Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys Data Interpretation, Further Analysis and
Dissemination Workshop
Literacy andEducation
2
Overview of presentation
Literacy (2 tables) School readiness (3 tables) Primary and secondary school attendance (4
tables) Gender parity (2 tables)
3
Indicators and definitions
Other Non-MICS Indicators that can be produced with MICS data: Gross Attendance Ratio (Pre-primary, Primary,
Secondary) Pre-primary Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted) Lower Secondary Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted) Upper Secondary Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted) Cumulative Primary Dropout and Repetition Rates Youth Primary Completion Rate (17-22) Youth Secondary Completion Rate (23-27)
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Age
Transition rate to
secondary
Primary completion ratio
Literacy rate
Tertiary
Reaching Grade 5
Primary Secondary
Net attendance Ratio
Dropout and repetition rates
Early education
Pre-primary
% entering Prim.Sch.
Pre-Sch. Attendan.
School Readiness
Net Attendance Ratio
Reaching last grade of
primary
Out of School Rate Out of School Rate
5
Things to remember
Age Adjustments (Age at beginning of school year )The age of child at the beginning of the school year is estimated by rejuvenating children to the first month of the (current or most recent) school year by using information on the date of birth, if available, and information on when the current (or most recent) school year began. If the date of birth is not available, then a full year is subtracted from the current age of the child at the time of survey, if the interview took place more than 6 months after the school year started. If the latter is less than six months and the date of birth is not available, the current age is assumed to be the same as the age at the beginning of the school year.
6
Rejuvenate children to the first month of the (current or most recent)
Date of birth available
Date of birth NOT available
Use : Date of birth, and Information on when the current
(or most recent) school year began
Interview took place >= 6 months after the school year started
Interview took place < 6 months after the school year started
Subtracted a full year from the current age of the child at the time of survey ted
Current age is assumed to be the same as the age at the beginning of the school year
Age Adjustments (Age at beginning of school year)
7
Table ED.1: Literacy (young women)Percentage of women age 15-24 years who are literate, Country, Year
Percentage
literate1
Percentage not
known
Number of women age 15-24 years
1 MICS indicator 7.1; MDG indicator 2.3 - Literacy rate among young women
Used as a proxy for adult literacy
Measures the ability to read a few sentences
Interpretation should be
done cautiously
Present a gender
component
ED.1M - Men
8
Table ED.1: Literacy among young womenPercentage of women age 15-24 years who are literate, Bhutan, 2010
Percentage literate [1]
Percentage not known
Number of women age 15-24 years
Area Urban 77.9 .1 1635Rural 44.5 .1 2920
Education None 5.2 .2 1706Primary 43.6 .3 643Secondary + 100.0 .0 2205
Age 15-19 67.1 .1 205220-24 47.9 .1 2502
Wealth index quintiles
Poorest 20.7 .1 718Second 34.3 .3 737Middle 48.2 .2 839Fourth 70.7 .1 1055Richest 84.7 .0 1207
Total 56.5 .1 4555
Country example
9
Overview of presentation
Literacy (2 tables) School readiness (3 tables) Primary and secondary school attendance (4
tables) Gender parity (2 tables)
10
Table ED.2: School readinessPercentage of children attending first grade of primary school who attended pre-school the previous year, Country, Year
Percentage of children
attending first grade who attended preschool in previous year1
Number of children attending first grade of
primary school
1 MICS indicator 7.2 - School readiness
Denominator: number of children attending first grade of primary education regardless of age.
Numerator: children who are in first grade of primary school this year and were in preschool last year.
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Table ED.3: Primary school entry
Percentage of children of primary school entry age entering grade 1 (net intake rate), Country, Year
Percentage of children of primary school entry age
entering grade 11
Number of children of primary school
entry age
1 MICS indicator 7.3 - Net intake rate in primary education
Denominator: number of children who were of primary school entry age at the beginning of the current (or the most recent) school year.
Numerator : children in the denominator who are attending grade 1 or 2 of primary school.Grade 2 of primary school is accepted to take into account early starters.
Primary school entry age is defined at the country level (usually based on UNESCO's ISCED classification).
