
AC absorb the humidity in the room, so that can decrease the humidity on the skin and cause the skin become dry. If it’s not protected with moistening cream, so the skin susceptible to damages. The dry’s skin if it’s continously it can effet to the deep layer of the skin.
There are some tips for people who work/always in the room which has used AC: use lotion to keep the humidity of skin; use lotion to the skin so it can protect the skin from losing humidity; place a bowl of water to the room who has AC, it cause placing a bowl of water is a simple way to hold the absorbtion of humidity on a skin when we areat the room who has AC.
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Acknowledgements
First of all the writer expresses his thanks to Allah SWT that has blessed his to
finish this paper. Sholawat and salam go to Muhammad SAW the last prophet.
The writer extents his appreciation and deepest gratitude to Mr. Surya Darma, S.
Pd., as advisor for his kindness all information, advice, correction, critic, support
developing, suggestion, valuable comment, and guidance for alls during the
process on paper writing.
Similarly deep acknowledgement is addressed to Mr. Ahmadong, S. Pd., M. Pd.,
the principal of SMA Negeri 4 Berau that recommended and approved the writer
finish his paper.
He does appreciate and express his deep gratitude to his father and mother
Mr. Iman Ramadhani and Mrs. Etty Sudarwati from whom he receives never
ending-love encouragement and prayers on most tiring days.
Finally, he dedicates his gratitude to all his friends in science programme of SMA
Negeri 4 Berau for their information and helps the writer realizes that this paper is
not perfect. However the writer hopes that his paper is useful for those who need
it.
Sambaliung, 30th November 2014
The Writer
1
Chapter I
Introduction
In this section the writer will focus about background, research questions, objective
of writing, and significances of writing.
1.1. Background.Without realizing it you probably spend most of time in the room air-cooled
or air conditioner (AC). At the office, car, transportation age, shops, until the
bedroom. You may just look for comfort in the middle of a tropical climate
that makes hot, unknowingly the bad effects on your skin.
Exposure to cold conditioning chamber can lead to long term damage to your
skin and hair. This happens because the machine absorbs humidity chamber
conditioning in the room. When the skin is experiencing drought will easily
itching. Conditioning also aggravate skin disorders being suffered by a person.
Air space to absorb water from the air in the room and seize the outer layer of
skin epidermis. If there is a constant, water loss and lack of replacement of
water from the skin tissue can cause skin peeling, dry and cracked.
Water is very important to keep blood flowing. Water is also useful maintain
skin elasticity. When the humidity of the room disappeared, the skin may
wither. The skin is also prone to crease and ultimately accelerate wrinkles.
Latent effects, premature aging.
Effects worse befall those who frequently switch from outdoor activities
blazing into the cold room, unprotected skin. This extreme temperature
changes can trigger enough more serious skin damage.
2
Bad effects air conditioner more perfect when combined with high exposure
to pollution, extreme weather changes, poor diet, and other unhealthy lifestyle.
1.2. Research Question.To limit the problem of writing the writer would like to show like a;
“Does air conditioner impact to human skin ?”
1.3. Objective Writing.In this writing the writer would like to purpose;
“To know air conditioner impact to human skin.”
1.4. Significance of Writing.After reading this writing, the writer would like to hope/expect that;
“The readers know air conditioner impacting to human skin.”
3
Chapter IIReview of Literatures
In this section the writer will focus about the defination of air conditioner and human
skin.
2.1. Air Conditioner (AC).
2.1.1. Definition of Air Conditioner.In general understanding of the AC (Air Conditioner) a series of
machines that have the function as the air conditioning being around
the cooler.
In particular, the understanding of AC (Air Conditioner) is a machine
that is used to cool the air by means of circulating the refrigerant gas is
in the pipeline on tap and in the suction by the compressor.
The reasons why the gas refrigerant chosen as the material in the
circulation, is because the material is volatile and can change its shape,
in the form of liquids and gases. The heat is on the condenser pipe
coming from the gas refrigerant in the press by the compressor so that
the material becomes hot and in part Expantion Automatic Valve place
pipe refrigerant gas circulation minimized, thereby increasing the
pressure in the pipe and into the cold evaporator. Ac More Widely
used in tropical areas with air temperature conditions are relatively
high (hot).
2.1.2. Main Componen of AC.Compressor.
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Compressor is a tool that serves to deliver gas refrigerant throughout
the system. If the analogy, how the air conditioning compressor is just
like the heart in the human body. The compressor has two pipes, ie the
suction pipe and pipe press. And has two areas of pressure, ie low
pressure and high pressure. There are three types of compressors,
namely: compressor piston (Reciproacting), centrifugal compressors
and rotary compressors.
