Date post: | 03-Jan-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | karin-jefferson |
View: | 217 times |
Download: | 0 times |
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QDM
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2c4_l2oe22U
Three Main Types of Learning
Observational Learning
Classical ConditioningOperant Conditioning
Latent Learning
Abstract Learning
Insight Learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (US): a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
Unconditional Response (UR): the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the US.
Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response.
Pavlov
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI
Figure 6.4 An unexpected CS Onion breath does not usually arouse romantic feelings. But when repeatedly paired with a kiss, it can become a CS and do just that.
© 2011 by Worth Publishers
Pavlov spent the rest of his life outlining his ideas. He came up with 5 critical terms that together make up classical
conditioning.• Acquisition
• Extinction
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Generalization
• Discrimination
Acquisition• The initial stage of learning.• The phase where the neutral stimulus is associated with the
UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS).
• Higher order conditioning- a new neutral stimulus can become a new conditioned stimulus example if a tone signals salivation then a light with the tone can do the same
Does timing matter?
•The CS should come before the UCS
•They should be very close together in timing.
Extinction• The diminishing of a conditioned
response.
• Will eventually happen when the UCS does not follow the CS.
Is extinction permanent?
Spontaneous Recovery
• The reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause. Only occurs after extinction.
Generalization
• The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses.
Discrimination
• The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that does not signal UCS.
Application of Classical Conditioning
• John Watson’s and Raynor’s experiment Baby Albert
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE&list=PL2920A92123EAF834&index=108&feature=plpp_video&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
• Cognitive: the way one thinks• Martin Seligmen- Added learned helplessness to
behaviorism. When faced with a hopeless situation in which one has not control- roots od depression
• The awareness of the presence of a conditioning agent may also affect the outcome: if one knows that they are being conditioned it will not work
• Simply the CS – US association is not enough Thought counts
Taste Aversion
• John Garcia
• Aversion to food
• If after getting sick on something tend not to eat it but you do not develop an aversion to the restaurant, plates etc. which is associated with the food.
• Also develop an aversion to sights, sounds associated with an event: chemo
• Concept used environmentally: Used to keep wolves from eating sheep
Learned Associations
Darwin was right!
• Natural selection favors traits that aid survival
• Red indicates sexuality• In the animal kingdom
and ours• Red lipstick? Red
districts? Valentine’s hearts? All red
Who is prettier?