12
Overview of presentation
Literacy (2 tables) School readiness (3 tables) Primary and secondary school attendance (4
tables) Gender parity (2 tables)
13
Table ED.4: Primary school attendance and out of school childrenPercentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary school (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending preschool, and percentage out of school, Country, Year
Male Female Total
Net attendance
ratio (adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of
children
Net attendance ratio
(adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of
children
Net attendance ratio
(adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of childr
en
Not attending school or preschool
Attending preschool
Out of school
Not attendi
ng school
or presch
ool
Attending
preschool
Out of school
Not attendi
ng school
or presch
ool
Attending
preschool
Out of
school
1 MICS indicator 7.4; MDG indicator 2.1 - Primary school net attendance ratio (adjusted)
Numerator: Children of primary school age at the beginning of the school year currently attending primary or secondary school
Denominator: All children of primary school age (at the beginning of the school year)
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Table ED.4: Primary school attendance and out of school childrenPercentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary school (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending preschool, and percentage out of school, Country, Year
Male Female Total
Net attendance
ratio (adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of
children
Net attendance ratio
(adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of
children
Net attendance ratio
(adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of childr
en
Not attending school or preschool
Attending preschool
Out of school
Not attendi
ng school
or presch
ool
Attending
preschool
Out of school
Not attendi
ng school
or presch
ool
Attending
preschool
Out of
school
1 MICS indicator 7.4; MDG indicator 2.1 - Primary school net attendance ratio (adjusted)
Attendance to secondary school is included to take into account early starters.
Ratios are termed "adjusted" since they include not only primary school attendance, but also secondary school attendance in the numerator.
15
Table ED.4: Primary school attendance and out of school childrenPercentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary school (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending preschool, and percentage out of school, Country, Year
Male Female Total
Net attendance
ratio (adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of
children
Net attendance ratio
(adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of
children
Net attendance ratio
(adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of childr
en
Not attending school or preschool
Attending preschool
Out of school
Not attendi
ng school
or presch
ool
Attending
preschool
Out of school
Not attendi
ng school
or presch
ool
Attending
preschool
Out of
school
Age at beginning of school year
6 7 8 9 10 11
1 MICS indicator 7.4; MDG indicator 2.1 - Primary school net attendance ratio (adjusted)
This should be adapted in accordance with the country-specific primary school ages as indicated by ISCED
16
Table ED.4: Primary school attendance and out of school childrenPercentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary school (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending preschool, and percentage out of school, Country, Year
Male Female Total
Net attendance
ratio (adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of
children
Net attendance ratio
(adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of
children
Net attendance ratio
(adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of childr
en
Not attending school or preschool
Attending preschool
Out of school
Not attendi
ng school
or presch
ool
Attending
preschool
Out of school
Not attendi
ng school
or presch
ool
Attending
preschool
Out of
school
1 MICS indicator 7.4; MDG indicator 2.1 - Primary school net attendance ratio (adjusted)
Not attending school of preschool:Those not attending school or preschool in the current school year.
NEW! Out of school
Attending preschool:Those who in the current school year have been attending preschool school
Out of school:Those who are not attending primary or secondary school
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Table ED.4: Primary school attendancePercentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary
school (Net attendance ratio), Bhutan, 2010
Male Female TotalNet
attendance ratio
(adjusted) [1]
Number of children
Net attendance
ratio (adjusted)
[1]Number of
children
Net attendance
ratio (adjusted)
[1]Number of
childrenArea Urban 97.0 1441 95.6 1443 96.3 2884
Rural 88.9 3759 91.5 3749 90.2 7508Age at beginning of school year
6 82.4 803 80.7 768 81.6 15717 93.7 709 92.9 722 93.3 14318 96.5 700 96.4 643 96.5 13439 94.8 745 98.0 698 96.3 144310 91.4 724 96.2 765 93.9 148911 90.8 709 95.0 772 93.0 148112 89.9 812 90.9 822 90.4 1634
Mother's education None 89.6 4056 91.7 4031 90.7 8087Primary 96.7 590 97.2 586 96.9 1176Secondary + 96.6 555 95.0 574 95.8 1128Mother not in household
. 0 100.0 0 100.0 0
Wealth index quintiles
Poorest 85.8 1047 83.7 1079 84.7 2126Second 86.4 1055 91.3 993 88.8 2048Middle 90.6 1029 96.4 1032 93.5 2061Fourth 96.0 1071 95.6 1091 95.8 2162Richest 97.2 998 96.7 997 97.0 1995
Total 91.2 5201 92.7 5192 91.9 10392[1] MICS indicator 7.4; MDG indicator 2.1
18Bangladesh MICS 2009
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Table ED.5: Secondary school attendance and out of school childrenPercentage of children of secondary school age attending secondary school or higher (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending primary school, and percentage out of school, Country, Year Male Female Total
Net attendance
ratio (adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of
children
Net attendance ratio
(adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of
children
Net attendance ratio
(adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of childr
en
Attending
primary school
Out of school
Attending
primary school
Out of school
Attending
primary school
Out of school
1 MICS indicator 7.5 - Secondary school net attendance ratio (adjusted)
Numerator: Children of secondary school age (as of the beginning of the current or most recent school year) who are attending secondary school or higher
Denominator: All children of secondary school age at the beginning of the school year
20
Table ED.5: Secondary school attendance and out of school childrenPercentage of children of secondary school age attending secondary school or higher (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending primary school, and percentage out of school, Country, Year Male Female Total
Net attendance
ratio (adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of
children
Net attendance ratio
(adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of
children
Net attendance ratio
(adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of childr
en
Attending
primary school
Out of school
Attending
primary school
Out of school
Attending
primary school
Out of school
1 MICS indicator 7.5 - Secondary school net attendance ratio (adjusted)
Analysis for secondary school age children: Use the three indicators – Percentage of children of secondary school age who are attending primary
school Adjusted secondary school net attendance ratio Percentage of children of secondary school age out of school.