Condenssor.
Condenser serves as a heat exchanger, lowering the temperature of
refrigerant, and turns the refrigerant from a gas to a liquid form. AC
condenser is usually stored on outdoors (outdoor). The condenser is
cooled by a fan normally (FAN), Fan function breathed condenser
heat generated at the time of the release of heat absorbed by the
refrigerant gas. In order roses heat release can be faster, condenser
pipe winding designed and equipped with fins.
Capillary Tube.
Capillary tube is the main component that serves to lower the
refrigerant pressure and regulate the flow of refrigerant to the
evaporator. The main function of the capillary tube is very vital
because it connects two parts of different pressures, namely high
pressure and low pressure. high-pressure refrigerant before passing
through the capillary tube will be changed or reduced pressure. As a
result of the refrigerant pressure drop causes a decrease in
temperature. In this section (capillary) refrigerant reaches the lowest
temperature (coldest). Capillary tube located between the filter (filter)
and evaporator.
5
Evaporator.
Evaporator serves to absorb and dissipate heat from the air to the
refrigerant. As a result, the refrigerant liquid form after passing
through the pipe kepiler will change form. Simply put, the evaporator
can say as a heat exchanger. Hot air around reuangan cooled air is
absorbed by the evaporator and entered through the fins of the pipe so
that the temperature of the air coming out of the fins to be lower than
its previous condition or cold. Air circulation air-cooling air is
regulated by the indoor blower. Usually placed on the indoor
evaporator.
2.1.3. Supporting AC Component.Strainer.
Strainer serves to filter impurities carried by the refrigerant in the air
conditioning system. Dirt escape from the filter because the strainer is
damaged can cause clogging of the capillary tube. As a result, the
refrigerant circulation becomes impaired. Usually, the dirt into the
cooling system plugs, such as rust and metal debris.
Accumulator.
Accumulator serves as a container while a low-temperature liquid
refrigerant and lubricating oil mixture evaporator. In addition, the
accumulator serves to set the circulation flow of refrigerant that can
come and go through the compressor suction line. To prevent liquid
refrigerant does not flow into the compressor, accumulator condition
refrigerant remains in the form of a gas. Therefore, when the form of
6
gaseous refrigerant will be easier to get into the compressor and do
not damage the inside of the compressor.
Lubricating Oil.
Lubricating oil on the AC system is useful to lubricate the compressor
parts to prevent rapid attrition. In addition, lubricating oil serves to
reduce heat in parts of the compressor. A small portion of the oil
mixed with the refrigerant compressor, then join circulates in the
cooling system passes through the condenser and evaporator.
Therefore, compressor oil must have special requirements, that is to
lubricate, resistant to high temperature compressor, has a freezing
point renndah, and no negative effects on the properties of the
refrigerant and air conditioning components in its path.
Blower.
In the AC component, blower is located on the indoor and the function
is blowing cold air that produced the evaporator. Fan is located at the
outdoor which cools the refrigerant in the condenser and to help
release heat to the condenser.
2.1.4. Electrical Components in AC.Thermistor.
Thermistor is a temperature regulating device. So, the thermistor is
able to regulate the work of the compressor automatically based on
temperature changes. Typically, the thermistor mounted on the
evaporator. Semi konduktor thermistor made of materials that are
made in several shapes, such as discs, bars, or granules, depending on
the manufacturer AC. In the thermistor granular, has a diameter
7
(approximately 3-5 mm). Then, a few grains of the thermistor is
wrapped with a capsule made of glass (glass capsule). Furthermore,
the glass capsule fitted with two feet terminal (pin). Because of its size
is very small, granular thermistor able to react very quickly to
changes in temperature. Thermistor is designed to be a prisoner
whose value is much smaller when the temperature increases. In the
air-conditioning unit, there are two types of thermistor, the thermistor
thermistor room temperature and evaporator pipe. Room temperature
thermistor function receives the response and gusts evaporator
temperature changes. Pipe thermistor functions accept a change of
temperature in the evaporator pipe.
PCB Control.
PCB control is a means of regulating the overall working air
conditioning unit. If in analogic, PCB control function resembles the
human brain functions. In the control PCB component consists of
various electronic devices, just as thermistors, sensors, capacitors,
ICs, transformers, fuses, switches, relays, and other electronic devices.
Its function is also varied, ranging from indoor blower speed control,
the movement of the swing, adjust the temperature, duration of
operation (timer), to turn on or turn off the AC.
Capasitor.
