ljz]if Ohnf; df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L=, df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / …jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g jif{ !(, c+s !$,...

$Page 1: ljz]if Ohnf; df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L=, df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / …jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g jif{ !(, c+s !$, sflt{s -@, @)^&, k"0ff{Í $$) $ %$
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;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g ;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g ;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g ;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g ;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g jif{ !(, c+s !$, sflt{s jif{ !(, c+s !$, sflt{s jif{ !(, c+s !$, sflt{s jif{ !(, c+s !$, sflt{s jif{ !(, c+s !$, sflt{s - @, @)^&, k"0ff{ @, @)^&, k"0ff{ @, @)^&, k"0ff{ @, @)^&, k"0ff{ @, @)^&, k"0ff{Í $$) $$) $$) $$) $$)

ljz]if Ohnf;

!;+=k | =Gof=>L /fdk |;fb > ]i7, df=Gof=>Lbfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL,@)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ))@$, pTk|]if0f, cgLn>]i7 ;d]t lj= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, s]=sf= ;d]t

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u k/LIff k4lt;DaGwLlgb]{lzsf, @)%( nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -sfo{ljlw_lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod @^ n] lbPsf] clwsf/k|of]u u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] lg0f{oaf6 lgdf{0fPj+ ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . k|Tofof]lht ljwfog-Delegated Legislation_ cGtu{t lgdf{0f Pj+;+zf]lwt lgb]{lzsfn] d"n sfg"g (Fundamental Law_sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfg, lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{;DaGwdf Jojl:yt ug{ ag]sf] lghfdtL P]g, @)$(Pj+ nf]s;]jf cfof]u -sfo{ljlw_ P]g, @)$* /nf]s;]jf cfof]u -sfo{ljlw_ lgodfjnL, @)%) n]tf]lslbPsf] ;Ldf/]vfnfO{ lgo'lQm ePsf] Ps jif{JotLt geO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;dfg >]0fLsf] kbdfpDd]bjf/ x'g al~rt u/L cfˆgf] Ifdtf k|bz{gu/L of]Uo / ;Ifd JolQmnfO{ v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfTdsk/LIff lbgaf6 aGb]h nufpg] u/L lgb]{lzsf ;+zf]wgug'{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gljk/Lt b]lvg cfpg] .

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u k/LIff k4lt;DaGwLlgb]+{lzsf, @)%( sf] ;+zf]lwt bkmf #)-#_ sf]lgo'lQm ePsf] Ps jif{ JotLt geO{ eÌ] / bkmf#*-!_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds afSof+z t/ ;dfg >]0fLsf]kbdf lgo'lQm ePsf] sd{rf/Ln] lgo'lQm ePsf]ldltn] Psjif{ k"/f geO{ o; pk bkmfadf]lhd;dfg >]0fLsf] kbdf pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] 5}geÌ] afSof+z g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#sf] wf/f !*-!_ tyf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(sf] bkmf !) ;Fu aflemg uPsf] b]lvFbf g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhdcfh}sf ldltb]lv cdfGo / ab/ x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M xl/ sf]O/fnfOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} # ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

@df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L=, df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn/ df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^$ ;fnsf] WS

))@(, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, ;'jf]wdfg gflktlj= k|=d+= tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

;+ljwfg d"n sfg"g ePsf] x'Fbf o;n]cfdgful/ssf efjgfx¿ -Aspiration_ u|x0f

-Cope_ ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . jt{dfg ;+ljwfgcGtl/d g} eP klg o; ;+ljwfgdf g]kfnL hgtfsf]PsfTds / /fhtGqfTds /fHo Joj:yfaf6 ;+3Lo/ u0ftGqfTds /fHo Joj:yfdf kl/0ft x'g]Aspiration rfxgf k|ltlalDat ePsf] 5 . To;}n]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf qmddf ;d]t of]dfGotfnfO{ cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf ¿kdf x]g{;Sg'kg]{ .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sfs'g} cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf g} 5}gg\ h'g;'s} 9+uaf6cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ ldN5 eÌ] cy{ ug'{plrt gx'g] .

k|hftGqsf] ljZjJofkL dfkb08sf] ¿kdf/x]sf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] cjnDag u/]sf] ljlwsf]zf;g, df}lns dfgj clwsf/ / oL clwsf/x¿sf]/Iff ug]{ :jtGq / ;Ifd GofokflnsfnufothgcfGbf]ngåf/f PsfTdsaf6 ;+3fTds //fhtGqfTdsaf6 u0ftGqfTds /fHo Joj:yfdfkl/0ft x'g g]kfnL hgtfn] rfx]sfn] ;+3fTds /nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn]cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf geg] klg :jfefljs ¿kdftL ljifox¿ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf cGt/\lgxLtcfwf/e"t ;+/rgf x'g] .

g]kfnnfO{ /fhtGqfTds / PsfTdsJoj:yfaf6 ;+3Lo / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds/fHo Joj:yfdf kl/0ft ug]{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]sfof{b]z -Mandate_ nfO{ lg/y{s / cj¿4 -Frustrate_ ug]{ u/L cGtl/d ;ljwfgsf] s'g} klgwf/f ;+zf]wg x'g g;Sg] .

GofofwLz lgo ' lQmnfO { ljwflosL;'g'jfO{af6 Confirm ug{ hglgjf{lrt ;+;bn]Checks ug]{ Joj:yf xf] . ;+ljwfgdf o; vfnsf]

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k|fjwfg lsg /flvof] eÌ] s'/f GofloseGbf klg/fhg}lts k|s[ltsf] tYout k|Zg x'g] x'Fbf To;sf]cfwf/ / cf}lrTo s]nfpg] sfo{ o; cbfntaf6x'g g;Sg] .

:jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfon] 5fgaLg u/L5gf}6 u/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;+;bLo ;'g'jfOsf]k|lqmofåf/f 5fgaLg, hfra'em / pDd]bjf/sf]cg'ej, sfo{Ifdtf tyf bIftfsf] ljifodf p7]sfk|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lng] / lbg] k|lqmofaf6 -Grill_ul/Fbf dgf]gLt JolQm of]Uo jf cof]Uo 5g\ eÌ]s'/f yk :ki6 x'ghfg] .

Ps k6s ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf]¿kdf ;+;bLo ;'g'jfO{ e} lgo'Qm e} ;s]kl5 k'gMk6s–k6s ;+;bLo ;'g'jfO{ ug{ pko'Qm gx'g]x'Fbf To:tf] cJojxfl/s / q'l6k"0f{ Joj:yfnfO{cfufdL ;+ljwfgdf lg/Gt/tf lbO{ /xg' Goflos:jtGqtfsf] d"No dfGotf / cjwf/0ffsf]b[li6sf]0faf6 cg'ko'Qm x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bLsDKo'6/ M d's'Gb lai6Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv @ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

#df=Gof=>L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx, df=Gof=>L sNof0f>]i7 / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf sfsL{, ;+jt\ @)^^–WS–))!^, pTk|]if0f, cRo"tk|;fb v/]n lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

lgj]bsn] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg;Fu aflemPsf]egL bfjL lnPsf] k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf !) sf]pkbkmf -!_ sf] b]xfo -u_ sf] Joj:yf / ;z:q k|x/LP]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @! sf] b]xfo -u_ sf] Joj:yftyf k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod *( sf]pklgod -@_ cg';f/ k|x/L sd{rf/Lx¿ pk/ ul/g]ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] ljifo kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;g;+u;DalGwt ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ / -(_ ;Fu aflemPsf] jf ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] cg'lrtaGb]h nufPsf] gb]lvPsf] / k|:t't lgj]bgdf s'g}k|x/L sd{rf/Lpk/ of] o:tf] ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf]l;nl;nfdf ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sfaf6 al~rt u/L df}lnsxspk/ cg'lrt aGb]h nufOPsf] tyf ;f] sf/jfxLdf

lgikIftfsf] dfkb08ljk/Ltsf sfd sf/jfxL ul/Psf]egL lgj]bg bfjL lnPsf] cj:yf ;d]t gePsf] /s'g} k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ k|:t't sfg"gsf] Joj:yfn]pkrf/ljxLg agfPsf] eÌ] bfjL klg g/x]sf] o;l:yltdf tTsfn lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd pko'{Qm sfg"gLJoj:yf cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf gb]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M k'gf/fd vgfnsDKo'6/ M d's'Gb lai6Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn r}t % ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

k"0f{ Ohnf;

!df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL, df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/du/ / df=Gof=>L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx, kmf}=k'=O=g+=)^^–CF–)))&, a}+s 7uL, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=/las[i0f hf]zL ;d]t

jf/bft x'Fbfsf avt ldlt @)$#.#.@df sfod /x]sf] d'n'sL P]g, 7uLsf] * g+= df ePu/]sf] b'O{ jif{leq gfn]z lbg'kg]{ eÌ] sfg"gLJoj:yf /x]sf]df ;f] b'O{ jif{;Dd xbDofb afFsL5Fb} 7uLsf] * g+= df ldlt @)$#.&.@$ df ;+zf]wgeO{ o; dxncGtu{tsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g]d'2fdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;f] s'/f yfxf ePsf]ldltn] ! jif{leq gfn]z lbg'kg]{ xbDofb;DaGwLJoj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvg cfpF5 . ;fljs sfg"gn]Joj:yf u/]sf] @ jif{sf] xbDofb JotLt gx'Fb}xbDofb;DaGwL ;f] sfg"g ;+zf]wg eO{ yfxfkfPsf] Ps jif{leq gfn]; lbg ;lsg] eÌ]xbDofb;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] l:yltdf gfn];lb+bfsf avt sfod} /x]sf] xbDofb;DaGwLsfo{ljlw sfg"g g} cjnDag x'g' Gofo;Ddt /sfg"g;Ddt b]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t gf/fo0f ;'j]bLsDKo'6/ M d's'Gb lai6Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 @) ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

@df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L=, df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ /df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, l/6 g+= )^^–WF–

33333


)))!, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, lji0f's[i0f >]i7 ;d]tlj= g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s d'n'ssf] s]Gb|Lo a}+sePsf] / ;du| ¿kdf b]zsf cGo :yflkt a}+styf laQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] klg a}+s ePsf]n] ubf{cfly{s :yfloTj / cfly{s ;Gt'ngsf] nflu s]s:tf z]o/wgLn] s] s'g xb;Dd z]o/ /fVgkfpg] eÌ] ;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] sfg"gLbfo/fdf /xL cfjZos lgb]{zg hf/L ug{ g;Sg]egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . g]kfn sfg"g JofVof;DaGwLP]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @ sf] -ª_ n] P]gcGtu{t hf/Lx'g] lgb]{zg;d]t g]kfn sfg"gsf] kl/efiffleqkg]{ eÌ] ;d]t l;4fGt k|ltkfbg e}/x]sf] b]lvPsf];d]taf6 jfl0fHo a}+s tyf cGo ljQLo ;++:yfsfs'g} Ps ;+:yfks z]o/wgLn] !% k|ltzt;Ddz]o/ /fVg;Sg] u/L g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] hf/L u/]sf]O=k|f= lgb]{zg sfg"gljk/Ltsf] eÌ] b]lvg cfPg .a}+ls+ª k|0ffnLdf Ps¿ktf / ljQLo ;Gt'ng :yfkgfug{ s]Gb|Lo Pj+ lgods a}+ssf] x}l;otn] g]kfn/fi6« a}+sn] jfl0fHo a}+s tyf cGo ljQLo;+:yfx¿nfO{ ljQLo cg'zf;gdf /fVg cfjZoslgb]{zg hf/L ug{;Sg] .

