Liquefied Natural Gas
Tankers and
FLNG
John KernaghanOffshore Engineering Society
9th February 2010
AGENDA
Introduction
What is LNG
Existing LNG Tankers
Tanks
FLNG
Conclusions
Major natural gas trade movements
BP Statistical Review 2008
AGENDA
Introduction
What is LNG
Existing LNG Tankers
Tanks
FLNG
Conclusions
What is LNG? Liquid Natural Gas
Stored at -160 degree Celsius
Density less than 0.5
Traded since 1960’s
Main Export to date Indonesia, Australia,
Algeria
Main Import Market to date Japan
New Exporters Qatar and Nigeria
New Markets Europe and USA
1914 First (U.S.) patent awarded to Godfrey Cabot for LNG handling/shipping.
1917 First commercial natural gas liquefaction plant built in West Virginia.
1959 The world's first LNG tanker, the Methane Pioneer, safely carries LNG
5 km3 from Lake Charles, LA., to Canvey Island, United Kingdom.
1964 British Gas Council imports LNG from Algeria first LNG commercial trade.
1969 United States exports LNG to Asia for the first time: from Alaska to Japan.
1977 Indonesia begins shipping LNG to Japan.
1984 Japan purchases 72% of world’s LNG, using 75% for electricity generation.
1991 First LNG deliveries from Australia’s North West Shelf arrive in Japan and
South Korea.
1999 LNG liquefaction plant opens in Trinidad and Tobago.
2004 The first offshore LNG terminal is approved, Port Pelican..
Brief History
LNG Process
• Number of methods of obtaining LNG
• Proprietary by big name players
• Most common - Pre Cooled Mixed Refrigerant
• New plants in Nigeria, Qatar, Australia
AGENDA
Introduction
What is LNG
Existing LNG Tankers
Tanks
FLNG
Conclusions
MV Methane Pioneer 1959
1959 – January 25th
MV Methane Pioneer departedCalcasieu River on route to UKWith world’s first cargo of LNGLNG capacity 5,000 cubic metres
1968First ship to import LNG to USAin BostonOffload to trucks positioned on barge
1st Purpose Built LNG ShipsShell - 1963/64
Methane Princess at Vickers, Barrow
Methane Progress at Harland and Wolf, Belfast
CONCH Independent Aluminium Tanks
27,000 cubic metre capacity
Traded Algeria – UK from 1964
Over 1,000 voyages to 1990’s
189 x 24 – Steam – 17.5 knots
1964 - First LNG trading Arzew, Algeria to Canvey Island
LNG TANKERS
337 trading (LNG Oneworld 01/02/10)
Order book for 38
Typical size 138,000 cubic metres
270 x 43 x 11.5 d
$165 million typical cost
Q Flex 210,000 cubic metres
315 x 50 x 12 d
Q Max 250,000 cubic metres
345 x 55 x 12 d
LNG TANKERS
Excellent Safety Record
Over 45 years operations
50,000 cargoes
100 million miles sailed
No major spill
No Crew fatality
LNG TANKERS
Perception – LNG is dangerous!
Design assumed it was dangerous
Good Crew and Procedures
Stable Market
42
Main current LNG yards
FPSO capable yards
LNG capable (historically) yards
LNG Shipyards
DSME May 2007
Exxon Mobil
2245
22502244
2247
2246
22432248
2249In Dock
LNG Q vessels
AGENDA
Introduction
What is LNG
Existing LNG Tankers
Tanks
FLNG
Conclusions
LNG TANKS
Two tank types form 99% of fleet
Self Supporting Spherical - Moss Balls
Membrane – Technigaz/GDF
Self Supporting Prismatic - IHI/Samsung
KOGAS
Self Supporting Spherical
Kawasaki LNG Tank
Membrane
Wavespec Web Site
Self Supporting Prismatic
SPB Tank
IHI
AGENDA
Introduction
What is LNG
Existing LNG Tankers
Tanks
FLNG
Conclusions
FPSOLNG
Tanker
LNG
Plant
FLNG
FLNG – Developments
Based on existing tanker size
FLEX – 170,000 cubic metres
New Hull Forms
Shell FLNG
SBM Linde
Hoeogh
Sevan
Mustang
What has been done?
GURF - JIP
AZUR - JIP
Proprietary studies
Moss
Tecnigaz
KUDU
SUNRISE
What is happening?
Safe Offloading of LNG - JIP
Proprietary studies
Flex LNG
HOEGH LNG FPSO
SBM Linde LNG FPSO
Sevan FLNG
Mustang Smart
Shell FLNG
Brazil FLNG
FLNG Issues
Safety
Hull Type
Tank Type
Sloshing
Offloading
Spillage
Fabrication
Safety
Explosion LNG has excellent record
Terrorist Post 9/11
Pollution No significant incidents
Spillage
Collision
Offloading
FLNG Building Blocks
Hull
Tanks
Import
Topsides
Mooring
Offloading
AZURE Concrete
Shell Steel - 470 x 75
Nimitz Class Aircraft Carrier317 x 41 (333 x 77)
Channel Car Ferry130 x 20
VLCC320 x 55
FLNG – size as proposed by Shell470 x 75
Steel Hull
Tank type
Centreline bulkhead
Sloshing
Pumping
Deck protection
FLNG
Tank type
Membrane
Moss
SPB Type 3
FLNG Tanks
FLNG Tanks
FLNG Topsides
Type
Size
Motion response
Import of gas
FLNG Topsides Fabrication
Deck
Height alongside
30 metre freeboard ?
Lift and Skid
Ramp
Float on
Wavespec Web Site
FLNG Mooring
Mooring
Motions
Spread
Turret
FLNG Mooring
Mooring
Motions
Spread
Turret
FLNG Mooring
Mooring
Motions
Spread
Turret
FLNG Mooring
Mooring
Motions
Spread
Turret
FLNG Offloading
Offloading
Existing shore Chicksan
Tandem Stern
Side by side
Cryogenic Hoses
Offloading
SBM
AZURE
OCL Offloading
Side by Side
AGENDA
Introduction
What is LNG
Existing LNG Tankers
Tanks
FLNG
Conclusions
Flex LNG orders M-Flexes at Samsung
Order at Samsung Heavy Industries (SHI) for two LNG carriers to be built to the flexible M-Flex design - Flex LNG design features the self-supporting, prismatic, IMO Type B (SPB) containment system
developed by IHI of Japan
Energy Bridge
ConocoPhillipsNigeria (20 m)
Statoil OPL 218 (1200 m)
Shell Sunrise Timor Sea (100 m)
Offshore Indonesia Possible Prospect
Locations of future Offshore
LNG Production Facilities
Future Offshore LNG Production Terminal
Benign, continuous directional swell Hs 4 – 6 m, soft soils
Benign, infrequent cyclones Hs 7 – 8 m, competent soils
We don’t know
What
We don’t know
Liquefied Natural Gas
Tanks and
Offloading
John KernaghanOffshore Engineering Society, 9th February 2010