The capacitor is an electronic device that serves as a temporary
storage of electrical charge. Said to be temporary, the capacitor will
discharge all electrical charge contained in a sudden in a very short
time. The amount of charge that can be stored depends on the capacity
of the capacitor. Unit of capacity is the farad capacitor (F). Typically,
capacitor functioned as a first mover compressor or the starting
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capacitor. With the help of the starting capacitor, it takes only a
fraction of a second or very short to make the compressor motor
spinning at full speed. Long or short amount of time depends on the
amount of electric charge stored in the capacitor. After the
compressor motor reaches full rotation, automatic electrical
connection to the capacitor will be removed, and replaced with a
direct link from PLN. Capacitor will charge the charge and will be
reused at any time during compressor turn on again. In the air-
conditioning unit, usually there are two starting capacitor, it as
driving the compressor and fan motor (fan). the AC compressor
powered 0.5 - 2 PK has start measuring 15-50 nF capacitor. In the fan
motor (fan indoor or outdoor) have start measuring 1-4 nF capacitor.
Overload Motor Protector (OMP).
Motor Overload Protector (OMP) is a safety device electric motor
compressor (usually found on the kind of hermetic compressors). OMP
work is controlled by heat sensors made from a mixture of metallic
and nonmetallic materials (bimetal). This bimetallic rod opens and
closes automatically electrical current to the electric motor. When an
electric current is passed high bimetallic continuously or condition of
the compressor is too hot, the bimetal will be open so that the electric
current to the compressor will break. And vice versa. When the
temperature of the compressor down, bimetal will close, electric
current will flow to the compressor so that the compressor will go
back to work. OMP placement in hermetic compressors are of two
kinds, namely external OMP (placed outside the body compressor)
and internal OMP (placed in the compressor). Typically, external
OMP used for air conditioning compressor engines are not too large
9
(0.5-1 PK), while internal OMP found in many large air conditioning
compressor engine (1.5-2 PK).
Electric Motor.
Electric motors used to drive the fan (outdoor) and Blower (indoor).
The shape and size of indoor and outdoor electric motor is different.
To help maximize the round, both in indoor and outdoor electric
motor, capacitor start functioning required electric motor drive the
first time to achieve full rotation. Furthermore, the function of the
start capacitor is replaced by a current of electricity to rotate both the
electric motor.
Compressor Motor.
Compressor motors drive the compressor function. When the motor
works, the compressor will function as a circulatory cooling agents
leading to all parts of the cooling system. Generally, the compressor
motor is packed into a single unit with compressor. Similar to the fan
motor, compressor motor to start early also use the help of a start
capacitor.
2.1.5. Types of AC.AC Split.
Viewed in terms of its shape AC Split has two parts: an indoor and
outdoor, the air conditioning compressor is located in Split in the
outdoor section and have a fan as a tool to remove the heat on the
pipe condenser.
10
While at the indoor evaporator pipe and there is an electric motor that
functions rotate the blower and then remove it in the room that has
been set so that it becomes a cold room.
The working principle of the AC Split is the starting of the
compressor. Compressor pump high-pressure gas and high
temperature through a pipe tap (Discharge) to the condenser. In the
condenser high temperature gas discharged by the fan located in the
outdoor unit, so that the temperature of the refrigerant gas into the
cold. After going through the condensing refrigerant gas into the dryer
filter to be filtered, so that the gas flow does not have the dirt. Once
filtered gas (Freon) into the capillary hole is so small, in this pipe
freon colliding and jostling here freon has been transformed into a
gaseous liquid previously. After passing through the capillary tube
freon will evaporate and take the heat in the vacuum evaporator. So
the pipes in the evaporator to cool down and blown by the fan motor in
the indoor unit. After the cooling process in the evaporator freon,
freon back aspirated flow back into the suction pipe (suction) into the
compressor. That's how the air conditioning, short freon pumped by
the compressor exit through the pipe into the press, and then to the
filter condenser dryer and then entered through a capillary tube to the
evaporator and back to the compressor through the suction pipe
(Suction). This process is repeated when the air conditioner is used.
AC Window.
In this window air conditioner has a different shape to the other forms,
namely between the indoor and the outdoor has the same place
11
(fused), so it requires no additional piping between the indoor and
outdoor air conditioning.
In this AC Window installation, we should perforate the wall in the
room that will be the pairs. The indoor layout were in the room and the
outdoor location is outdoors, parapet is greatly in need so that the hot
air that is outside the room does not get into the room a low
temperature, which can result in damage to the AC Window
compressor.
AC Floor Standing.