g]kfn /fi6« a+}+sn] hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{zg /gLltut Pj+ k|lqmofut Joj:yfn] a}+s tyf ljQLo;+:yfdf !% k|ltzt;Dd z]o/ /fVg kfpg] Joj:yfk |rlnt g ]kfn /fi6 « a + } +s P ]gn ] lbPsf ]clwsf/cGtu{t hf/L u/]sf] eÌ] ;f] lgb]{zgaf6}b]lvG5 . pQm lgb]{zg tyf gLltut Pj+ k|lqmofutJoj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eÌ] gb]lvFbf pQmO=k|f=lgb]{zg gLltut Pj+ k|lqmofut Joj:yfsf]j}wflgstfsf] af/]df k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{dfk|Zg p7\g ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xLhf/L ul/Psf] lgj]bsx¿n] ljjfbdf NofPsf] pQmlgb]{zg / gLltut Pj+ k|lqmofut Joj:yfaf6lgj]bsx¿sf] ;fDklQs clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ePsf]eÌ gldNg] .

g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] hf/L u/]sf] ljjflbtO+=k|f= lgb]{zg tyf gLltut Pj+ k|lqmofut Joj:yfn]lgj]bsx¿n] bfjL u/]adf]lhd lgj]bsx¿sf] xs

clwsf/df s'g} cf3ft kf/]sf] cj:yf ljBdfggb]lvFbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M bLkss'df/ bfxfnsDKo'6/ M lakgfb]jL dNnOlt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn r}t !( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

#df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L=, df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/ad / df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, l/6 g+=@)^^–WF–))!@, l/=k"=O=g+= @)^^–WF–))!#,pTk|]if0f ;d]t, dft[sfk|;fb ofbj lj= ;+ljwfg;ef;lrjfno ;d]t, hutk |;fb ofbj lj=;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfno ;d]t

;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] k|Zg ;+;bsf]cfGtl/s sfd sf/jfxLsf] ljifodf dfq p7fpg;lsg] x'G5 . t/ k|:t't ljjfb ;+;bsf] cfGtl/ssfd sf/jfxLsf ] ljifodf ;Lldt g/xL;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:osf] kbLo x}l;ot g} ;dfKtug]{ xb;Dd k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ k|:t't d'2fdflgxLt /x]sf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf];fk]Iftfdf x]bf{ k|:t't ljjfb ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f!)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntn]Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg u/L x]g{ ldNg] k|s[ltsf]b]lvg cfpg] .

kf6L{ cg'zf;g kfngf ug{ lgj]bsx¿nfO{af/Daf/ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] egL pNn]v ePsf] 5eg] lgj]bsx¿nfO{ :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf] elgPsf]PsLs[t g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ kf6L{k'gu{7g ub}{ lx+8]sf] egL kf6L{sf] ;fwf/0f;b:otfaf6 lgisfzg u/]sf] eÌ] Joxf]/f pNn]vePsf ] b ] lvG5 . To; }u/L ;f ]xL bnaf6lgj]bsx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] ldlt @)^^.$.!#sf] kqdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:otf ;dfKt ug]{lg0f{o ePsf] eÌ] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .tL kqx¿sf] cWoog ubf{ lgj]bsx¿nfO{ kf6L{af6sf/jfxL ug]{ lg0f{o e};s]sf] eÌ] b]lvPtfklg tLkqnfO{ :ki6Ls/0f xf]Ogg\ jf tL kqx¿n]lgj]bsx¿nfO{ ;kmfOsf] df}sf k|bfg ul/Psf] lyPgegL cbfntn] lgSof}{n ug{;Sg] x'Fb}g . kf6L{n]cfˆgf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;f]Wg] :ki6Ls/0fsf] 9fFrf

44444


jf To;sf] k|lqmofsf af/]df cbfntn] x:tIf]ku/L of] jf o:t} 9fFrf k|of]udf Nofpg} kg]{ egLeÌ ldNg] x'Fb}g . To:tf k|Zgx¿df cbfnt k|j]zub}{g, cbfnt cfkm}+n] ljsf; u/]sf] cfTd;+odsf]l;4fGtn] To:tf k|Zgdf k|j]z ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfggug]{ .

bn;Fusf] cfj4tflagf bn;Fu cfj4ePsf] sf/0fn] k|fKt u/]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:okbn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf klg x'Fb}g .lgj]bsx¿n] cfkm"x¿ ;flassf] g]kfn sDo'lgi6kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ df oyfjt\ ¿kdf cfj4 /x]sf]egL bfjL lng' dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . To;/L bfjLlng] cfwf/ eg]sf] ;f] bnsf] cl:tTj g} xf] . t/bnsf] cl:tTjnfO{ sfod ug]{tkm{ lgj]bsx¿n]s'g} klg j}wflgs af6f]sf] cjnDag u/]sf] b]lvPg .lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 lgj]bsx¿ cfj4 /x]sf]elgPsf] bnsf] j}wtf ;dfKt kfl/;s]sf] cj:yfdfTo:tf] cl:tTjljxLg bnsf] k|ltlglwTj u/L;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:o kbdf /xg gldNg] x'Fbflgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] .Ohnf; clws[t M pd]z sf]O/fnfOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ;fpg !( ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .§ o;} nufpsf] l/=k"=O=g+= @)^^–WF–))!),

dft[sfk|;fb ofbj lj= ;ljwfg;ef ;lrjfno;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg';f/ km};nf ePsf] 5 .