21
Table ED.5: Secondary school attendance and out of school childrenPercentage of children of secondary school age attending secondary school or higher (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending primary school, and percentage out of school, Country, Year Male Female Total
Net attendance
ratio (adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of
children
Net attendance ratio
(adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of
children
Net attendance ratio
(adjusted)
Percentage of children:
Number of childr
en
Attending
primary school
Out of school
Attending
primary school
Out of school
Attending
primary school
Out of school
Mother's education
None Primary Secondary Higher Cannot be determined
1 MICS indicator 7.5 - Secondary school net attendance ratio (adjusted)
Mother's/caretaker's education are collected for all children 0-14 at the time of interview."Cannot be determined" includes children who were age 15 or higher at the time of the interview whose mothers were not living in the household - information on their primary caretakers is not collected - therefore the educational status of the mother or the caretaker cannot be determined.
22
Table ED.6: Children reaching last grade of primary schoolPercentage of children entering first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary school (Survival rate to last grade of primary school), Country, Year
Percent attending
grade 1 last school year who are in
grade 2 this school year
Percent attending
grade 2 last school year
who are attending
grade 3 this school year
Percent attending
grade 3 last school year
who are attending
grade 4 this school year
Percent attending
grade 4 last school year
who are attending
grade 5 this school year
Percent attending
grade 5 last school year
who are attending
grade 6 this school year
Percent who reach grade 6 of those who enter grade 11
1 MICS indicator 7.6; MDG indicator 2.2 - Children reaching last grade of primary
Children reaching the last grade of primary, also known as the survival rate to the last grade of primary school, is defined as the percentage of children attending the first grade of primary school who would be expected to reach the last grade of primary school, if current rates of transition from one grade of primary school to the next were applicable.
23
Example: to calculate the probability that a child in grade 1 eventually reaches grade 2
The number of children who are in 2nd grade of primary school at the time of the survey and who were in 1st grade last year
is divided by:
The number of children who were in 1st grade last year and graduated to 2nd grade or dropped out of school
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Children reaching last grade of primary school
12
y 10 y 11
10
y 12
y 12
y 10
11
y 11
y y y
etc.
Not in school
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3 etc.
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
25
Table ED.6: Children reaching last grade of primary schoolPercentage of children entering first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary
school (Survival rate to last grade of primary school),Bhutan, 2010
Percent attending grade 0 last year
who are in grade 1 this year
Percent attending grade 1 last year
who are in grade 2 this year
Percent attending grade 2 last year who are
attending grade 3 this year
Percent attending grade 3 last year who are
attending grade 4 this year
Percent attending grade 4 last year who are
attending grade 5 this year
Percent attending grade 5 last year who are
attending grade 6 this year
Percent who reach grade 6 of those who
enter grade 0
[0]Sex Male 99.5 98.4 99.1 97.8 97.6 98.4 91.2
Female 98.9 99.7 99.5 99.4 99.1 99.4 96.0Area Urban 98.6 100.0 100.0 99.4 100.0 99.7 97.7
Rural 99.4 98.7 99.1 98.3 97.7 98.6 92.1Mother's education
None 99.1 98.8 99.2 98.7 98.1 98.8 93.0Primary 98.9 100.0 100.0 99.0 99.1 99.3 96.3Secondary + 100.0 99.8 100.0 99.5 100.0 100.0 99.3Mother not in household
100.0 100.0 . . . 100.0 .