AC Floor Standing has a great shape either at the indoor or on the
outdoor, laying AC Floor Standing is that at the indoor section in
place on the basis of floor space that is equipped with a holder, The
indoor area at the front of this field should be caused for air
circulation AC Floor Standing is not disturbed.
AC Floor Standing is able to achieve the lowest temperature to
approximately 10 degrees Celsius while mounting on the top side The
indoor section is made of a funnel of air, which can be placed up to a
height of 3.5 meters.
AC Floor Standing is very much used in every industry, because it has
the capacity of the room is quite large compared with other AC and
AC are usually in place in a production room.
AC Central.
The size of the air conditioner is almost the same as the AC Floor
Standing which has a shape and size is large enough. The difference is
12
the size and where place at the indoor section. Central air
conditioning is in pairs at the top near the ceilings, and the AC is
more in pairs of the object dependent.
Central air conditioning has two blower is used to suck in the cold
temperatures and removing spatial it evaporator that has been set. AC
is usually given in front of the air funnel it blower, as a distributor of
air from the blower to the room. This air conditioner has a filter, which
is mounted on the rear of the blower.
2.1.6. Maintenance on AC.Things to do in order to AC (Air Conditioner) can work well.
1. Protect the AC from dust and rain.
2. Protect conditioned room of smoke, unpleasant smell and not too
hot.
3. To reduce material wastage AC room, preventing outside air too
many enter directly into the room air conditioner installed.
4. Clean the ventilation grille from dirt dust evaporator at least 3 times
in a year.
5. Perform maintenance on the air conditioner as often as possible so
that the air conditioning works well and can be used for longer by
the wearer.
6. Amend direct air conditioning parts damaged, be it large or damage
minor damage.
7. Do not let the condition of AC on constantly, if not used
immediately turn off the AC.
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2.1.7. How the AC work.Existing compressor cooling system is used as a tool to compress
refrigent, so refrigent that goes into the compressor flows to the
condenser which is then compressed in the condenser.
In this condenser refrigerant compressed refrigent will change phase
from the vapor phase into the liquid phase refrigent, then refrigent
issued a heat of vaporization heat is contained in refrigent. The amount
of heat given off by the condenser is the sum of the energy required
compressor and heat energy drawn from the evaporator substance to
be cooled.
In this condenser refrigerant compressed refrigent will change phase
from the vapor phase into the liquid phase refrigent, then refrigent
issued a heat of vaporization heat is contained in refrigent. The amount
of heat given off by the condenser is the sum of the energy required
compressor and heat energy drawn from the evaporator substance to
be cooled.
In the condenser refrigerant pressure in the pipes is relatively much
higher condenser compared with refrigent pressure that is on the
evaporator pipes.
After the refrigerant through the condenser and releases heat of
vaporization of the liquid phase to the vapor phase in the refrigent
miss through the expansion valve, the expansion valve is refrigent
14
pressure is reduced so that refrigent changing conditions of the liquid
phase to the vapor phase which then flowed into the evaporator, in this
evaporator refrigent will change its state from liquid phase to vapor
phase, this phase change due to pressure refrigent made such that
refrigent after passing through the expansion valve and evaporator
pressure becomes very down.
It is practically can be done with the existing pipe diameter evaporator
relatively greater when compared with that of the pipe diameter
condenser.
With the change refrigent conditions of the liquid phase to the vapor
phase to change from liquid phase to vapor phase refrigent then this
process requires energy is energy of evaporation, in this case the
energy is energy that is used in the substance to be cooled.
With energy taken taken in the substance to be cooled, the enthalpy
[entalphy is a term in thermodynamics which states the amount of
internal energy of a thermodynamic system plus the energy that is used
to do work] substance to be cooled will be dropped, with the enthalpy
drop in the temperature of the substance which will be cooled down.
This process will change continuously until cooling occurs liking.
The primary key of the AC is refrigent, which generally is a
fluorocarbon [fluorocarbon are organic compounds containing one or
more fluorine atoms. More than 100 fluorocarbon which has been
found. Freon from fluorocarbon group consisting of Freon-11 (CCl3F)
which is used as an aerosol and Freon-12 (CCl2F2), commonly used as
a refrigerant. At present, Freon is considered as one of the causes of
15
the Earth's ozone layer into the hole and causing UV rays enter.
Although, it is not yet fully proven, fluorocarbon production began to
be reduced. ], Which flows into the system, into the liquid and release
heat when pumped (pressurized) and becomes a gas and absorbs heat
when the pressure is reduced. Mechanism refrigent changing into a
liquid and a gas to give or reducing the pressure is divided into two
areas: an air filter, fan, and cooling coil that is on the side of the room
and a compressor, condenser coil, and the fan on the outside window.