;+o'Qm Ohnf;

!;+=k|=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{,˜ kmf}=k'=g+= )^%–CR–)^^^, )&@$, st{Jo Hofg,aL/axfb'/ yfkf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfn ;/sf/,aL/axfb'/ yfkf

d[tsnfO{ dfg'{kg]{;Ddsf] k"j{ l/;OjL klgg/x]sf] / s'g} k|sf/sf] 3fts jf hf]lvdL xftxltof/n] k|xf/ klg gu/]sf] tyf d[tsn] g} dfOthfpmF egL lh2L u/]sf] sf/0faf6 /S;Lsf] gzfdfxftn] ;fdfGo s'6kL6 ubf{ 7fpF s'7fpFdf nfUg u}d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] 36gf k|s[ltaf6 b]lvPsf]

x'Fbf k|ltjfbLn] d'n'sL P]g Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]!$ g+= adf]lhd !) jif{ s}b x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bLsDKo'6/ M ;'Gb/axfb'/ sfsL{Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ @ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

@;+=k|=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{,kmf}=k'=g+= )^%–CR–)##$, RC–)@@, st{Jo Hofg,;'idf rf}w/L lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=;Ltf/fd rf}w/L ;d]t

hfx]/L b/vf:t / j:t'l:ylt d'r'Nsfdfa:g] dflg;x¿n] klg k|ltjfbLx¿ aLr /x]sf]cj}w ;DaGwsf sf/0f hlGdPsf] hfts aRrfnfO{lghx¿n] g} df/L uf8]sf] egL df}sfdf cf–cfˆgf]Joxf]/f n]vfPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . hfx]/jfnf>j0fs'df/ rf}w/L / j:t'l:ylt d'r'Nsfdf a:g]jL/]Gb| rf}w/L, ;Gtf]ifs'df/ rf}w/L, /fdb]j rf}w/L;d]tsf dflg;n] cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt e} hfx]/Lbvf{:t / cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf n]vfPsf] Joxf]/fnfO{k"0f{tM ;dy{g u/L askq u/]sf] ;d]taf6k | ltjfbLx¿sf ] cg ';Gwfg clwsf/L /cbfnt;dIfsf] ;flatL aofg k|dfl0ft e}/x]sf]b]lvPsf]n] 36gfsf] lrq0f x'g] u/L k|ltjfbLx¿n]u/]sf] ;f] aofgnfO{ cGoyf dfÌ' kg]{ cj:yfgb]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bLOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ @ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

#;+=k|=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{,kmf}=k'=g+= )^$–CR–)@*$, CR–)%$^, st{JoHofg, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= rGb|dfg tfdfË,ch'{gaxfb'/ tfdfË lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

Pp6} ufpF 7fpFdf d[ts / k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{lbpF;f]sf] ;dodf :yfgLo dflg;x¿n] glrÌ]cj:yf;d]t g/x]sf] / k|ltjfbLx¿n] s]xL gu/]sf]eP lagfsf/0f kf]Ng' kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t b]lvggcfPsf]n] 36gfsf k|ToIfbzL{ / kLl8tsf] egfO{k|df0fdf u|x0fof]Uo g} b]lvg cfO{ lghx¿sf]egfO {af6 k | ltjfbLx¿n ] clwsf/k | f Kt

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clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg lghsf OR5flj¿4ePsf] egL k|dfl0ft x'g gcfPsf]n] cbfnt;dIfclwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf] aofgljk/Ltu/]sf] lj/f]wfefifo'Qm aofgnfO{ ljZj;gLo dfÌg;lsg] .

k | ltjfbL rGb |dfg tfdfËsf ] klgjf/bft:yndf pkl:ylt /x]sf], lgh ;d]t d'Vo e}d[tsnfO{ dfg]{ of]hgf / tof/L u/]sf], 36gfdf;+nUg eO{ s'6kL6 ;d]t u/]sf] / cGttM d[tsnfO{df/ egL lgh}n] lbPsf] arg dfgL k|ltjfbLch'{gaxfb'/n] rL/k6 bfp/fn] d[tssf] 6fpsf]dfk|xf/ u/]sf] rf]6sf] sf/0f d[tsx¿ zDe' /fO{ /lji0f's'df/ /fO{sf] d[To' ePsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf lghk|ltjfbL rGb|dfg tfdfËnfO{ ;d]t d'n'sL P]gHofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-$_ g+= adf]lhd hGds}bx'g]df ;f]adf]lhd ;hfo ubf{ rsf]{ kg]{ b]lvPsf]n]d'n'sL P]g, c=a= !** g+= adf]lhd lgh k|ltjfbLrGb|dfg tfdfËnfO{ s}b jif{ bz -!)_ ;hfo x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bLsDKo'6/ M ;'Gb/axfb'/ sfsL{Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ @ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