Wealth index quintiles
Poorest 99.5 98.8 98.7 97.8 95.1 99.4 89.7Second 99.9 100.0 99.2 98.1 98.1 96.2 91.8Middle 98.0 99.7 98.9 98.3 98.9 99.4 93.3Fourth 98.5 99.2 100.0 99.2 99.2 99.4 95.7Richest 100.0 97.5 100.0 99.7 99.8 100.0 97.0
Total 99.2 99.1 99.3 98.6 98.4 98.9 93.6[1] MICS indicator 7.6; MDG indicator 2.2
Careful customization of country specific
grades
26
Methodological issues
RLG is an indicator with some degree of difficulty for both estimation and interpretation
Note that in the current approach we exclude from our estimation children found to be repeating a grade under the assumption that their probability of dropping from school, repeating again, or promotion to the next grade is included in the other cohorts
It measures the probability for children starting grade 1 to reach last grade of primary and it is based on children that are participating in school
It is used as a proxy for literacy among children
27
Table ED.7: Primary school completion and transition to secondary schoolPrimary school completion rates and transition and effective transition rates to secondary school, Country, Year
Primary school
completion rate1
Number of
children of
primary school completion age
Transition rate
to secondary
school2
Number of children who
were in the last grade of
primary school the previous
year
Effective transition
rate to secondary
school
Number of children who were in the last
grade of primary school the previous
year and are not repeating that grade in the current school
year
1 MICS indicator 7.7 - Primary completion rate2 MICS indicator 7.8 - Transition rate to secondary school
Primary completion rate = 100 * (number of children attending the last grade of primary school - repeaters) / (number of children of primary school completion age at the beginning of the school year).It can be greater than 100!
Transition rate to secondary education = 100 * (number of children in the first grade of secondary school who were in the last grade of primary school the previous year) / (number of children in the last grade of primary school the previous year).
28
Country example
29
Overview of presentation
Literacy (2 tables) School readiness (3 tables) Primary and secondary school attendance (4
tables) Gender parity (2 tables)
30
Table ED.8: Education gender parityRatio of adjusted net attendance ratios of girls to boys, in primary and secondary school, Country, Year
Primary school Secondary school
Primary school
adjusted net attendance ratio (NAR),
girls
Primary school
adjusted net attendance ratio (NAR),
boys
Gender parity index
(GPI) for primary school
adjusted NAR1
Secondary school
adjusted net attendance ratio (NAR),
girls
Secondary school
adjusted net attendance ratio (NAR),
boys
Gender parity index
(GPI) for secondary
school adjusted
NAR2
1 MICS indicator 7.9; MDG indicator 3.1 - Gender parity index (primary school)2 MICS indicator 7.10; MDG indicator 3.1 - Gender parity index (secondary school)
Check!Numerators and denominators of all of the ratios in this table can be found in Tables ED.4 and ED.5.
Gender parity index (GPI) : ratio of female to male adjusted net attendance ratios (primary or secondary)
31
Table ED.9: Out of school gender parityPercentage of girls in the total out of school population, in primary and secondary school, Country, Year
Primary school Secondary school
Percentage of
out of school
children
Number of
children of primary
school age
Percentage of
girls in the total
out of school population of
primary school age
Number of
children of
primary school age out
of school
Percentage of
out of school
children
Number of
children of
secondary
school age
Percentage of
girls in the total
out of school population of
secondary school age
Number of
children of
secondary school
age out of school
Check!The percentage of out of school children can be found in tables ED.4 and ED.5 for primary and secondary school ages, respectively.These form the denominators of the calculation of the percentage of girls in the total out of school population of primary and secondary school ages.
NEW!
32
Methodological issues
Results refer to attendance instead of enrolment In reality we should aim to measure attendance Enrolment tends to over estimate school participation Results refer to net attendance instead of gross Gross attendance in primary/secondary education
includes children of no primary/no secondary education ages
Gross attendance ratios can be greater than 100% Primary/secondary attendance ratios include children
attending primary or higher/secondary or higher
33
Expected patterns
Literacy rates are lower for those youth in rural areas and in poorer families
Children living in urban areas and from richer families are more likely to attend preschool and start primary school on time
Children living in rural areas, children from poor families, children whose mothers have no/low education and children from indigenous language and religious groups are less likely to attend school
34
Expected patterns
At the primary school level, girls and boys are equally likely to attend school
At the secondary school level, gender equality in attendance lowers
35
Things to look for in the tables
Disparities in educational participation by:Gender, Geographical regions, Wealth, Language,Religion, Mother’s education, Child labour status.
36
Things to look for in the tables
To better describe school participation we propose:• Look at primary and secondary together• Use the following 3 simple indicators:
– Primary net attendance ratio– Secondary net attendance ratio– Percentage of secondary school age children that
are attending primary school • Present analysis of school participation (levels and GPI)
in a comprehensive way rather than primary and secondary separated
37
Some ideas for further analyses
Interconnected disparitiesEducation Participation ProjectionAverage Annual Rate of IncreaseOther non-standard MICS indicatorsOut-of-school children analysisSchooling pathwaysSchooling profile by age
38
Some ideas for further analyses
39
Some ideas for further analyses