Hot air from the room through the filter, leading to a cooling coil
containing refrigent cold liquid, so that the air becomes cooler, then
through the grille back into the room. In the compressor, the
refrigerant gas from the cooling coil is heated by means of
compressing. In the condenser coil, the refrigerant releases heat and
becomes a liquid, which is circulated back to the cooling coil. A
thermostat [thermostat on the air conditioner operate with using
bimetallic plates are sensitive to changes in room temperature. This
plate is made of two metal which has a different coefficient of thermal
expansion. When the temperature rises, the outer metal expands in
advance, so that the plate is bent and eventually touch the electrical
circuit that causes the AC motor is active] controls the compressor
motor to regulate the temperature of the room.
With the electric cooling machine is then to cool or lower the
temperature of a substance can be easily done.
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Picture. The working principle of Air Conditioner (AC)
2.1.8. History of AC.Beginning of AC (air conditioner) has been started since Roman times
is to create a reservoir of water that flows in the wall of the house thus
lowering the temperature of the room, but then only certain people can
be due to the cost of building it is very expensive because it requires
water and a building that is not usual. Only the kings and rich people
who can build it.
17
And then in 1820 the British scientist named Michael Faraday
discovered new ways to cool the air by using ammonia gas and in
1842 a doctor to find a way to cool the room hospital located in
Florida Apalachicola America States. Dr. Jhon Gorrie is found and this
is the forerunner of technological AC (air conditioner) but
unfortunately before he was dead perfect in 1855.
Willis Haviland Carrier an engineer from New York United enhance
the discovery of Dr.Jhon Gorrie but AC is used not for the benefit or
convenience of man, but for the purposes of printing and other
industries.
The use of air-conditioning for new housing was developed in 1927
and first used in the home disbuah Mineapolis, Minnesota.
Currently AC has been used in all sectors, not only the industry but
also in offices and housing in various forms ranging from the large to
the kecil.semuanya still the same function is to cool the temperature of
the room so that people feel comfortable.
When summer comes, we are always familiar with the name of the fan
or also AC (Air Conditioner).
Therefore, the coolness of the air generated by the fan and the air
conditioning is needed to reduce the heat that sometimes excruciating.
Therefore, be grateful to John Gorrie who sparked the idea of making
air conditioning.
18
Because, with the air conditioning cool it, we do not need to be
suffering from the heat that sometimes makes the body seemed sticky
due to sweat dripping.
John created the AC because it was inspired by a concern for the sick.
John was actually a doctor are citizens of the United States. The idea
makes engine cooling starts from the number of patients suffering
from malaria or any other disease of the symptoms of high fever.
When the air was hot so make the patient uncomfortable. So, who was
born in Charleston, South California, October 3, 1802 is turning the
brain how to keep the patient's body temperature can go down. After
seeing the fan in front of him, he found the idea. He put ice cubes in
front of the fan, so cold ice can be dispersed by the wind from the fan.
Blaze on that idea, then John intends to serious manufacture of
refrigeration (AC). Then, in 1844, he graduated from medicine and
surgery in the city of New York is designing and developing the
experimental machine ice maker.
His engine is based on the laws of physics that heat always flows of
gases or liquids hotter towards gas or liquid cooler. The machine
works by compressing the gas (compress) so it gets hot, then the gas is
supplied to the coils for reduced pressure (decompress).
As a result, the air becomes cooler.
To develop the discovery, in 1845, Gorrie decided to stop the practice
as a doctor. Six years later, he managed to receive a patent that was
issued the first patent for a cooling machine.
19
This was originally discovered cooling machine is now known as the
Air Conditioner.
2.2. Human Skin.
2.2.1. Definition of Human Skin.The skin is not only useful as a coating outside the human body, the
skin is an organ, like the heart, lungs, or liver. In addition to providing
a protective layer of pathogens, physical abrasion, and solar
radiation, the skin has many functions, including an important role in
homeostasis. This includes maintaining the constancy of body
temperature through sweating or shivering activity and to make
people aware of external stimuli through the information provided in
reseprtor touch in the system integument (skin). Sweat usually arises
because we do activities that expend a lot of energy and in a state of
heat. It only takes a short review in burns to the skin and know the
importance of a wide variety of complications that occur when an
organ is in danger.
2.2.2. Skin Function.1. Protection against physical damage and ultraviolet radiation.
2. The sensation of touch, pain, and heat supplied by the nerve
endings.
3. Thermoregulation supported through sweating and regulation of
blood flow that passes through the skin.