$;+=k|=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L lu/Lz rGb|nfn, l/6 g+= @)^%–WO–!))@, k/dfb]z, zxb]juf}td lj= :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno ;d]t

hg:jf:Yo; Fu ;DalGwt /x ]sf ]cfof]l8go'Qm g"gsf] sdLaf6 x'g] uDeL/ c;/nfO{sd ug]{ ljifodf Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 ljz]ifP]gsf] Joj:yf dx;"; u/L @)%% ;fndf kfl/tP]gsf] Joj:yf k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/ Pj+ ;/sf/sflgsfoaf6 sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] st{Jo kfngf u/]sf]kfOPg . ctoj g]kfnL hgtfsf] zf/Ll/s,dfgl;s :jf:Yosf] ljsf;sf] lgldQ cfof]l8go'Qmg"gsf] laqmL ljt/0f Jojl:yt u/L ;j{;'ne ¿kdfpknAw u/fpg cfjZos ePsf] / ;f] s'/fnfO{dWogh/ /fvL cfof]l8go'Qm g"g ^ -pTkfbgtyf laqmL ljt/0f_ P]g NofOPsf] eP klg pQmP]gsf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/ g]kfn/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]s]sf] If]qdf

tf]s]sf] ldltb]lv k|f/De ug'{kg]{ egL pNn]vePsf]df g]kfn ;/sf/af6 pQm P]g k|f/De ug{cfjZos / ;d'lrt k|of; ePsf] gb]lvgfn] pQmP]g nfu" ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfbgePsf]n] ;f] P]g nfu" ug{ cfjZos tTk/tfb]vfO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf agfpg' kg]{ lgodx¿ cljnDaagfO{ k|:t't cfof]l8go'Qm g"g -pTkfbg tyf laqmLljt/0f_ P]g, @)%% sf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjog ug]{;DaGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf u/L P]gsf] bkmf !sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd tf]s]sf] If]qdf tf]s]sf]ldltb]lv nfu" ug'{ egL g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqLtyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]tsf gfpFdflgb]{zfTds cfb]z hf/L x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M k'gf/fd vgfnsDKo'6/ M ;'Gb/axfb'/ sfsL{Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ @$ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

%;+=k|=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnfsfsL{, kmf}=k'=g+= )^^–CR–)!)), st{Jo Hofg,ljwfgrGb| zfx lj g]kfn ;/sf/

nf]8 ePsf] k]:tf]n tfsL uf]nL k|xf/ubf{ dflg; dg{ ;S5 eÌ] s'/f ;fdfGo ;demsf]s'/f ePsf]n] uf]nL k|xf/ u/L dflg; dfl/;s]kl5dg;fo lyPg eÌ] lhsL/ lnPs} e/df s;"/af6pGd'lQm lbg] xf] eg] ck/fw lgoGq0f u/L ;dfhnfO{;'/lIft /fVg] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gsf] p2]Zo g}k/fhLt x'g k'Ug] .

k|ltjfbLn] cfˆgf] ;fydf /x]sf] k]:tf]naf6uf]nL k|xf/ u/L e'jg v/]nsf] st{Jo u/L xTofu/]sf] tYo z+sf/lxt tj/af6 k'li6 x'g cfPsf]n]d'n'sL P]g Hofg;DaGwL ! g+= sf] s;"/df ;f]xL !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;j{Zj;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g] .

jf/bftsf] k|s[lt tyf k|ltjfbLsf] pd]/;d]tsf] sf/0faf6 7x/]adf]lhd ;hfo ubf{ rsf]{kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] c=a+= !** g+= adf]lhd k'g/fj]bsk|ltjfbL lbj; eÌ] ljwfgrGb| zfxnfO{ !$ jif{s}b ;hfo x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bLOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !( ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

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^;+=k|=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnfsfsL{, kmf}=k'=g+= )^^–CR–))*@, st{Jo Hofg,sfdb]j dxtf] lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

jf/bft ePsf] 3/ glhs} 3/ /x]sf /df }sfdf 36gf:yndf k 'u ]sf JolQmx¿n]k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{ s;"/df ;+nUg egLn]vfPsf] ;f] Joxf]/faf6 k|ltjfbLn] 36gf:yndfg/x]sf] egL cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg vl08teO{ clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIfsf] ;flatLao fg k |d f l 0 ft x 'g k 'u ]s f ] b ] lv G5 .ddtfs'df/Ln] cfˆgf afa' / sfsfx¿sf]arfpsf] nflu cbfnt;dIf d[ts 3/sf]5taf6 xfd kmfNbf n8L 3fOt] ePsf] egLaskq u/]sf] b]lvP klg 36gf nuQ} df}sfdfn]vfPsf] sfuhdf sfsf sfdb]j dxtf] ;d]tn]s'6kL6 u/]sf] eÌ] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf]kfOG5 . lghsf] cbfnt;dIfsf] askq ldl;n;+nUg s'g} klg k|df0fx¿af6 ;dly{t x'g gcfO{df}sfdf u/]sf] sfuh Joxf]/f g} ;dly{t x'gcfPsf] b]lvFbf lghn] cbfnt;dIf u/]sf] ;f]askq ljZj;gLo dfÌ g;lsg] .

k|ltjfbLpk/sf] cleof]u bfjL :jtGq¿kdf k'li6 e}/x]sf] b]lvFbf cleof]u bfjLadf]lhds;"/bf/ 7x/ u/L d'n'sL P]g Hofg;DaGwLsf]!#-#_ g+= adf]lhd hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bLsDKo'6/ M ;'Gb/axfb'/ sfsL{Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !( ut] /f]h $z'ed\ .

