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Lever, galle og pancreas – maligne strikturer og endoskopiske... · Lever, galle og pancreas –...

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Lever, galle og pancreas – maligne strikturer Truls Hauge Gastromedisinsk avdeling OUS - Ullevål
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Lever, galle og pancreas – maligne strikturer

Truls HaugeGastromedisinsk avdeling

OUS - Ullevål

Maligne strikturer: galle og duodenum - stentbehandling

• Endoskopisk stentbehandling• Stenting av galleveier• Stenting av duodenum (GOO)• Praktisk - tips

Indications for GI stenting

• Oesophagus and cardia tumours• Gastric outlet obstructions• Tumour recurrence after surgery • Mal obstruction of the small intestine• Biliary obstruction• Colorectal obstruction

AA confusing huge numberconfusing huge number ofof stentsstents

Stent implantationStent implantation

commoncommonopinionopinion

is :is :

easyeasyquickquick

effectiveeffectivesafesafe

criticalcriticalanalysisanalysis

may be :may be :

difficultdifficulttime consumingtime consuming

ineffectiveineffectivedangerousdangerous

RoutineRoutine

CenterCenter

ExpertExpert

Which strictures can I start with?

Prof KE Grund, Univ hospital, Tuebingen

RoutineRoutine

CenterCenter

ExpertExpert

Postoperative

To consider before starting the procedure‐ equipment

• If endoscopic (TTS), appropriate biopsy channel (3.5 mm) ‐ check it

• A stiffer guidewire is better

• Pretreatment? Dilatation?

• Radial stent force? Flexibility?

• Covered / noncovered?

• Available lenghts? Removability?

To consider before starting 2

• Radiology is required

• Premedication / anaesthesia is required

• Two assistents

• How to mark and measure the stricture? Lipiodol, balloon, clip

• Be familiar with the releasement system

• Symptomatic stricture?

Unsuccessful stent implantationwhat to do?

• Position wrong

Remove, correct, overlap immediately

• Expansion unsufficient

Wait and see, strengthen with a second

• Kinking

Remove, pretreatment, another stent

• Complications: perforation, bleeding

Oesophagus - kinking

Removal of SEMS

• Earlier is easier

• Covered stent 

• Grasp the tread and pull

• Cut the treads with APC

• Stent cutter

Necessary for a good clinical resulttake home messages 

• Have a good indication

• An accurate analysis of the anatomy

• Proper choice of stent

• Gain experience in trainingcourses

• Exact and precise implantation

• It is easier to insert than to remove

• Start with the ”easy” strictures

Biliary metal stent

Plastic stents

Plastic, SEMS – and what to choose?

• Plastic

Diameter, lenght, straight, pigtail?

• SEMS

Diameter, lenght, covered, non‐covered?

• Indication? What will we achieve?

• Where is the stricture?

• Koledochus, uni/bilateral? metastasis?

Is SEMS more expensive? Some answers

• Of course, more than ten times !

• SEMS: stainless‐steel or nickel‐titanium alloy

• Depends on the costs of stents and procedure

• Life expectancy > 4 months favourable SEMS*

• Life expectancy < 3 months plastic

• Covered SEMS?

Better for distal strictures (pancreatic ca)**

*Moss. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007 **Stern. EJSO 2007

Covered

Uncovered

Biliary stenting ‐ techniques

• Use papillotom and guidewire

• ”Short” or ”long” wire system

• Papillotomy if necessary (complications)*

• Less contrast prevents cholangitis

• Guidewire across the stricture

• Dilatation? Hilar stenosis?

• If more stents – left side first !

*Everson. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008

Malignant biliary obstruction – preop?

• Adverse impact of early postop survival*

• Plastic, 7F OK, no ES

• Not more than necessary

• If only percutaneous access:

• Combine with endoscopic (rendezvous)

Safer – less bile leak, infection, bleeding**

*Smith. Annals of Surgical Oncology 2008 **Stern. EJSO 2007

Specific strictures

• Biliar hilar obstruction is more difficult

• The left side most important

• Bilateral stenting best

Two guidewires in place is required

• Dilatation necessary?

• Start with the left (or more difficult side)

• Contrast after the guidewire has passed

Stern N. EJSO 2008

Bilateral stenting – guidewires in place first

After PDT – bilateral pigtail stents

Biliary duct stenting –when we do not get access?

• Difficult papilla (or to reach), stricture?

• Discuss with your collegues – try again?

PTC? +/‐ ERC? – rendezvous? + stent

• A duodenal stent overlap: rendezvous

• Papilla located in a tumour: rendezvous

• Hilar tumor and insufficient drainage?

Insert what is possible and discuss PTC

The randezvous technique

Endoscopic treatment of biliary duct obstruction ‐ Conclusions

• A proper diagnostic before stenting (MRCP, US)

• What will you achieve? – have a plan

• Use papillotom and guidewire to get access

• SEMS if life expectancy > (3‐)4 months

• Covered SEMS for the distal main bil duct

• ES if necessary for the stent

• Two stents requires 2 guidewires

• Consider combined procedure if you fail

GOO – stent insertion

GOO – different malignancies

• Pancreatic cancer (head)

• Biliary duct cancer

• Papilla of the Vateri

• Distal stomach cancer

• Duodenal cancer

• Metastatic

• Anastomosis relapse

Technical considerations 1

• Biliary obstruction? 

• Insert a CBD stent first?

• If not possible to reach the papilla, insert the duodenal stent first

• Possible, but difficult to cannulate through the metal mesh

• Rendevous technique may be better

Technical aspects 2

• Type I (+II) stent oral to the pylorus

• Better curve

• Redused risk for migration, perforation and ”kinking”

• Be aware of the papilla – overlapping

• Is it the symptomatic stenosis? Distal?

Duodenal stenosis Duodenal stenosis –– how to stent?how to stent?

Stenting of GOO ‐ results

• Safe and effective

• Acceptable complication rate

• Superior to sugical bypass

• Cost‐effective

• 12% unable to resume oral intake

• Improved survival remains speculative

Havemann MC. SJG 2009, Fockens P. Gastrointest Endosc 2009

Endoscopic stenting ‐ complications

• Perforation

• Stent ingrowth

• Migration

• Bleeding

• Sepsis

• Pancreatitis

Fockens P. Gastrointest Endosc 2009. Havemann MC. SJG 2009

Biliary stent

Biliary and duodenal stent

Biliary markers

Biliary markers

Stenting of GOO ‐ conclusions

• The procedure is safe and effective

• Acceptable complication rate

• Superior to surgical bypass

• Cost‐effective

• Missing clinical effect reported in 10‐20%

• Improved survival not demonstrated

From the Ullevål trainingscourses in GI stenting

[email protected]

Technical aspects 3

• Be careful / avoid dilatation of the duodenum

• Insert the duodenal stent first

• Prepare one attempt cannulating the papilla through the mesh

• Rendevous is a good alternative

• Dilatate the mesh (balloon) or rat‐tooth


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