4. The metabolism of vitamin D occurs in the skin.
5. Storage of blood that can be transferred to other parts of the body
when needed occur in the skin.
20
6. Excretion of salt and a small amount of residual substances
(ammonia and urea) occurs in the production of sweat.
7. As a tentacle.
8. As a protective organ underneath.
9. The store fat.
2.2.3. Skin Layers.Epidermis.
The epidermis is called the epidermis which is the outermost layer of
the skin. In this layer there is no blood vessels or nerves. Therefore, if
the bleeding does not hurt does not even hurt. Epidermis always
updated every 28 days. On the surface of the epidermis contained
pores sweat gland duct empties place. Penetrate the hair shaft cuticle
so that the surface of our body seemed covered with hair.
The epidermis is composed of the stratum corneum (horny layer) and
layer Malpighi. Corneum layer is the layer of dead skin, which can
flake off and replaced by new cells. Malpighian layer comprises
spinosum layer and germ layers. Spinosum layer serves to hold the
friction from the outside. Germ layer containing the active cells divide,
replacing the lining cells of the corneum layer. Malpighian layer
containing the pigment melanin that gives color to the skin.
Malpighian layer also serves as a protection from the dangers of the
sun, especially ultraviolet light.
Four kinds of cells found in the epidermis.
1. Keratinocytes produce keratin, a protein that hardens and makes
the skin waterproof. Keratinocytes grown on the surface of the
21
skin can’t grow anymore (dead) and is filled almost entirely with
keratin.
2. Melanocytes produce melanin, the pigment that protects cells from
ultraviolet radiation. Melanin from melanocytes transferred to
keratinocytes.
3. Langerhans cells are phagocytes that interacts with macrophage
white blood cells during an immune response.
4. Merkel cells located deep in the epidermis in the epidermis-
epidermal boundary. Merkrl forming cells Merkel discs along with
nerve endings act as sensory function (sensory).
Five layers that form the epidermis.
1. Structure corneum (horny layer) contains many layers of dead
kretinosit that are not core that is fully filled with keratin. The
outermost layer is continuously released.
2. Stratum lusidum contains two to three layers of cells are not core.
This layer is usually only seen in thick skin (palms and heel of the
foot).
3. Stratum granulosum contains two to four layers of cells held
together by desmodom. These cells contain granules keratohialin
influential in the formation of keratin in the upper layers of the
epidermis.
4. Stratum spinosum containing eight to ten layers of cells connected
by desmosomes. These cells are quite active in mitosis.
5. Stratum basale containing a single layer of cells that are actively
pillars divide by mitosis to produce cells that migrate into the
upper layers of the epidermis and finally to the skin surface.
22
Dermis.
The dermis consists of connective tissue. In the dermis there hair
mover muscle, blood vessels, lymph vessels, the sense of touch, oil
glands, and sweat glands.
The second layer of skin, the dermis, containing an assortment of
connective tissue. Such as connective tissue, dermis contains
fibroblasts and macrophages in a gelatinous matrix containing
collagen, elastic fibers, and reticulum. The structure gives the power to
elongate (ability to be drawn) and elasticity (ability to return to its
original form). This layer contains blood vessels, hair follicles, nerve
endings, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Sweat glands produce
sweat. The amount of sweat that can be issued to 2,000 ml per day,
depending on the needs of the body and the temperature setting. Sweat
contains water, salt, and urea. Other functions as a recipient of an
organ of excretion is sebgai stimulation, protection against physical
damage, radiation, and germs, as well as for regulation of body
temperature.
At high ambient temperature (heat), sweat glands become active and
dilated capillaries in the skin. Widening of the capillaries will facilitate
the process of disposal of water and metabolic waste. Active sweat
glands resulting in perspiration on the skin surface by evaporation.
Evaporation resulted in skin surface temperature down so we do not
feel the heat anymore. Conversely, when the ambient temperature is
low, not active sweat glands and capillaries in the skin constrict. In
these circumstances the blood does not remove metabolic waste and
23
water, as a result of evaporation is greatly reduced, so that the
temperature of the body and the body does not experience cold.
Two layers contained in the epidermis.
1. The outer layer is a layer of thin papillae with finger-like
projection called dermal papillae protruding into the epidermis of
the hands and feet, papillary dermis epidermis produces backs
(sweat of pungggung epidermis leaving fingerprints).
2. reticulum layer is a thick layer on the bottom layer of the papillae
that make up the majority of the dermis.
Hipodermis.
This layer lies below the dermis. This layer contains a lot of fat. Fat
serves as a backup food, body armor against impact, and a hot body.