&;+=k|=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L k|sfzj:tL, b]=k'=g+= )^#–CI–)&(@, af6f] lgsf; v'nfO{kfpFm, tLy{gf/fo0f dxh{g ;d]t lj= cfzfd¿dxh{g ;d]t

d'n'sL P]g 3/ agfpg]sf] # g+= / hUufcfjfb ug]{sf] $ g+= df ;fljsb]lv lxF8L cfPsf]lgsf; af6f] s;}n] klg aGb ug'[{ x'Fb}g eÌ] sfg"gLJoj:yf /x]sf] / c+lzof/x¿ aLr kl5 c+za08fx'Fbf aLrsf] hUuf csf]{ c+lzof/sf] efudf k/]sf]

sf/0faf6 dfq ;flasb]lv ;uf]ndf k|of]u ePsf]lgsf;df cj/f]w k'¥ofpg gldNg] .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bLsDKo'6/ M ;'Gb/axfb'/ sfsL{Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 # ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

*;+=k|=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L k|sfzj:tL, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *%$!, lvrf]nf,cfzfd¿ dxh{g 8+uf]n ;d]t lj= tLy{gf/fo0f8+uf]n ;d]t

s] s'g k|ltjfbLx¿n] s] s'g /LtJoxf]/faf6 k'g/fj]bs jfbLx¿sf] hUufdf ux'Fsf]aLp ld;fO{ lvrf]nf u/]sf x'g\ eÌ] :ki6 bfjLlnO{ ;f] bfjLnfO{ z+sf/lxt tj/af6 k'li6 u/fpg'kg]{ bfloTj k'g/fj]bs jfbLx¿ pk/ g} /xG5 .t/, lkm/fb n]v x]bf{ To; s'/fsf] :ki6 bfjL lng;s]sf] kfOFb}g . jfbLsf ;fIfLn] k|ltjfbLx¿n]ux'Fsf] aLp ld;fO{ lvrf]nf u/]sf] eÌ] ;Ddsf]askq u/]sf] ePklg lgh 36gfsf] k|ToIfbzL{/x]sf] eÌ] b]lvFb}g . k|ltpQ/ kqsf] ;dy{gdfk|ltjfbLsf ;fIfLn] jf/bft ePs} elgPsf] lbg;fFwdf /x]sf] hUufdf sfd ug{ uPsf] /k|ltjfbLx¿n] lvrf]nf gu/]sf] egL k|ToIfbzL{sf]x}l;otdf askq u/]sf] b]lvFbf jfbLsf ;fIfLsf]eGbf k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfLsf] askq a9L ljZj;gLob]lvFbf jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bLsDKo'6/ M ;'Gb/axfb'/ sfsL{Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 # ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

(;+=k|=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L k|sfzj:tL, kmf}=k'=g+= )^%–CR–)!*!, st{Jo Hofg,k[yLaxfb'/ v8\sf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]t

;du| d'2fsf] tYo / lrlsT;ssf] j}1flgsgeO{ dgf]ut /fosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;f] /fosfaLrdf tfbfTDotf sfod x'g g;s]sf] cfwf/dfzj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgnfO{ cGo k|df0fsf] lj¿4dfcfwf/e"t k|df0fsf ¿kdf u|x0f u/L Gofo lg¿k0fug{ gldNg] .

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k|ltjfbLsf] ;flatL aofg dfq geO{k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ul/Psf] k'g/fj]bgsf cltl/Qm36gf:yn tyf nf; hfFr d'r'Nsf, 36gf:yndflvlrPsf] d[tssf kmf]6f]x¿, df}sfdf sfuh ug]{JolQmx¿n] ul/lbPsf] sfuh, hfx]/L b/vf:t / ;f]Joxf]/fsf] ;dy{gdf cbfntdf cfO{ u/]sf] askq;d]taf6 ;dly{t ePsf] l:yltdf lgh k|ltjfbLk[yLaxfb'/ v8\sfn] cfˆgL >LdtL uLtf v8\sfnfO{st{Jo u/L df/]sf] eÌ] s'/f k'li6 x'g cfPaf6 lghk|ltjfbL k[yLaxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ cleof]u bfjLcg';f/d'n'sL P]g Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd;j{Zj;lxt hGds}b x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M pd]z sf]O/fnfsDKo'6/ M d's'Gb lai6Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn sflQs !) ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

!);+=k|=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L k|sfzj:tL, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *(%*, lnvt btf{ab/ btf{, laGbL ofbj lj= ;f]dgLb]jL ofbj ;d]t

ldlt @)#$.(.@& df d'n'sL P]gdf ePsf];ftf}+ ;+zf]wgaf6 Psfsf] hUuf csf]{n] btf{ u/fPsf]dfyfxf kfPsf] ̂ dlxgfleq gfn]; ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yfePsf] / ljjflbt ls=g+ &$ sf] k|ToyL{ jfbLsf lktf/fdf ofbjsf gfpF btf{sf] hUuf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLd'g]Zj/ ofbjn] ldlt @)# .̂@.% sf] dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]lg0f{oaf6 bf=vf= btf{ u/fPsf] b]lvFbf yfxf kfPsf] ^dlxgfleq btf{ ab/df bfjL lnO{ kg{ cfPsf] k|:t'td'2fsf] lkm/fb xbDofb g3fO{ bfo/ ePsf] gb]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bLsDKo'6/ M ;'Gb/axfb'/ sfsL{Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 # ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .§ o;} nufpsf] @)^# ;fnsf] kmf}+=k'=g+= #&*%, sLt]{

hfn;fhL, laGbL ofbj lj= ;f]dgL ofbj ;d]tePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg';f/ km};nf ePsf] 5 .