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) contained
between the dermis and underlying tissues and organs. Hypodermis
consists of mostly adipose tissue and a large storage area sebgaian
body fat. Hypodermic serves to bind to the surface of the skin
underneath, providing insulation temperature, and absorb the shock of
the collision on the skin.
24
The structure of human skin.
i. Skins’s complementary organs.Hair.
Hair is a filament that extends keratinized epithelial cells and out of
the skin of mammals (mammals). Hair consists of the following
structure:
1. The hair shaft is part of the hair that is visible on the skin surface.
2. The root hair is the hair that penetrate the skin (epidermis and
dermis)
3. The hair follicle is a membrane that surrounds the hair on the skin.
4. Bulbs layer (Bulb) is the base of the hair follicle.
Matriks.
The matrix is a basic hair follicle (located in the tuber). Here, the cells
are actively dividing, generating new hair cells. When these cells hold
differentiation, these cells produce keratin and melanin from
melanocytes absorb nearby. When the cells are younger generated
underneath, cells were older pushed to the top, where the cells
25
eventually die. Keratin which lagged effect on hair growth. Hair color
is determined by the pigment is absorbed from melanocytes.
Arektor Pili.
Arektor pili muscles (hair) is a smooth muscle that attaches to the hair
follicles. When muscles interact, hair becomes erect; human being
"goosebumps".
Nail.
Nails are keratinized epithelial cells. Part nails put months
(semilunar) lighter, lanula, is a new nail growth area. Under the
lunula, nail matrix actively produces cells that affect the nails in nail
growth.
Sweat Glands.
Sweat glands (sudorifera) secreting sweat. Sweat glands in the form of
a circular channel and lead to the arid skin and smooth-shaped pores.
Of capillary blood, sweat glands absorb the water with NaCl and urea
bit. Water along with the solution excreted through the pores of the
skin, where the water is removed and a heat sink body. Activity of
sweat glands under the influence of body temperature control center
and the central nervous system, but not sweating routine.
Excessive sweating causes frequent thirst and hunger salt. Activity of
sweat glands under the influence of body temperature control center
and the central nervous system. Transpiration are not routine is not
affected by nerves. Sweat consists of water with various salts and
other substances.
26
The factors that could affect transpiration are as follows
1. The radiation of the sun that of the body causes the body to sweat.
Sweat out salt solution containing a lot.
2. At the time of exercise, sweating out a lot. Spending a lot of sweat
should be balanced with stout drinking water and add salt to food.
3. strong nerve stimulation causes excessive sweating. The process of
nerve stimulation associated with reddened skin color due to blood
vessels in the dermis layer of experienced floating. Losing a lot of
sweat to the loss of salts in the blood. Losing a lot of salts can
cause spasms and fainting.
There are four kinds of sweat glands:
1. The eccrine glands are under most of the surface of the skin and
secrete watery fluid through the pores (holes in the surface of the
skin), which cools the skin when it evaporates.
2. The apocrine glands are under the armpits and public areas and,
starting at puberty, secrete fluid in response to pressure or sexual
attraction. This fluid, which is more viscous than that secreted
eccrine glands, secreted into the hair follicle.
3. serumin glands secrete earwax (cerumen) into the outer ear canal.
This debris can help prevent the entry of foreign objects.
4. The mammary glands to produce milk that is removed from the
nipple.
Oil Glands.
Oil glands (sebaceous) secrete sebum, an oily substance, into the hair
follicle or sometimes through the pores of the skin surface. Sebum
inhibit the growth of bacteria and helps in drying the hair and skin.
The buildup of sebum in the duct of a gland produces oil and dandruff
27
dandruff black (when oxidized sebum), and acne (if the bacteria
infected sebum).
2.3. The characteristics of Healthy Skin.1. Free noda, everyone has to know this one healthy skin certainly no stains,
dark spots, acne scars, which must have been very disturbing skin health.
2. Soft skin, healthy skin when touched gently certainly not rough, dry, and
scaly.
3. Not Pale, healthy skin when white white color definitely is not too white
skin means the skin whiteness normal skin does not need to be as cold.
4. Not too bright, healthy skin is synonymous with white skin, but if they
exceed the whiteness of skin white skin on skin covered then it is not a
healthy skin.
5. Not Rude, skin already looks white and clean but when touched feels
rough. That means the skin is still experiencing a problem that must be
addressed.
6. Supple, healthy skin when pinched will return to forms initially and feels
supple and firm and not soft skin sagging like the elderly.
7. Sleep wake up bright moment, have a friend - a friend heard the phrase
'beautiful woman with natural on waking'. Try it when you wake up in the
mirror directly without first washing your face when the face looks
radiant then congratulations! You have a healthy face.
8. Skin without complaint, of course, healthy skin is skin that is free of
complaints such as black spots, blackheads, oil, rough, loose, flaky, dry
and inflamed.
28
Chapter III
Research Methods
In this section the writer will focus about the relation between air conditioner and
human skin.
3.1. Setting of Research.
The writer was beginning to make this paper since Friday, September 12th
2014 until last day on November 2014. The writer finished all of this paper at
his home.
3.2. Focus Research.
In this paper the author makes air conditioner as a subject and human skin as
objects.
3.3. Data Resources.
The writer was collecting data with methods to collect references and data
coming from the internet.
3.4. Data Collections Techniques.
The writer conducted data collection techniques with the method of data from
the internet.
3.5. Analysis of Data.
The writer was analyzing the data using quantitative methods. Quantitative
research is a systematic scientific study of the parts and phenomena and
relationships. Quantitative research objective is to develop and use
mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to natural
29
phenomena. Measurement process is a central part in the quantitative research
because it provides a fundamental relationship between empirical observation
and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships.
3.6. Discussion.
AC absorb the humidity in the room, so that can decrease the humidity on the
skin and cause the skin become dry. If it’s not protected with moistening
cream, so the skin susceptible to damages. The dry’s skin if it’s continuously
it can effect to the deep layer of the skin.
30
Chapter IV
Closure
In this section the writer will focus about the conclusion and the writer will gives
some suggestion.
4.1. Conclusion.
In this section the writer will focus about the conclusion and the writer will
gives some suggestion; because AC absorb the humidity in the room, so that
can decrease the humidity on the skin and cause the skin become dry. The
dry’s skin if it’s continuously it can effect to the deep layer of the skin.
Because of that, AC is a bad thing for skin’s health. For that reason, if want to
use AC and still want to feel the cold use the temperature about 24-26oC.
4.2. Suggestion.
After read this paper, the reader is expected to give some tips for people who
work/always in the room which has used AC; use lotion to keep the humidity
of skin; use lotion to the skin so it can protect the skin from losing humidity;
place a bowl of water to the room who has AC, it cause placing a bowl of
water is a simple way to hold the absorption of humidity on a skin when we
are at the room who has AC.
31
Appendix 1
Reference
Source of data from some websites in internet, accessed in August to December 2014:
https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?
id=423109917749869&story_fbid=423124594415068
http://asal-usul-motivasi.blogspot.com/2011/01/asal-usul-sejarah-ac-atau-air.html
http://cvastro.com/cara-kerja-sistem-ac-ruangan.htm
http://kubu-ayey.blogspot.com/2012/11/definisi-kulit.html
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulit
http://www.sridianti.com/lapisan-kulit-manusia-dan-fungsinya.html
http://www.carakhasiatmanfaat.com/artikel/penyebab-dan-cara-alami-perawatan-kulit-kering.html
32
Appendix 2
Curiculum Vitae
He is Emir Ahmad Hasyimi. He is Mr. Iman Ramadhani and Mrs. Etty Sudarwati’s son. He has two sisters and a brother. His sister’s name is Elis Safira Zarfani and Erianty Sabrina Maharani. His brother’s name is Eldaffa Ahmad Mahendra. He lives at Jalan Manunggal. His religion is Moslem. He was born at Tanjung Redeb, August 2th 1997. Now, he is student 12th IPA 2 at SMAN 4 Berau. His hobbies are playing futsal, basketball,
drawing, beatboxing and cycling.
Before studying at SMAN 4 Berau since 2012, he began to so study at TK
Pembina since 2002, then at SDN 007 Berau since 2003, and at SMPN 009 Berau
since 2009.
His achievement are 3rd winner in AKSARA (Ajang Kreasi Seni & Sastra)
Competition in 2012 at Tanjung Redeb. 2nd winner in Theater FLS2N (Festival
Lomba Seni Siswa Nasional) Competition in 2014 at Tanjung Redeb. 2nd winner in
Nasyid Putra Competition in 2014 at Tanjung Redeb. 2nd winner in 3D Wall
Magazine Competition in 2014 at Tanjung Redeb.
His expectation for the future, he wants to give some tips for people who
work/always in the room which has used AC; use lotion to keep the humidity of skin;
use lotion to the skin so it can protect the skin from losing humidity; place a bowl of
water to the room who has AC, it cause placing a bowl of water is a simple way to
hold the absorption of humidity on a skin when we are at the room who has AC.