Ohnf; g+=!

!df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/ad, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @&^@, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z,

8Da/axfb'/ tfdfË lj= bf]nvf lhNnfsf] k|d'v lhNnfclwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t ;ldlt ;d]t

l/6 lgj]bsn] !@ jif{kl5 clt ljnDau/L cbfntdf pkrf/ dfUg cfpg'sf] Gofof]lrtcfwf/ sf/0f k|:t't ug{ g;s]sf] l:yltdfljnDasf ] l;4fGtsf ] cfwf/df lgj ]bgdfuadf]lhd ;xof]u ug{;Sg] b]lvPg . dfnkf]tsfof {nodf @)^!.!@.@& df dfcf ]jfbLsf ]cfqmd0faf6 ;|]:tf gf]S;fgL eO{ tt\;DaGwLsfuhft pknAw x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . 36gf /cj:yf x]bf{ ;|]:tf gf]S;fg ePsf] cj:yf tyfkl/l:yltaf6 kmfObf lng] lgotn] cbfnt k|j]zu/]sf] b]lvFbf ;kmf lgotn] cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf];d]t b]lvg gcfpFbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k|;fb pkfWofosDKo'6/ M d'Qmf Kofs'/]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn r}t % ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= @

!df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fbzdf{, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @%(^, pTk|]if0f,;'/]zs'df/ cu|jfn ;d]t lj= /fli6«o jfl0fHoa}+s s]=sf= ;d]t

lnPsf] shf{ clgoldt ePsf] eGg];DaGwdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]ujf65fgaLg eO{ ljz]if cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ePsf]cj:yfdf lgj]bsx¿n] lnPsf] shf{ ljjflbt jGgk'u]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf /fli6«o afl0fHoa}+sn] cfk\mgf] shf{ c;"n ug{ h'g;'s} pkfocjnDag ug{ sfg"gtM clwsf/ ;DkGg 5 eGg]k|i6 x'g cfpg] .

Pp6} shf{ ljifodf e|i6frf/ d'2f bfo/e};s]sf] cj:yfdf lnnfd;DaGwL k|lqmof cufl8a9fpg gldNg] egL lnPsf] lgj]bg bfjL ;DaGwdfljrf/ ubf{ e|i6frf/ d'2f / lnnfdsf] sf/jfxLb'j} cnu–cnu s'/f x'g\ . e|i6frf/ d'2fjf6kmf}hbf/L sfo{ (Criminal Act_ sf] lgwf{/0f ul/G5

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eg] lnnfd ;DaGwL sfo{jf6 -Civil Liability) b]jfgLbfloTj k"/f ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 . cfk/flws sfo{sf]nflu ;hfosf] dfun] k|d'vtf kfpF5 eg] lnnfdk|lqmofn] lnPsf] C0f r'Qmf ug]{ k|lqmof cufl8a9fOG5 . lnnfd k|lqmofjf6} lauf] c;"n ePdfbfo/ ePsf] e|i6frf/ d2fdf lauf]tkm{sf] sf/jfxL;DaGwdf lg0f{o gx'g] s'/f Goflos hfgsf/Llng] laifo xf] . e|i6frf/ d'2f rNb}df lnnfdk|lqmof /f]Sg gkg]{ .Ohnf; clws[tM– gf/fo0fk|;fb /]UdLsDKo'6/M lakgfb]jL dNnOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv @* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnLcG;f/L, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )@)&, c+za08fkq ab/, pldbfb]jL lj= xnvf]/L ;fx t]nL

jfbL k | ltjfbLaLr ePsf ] ldlt@)%*.!).# sf] a08fkq g/d u/d c;n sd;nldnfO{ ePsf] gb]lvPsf] l:yltdf lrQ ga'‰g]kIfn] ab/sf nflu sfg"gsf Dofbleq gfn];lbPsf] b]lvFbf lkm/fb bfjLadf]lhd a08fkq ab/eO{ g/d, u/d, c;n sd;n ldnfO{ tfobftLkmfF6jf/Ladf]lhdsf] ;DklQaf6 @ efusf] ! efuc+z 5'§\ofO{ kfpg] .Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k|;fb pkfWofosDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/LOlt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

@df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnLcG;f/L, @)^^ ;fnsf] lg=g+= )^^–MS–))!@, FN–)!(%, cbfntsf] ckx]ngf, b]jLaxfb'/ /fjnlj= g]kfn vfB ;+:yfg, k|wfg sfof{no ;d]t

cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf cbfnt g} :jo+d'2fsf] kIf;/x x'g] x'Fbf To:tf] d'2fdf sf/jfxLcufl8 a9fpg] jf ga9fpg] eÌ] s'/f ;"rgfsf];|f]t -Means_ ;Dd ePsf] lgj]bssf] rfxgfdfe/ gk/L cbfnt :jo+n] lgwf{/0f ug]{ s'/f xf] .cbfntsf] ckx]ngf cbfnt :jo+sf] d'2f xf] /To;}n] o;nfO{ cGo d'2fsf] ckjfbsf] ¿kdf cfˆgf]

d'2fdf cfkm}+ sf/jfxL ug{ kfpg] d'2f eÌ] dflgG5 .o:tf d'2fdf kIfsf] lxt uf}0f x'G5 cyf{t\ kIfsf]lxt k"/f x'Fb}df d'2fsf] p2]Zo k"/f x'Fb}g, cyf{t\cbfntsf] ckx]ngf eof] jf ePg egL kIfn]lgwf{/0f ug]{ jf gug]{ eÌ] x'Fb}g, g t cbfntsf]ckx]ngf ePsf]df JolQmut d'2fdf h:tf] kIfn]Ifdf lbP/ IfDo g} x'G5 . sf/jfxL ug]{ jf gug]{tyf ;hfo ug]{ jf Ifdf lbg] h:tf s'/fx¿ :jo+cbfntn] g} lgwf{/0f ug]{ s'/f xf] . t;y{ k|:t'td'2fdf lgj]bsn] d'2f lkmtf{ ul/kfpFm egL lbPsf]lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd d'2f lkmtf{ x'g g;Sg] .Ohnf; clws[t M pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}tdsDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/LOlt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

#df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^#–WO–)@#$,pTk| ]if0f k/dfb]z ;d]t, uf]kfn ofbj lj=u'¿bofgGb 7fs'/ ;d]t

w]/} hUufx¿ b]vfOPsf] cj:yfdf wgLn]klg oxL g} Ps jf b'O{ jf s'g} hUufx¿af6 dfqlnnfd u/L d]/f] lauf] e/fO{ lbg'k5{ eÌ' ts{;+utgx'Fg] x'Fbf w]/} hUufx¿dWo] klg lauf]n] vfd];DdsfhUufx¿af6 dfq lnnfd x'g;Sg] / C0fLn] klg8fFs lnnfd x'Fbfsf clGtd cj:yf;Dd klg gub}a'emfpg NofPdf lauf]afktsf] /sd gubd} e/fO{lbg ;lsg] g} x'Fbf / sf/jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdflnnfd sfo{ ;DkÌ e} g;sL sf/jfxLo'Qmcj:yfdf /x]sf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{nfO{c;/ k'Ug] u/L o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0fclwsf/If ]q u|x0f u/L bfo/ ePsf ] l/6If]qflwsf/af6 ;f]sf] tYodf k|j]z u/L lg0f{o ug{gldNg] .Ohnf; clws[t M x]daxfb'/ ;]gsDKo'6/ M ljZj/fh kf]v/]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; ( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

$df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^% ;fnsf] WO–)(&$, pTk|]if0f

99999


;d]t, lbnaxfb'/ k|hfktL lj= lbNnL/fd k|hfklt;d]t

ls=g+= @*! sf] hUuf ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdfbtf{ ;|]:tf sfod /x]sf], k|fljlwssf] lkmN8k|ltj]bgaf6 ljjflbt hUufdf s'g} af6f] /x] ePsf]gb]lvPsf] / ;fj{hlgs af6f] ;fFRr} g} 3';] ldlrPsf]eP ;f]tkm{ j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ ;'/lIft /x]sf]l:yltdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] ldlt @)^^.@.!!sf] lg0f{o krf{df s'g} uDeL/ sfg"gL q'l6 ePu/]sf] gb]lvFbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k|;fb vgfnsDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/LOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f]h !( ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

%df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #%$%, pTk|]if0fo'Qmk/dfb]z ;d]t, dgf]]hs'df/ 7fs'/ lj= uf]kfnofbj ;d]t

n]gb]g;DaGwdf lnnfd k|lqmof ;DkÌe} lnnfd e} g;s]sf] / clGtd lnnfd x'g]cj:yfdf klg lauf]n] vfd];Dd dfq hUuf lnnfdx'g] x'Fbf / lnnfd ubf{ klg b]vfOPsf ;Dk"0f{hUufx¿ g} lnnfd x'g'k5{ eÌ] cj:yf ;d]tgePsf] / clGtd lnnfd x'g] cj:yf;Dd kIfn]gub} a'emfpg NofpFbf klg a'lemlng ;Sg] cj:yf;d]t x'Fbf / sf/jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf lnnfd sfo{;DkÌ e} g;sL sf/jfxLo'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf]km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{nfO{ c;/ k'Ug] u/Lo; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/Lbfo/ u/]sf] l/6 If]qflwsf/af6 ;f]sf] tYodf k|j]zu/L lg0f{o ug{ gldNg] .Ohnf; clws[t M x]daxfb'/ ;]gsDKo'6/ M ljZj/fh kf]v/]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; ( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

^df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnfsfsL{, @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )!#!, pTk|]if0f ldl>tk/dfb]z, xl/k|;fb u'¿Ë lj= s[lif tyf ;xsf/LdGqfno ;d]t

sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] cltl/Qmz}lIfs pkflwsf] k|To]s jif{ a9'jfsf] kmf/fd ebf{;Da4tf lgwf{/0f ug'{k5{ egL geg]sf] cj:yfdfk'gM ;Da4tfsf] gfddf Ps k6s dfGotfkfO;s]sf] z}lIfs pkflwnfO{ dfGotf glbg] /cÍ k|bfg gug]{ clwsf/ ljkIfL lgsfonfO{ gx'g] .

;Da4tf lgwf {/0f ;ldltsf ] ldlt@)^^.#.!& sf] lg0f{o ab/ eO{ ldlt @)^$.&.@*sf] lg0f{on] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg] ePsf] x'Fbf ldlt@)^^.#.!& sf] ;Da4tf lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] lg0f{osf]cfwf/df lgj]bssf] gfd a9'jf l;kmfl/z ;"rLaf6x6fO{ ljkIfL uf]s0f{/fh cof{nsf] gfd ;dfj]z ug]{u/L ePsf] ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ldlt@)^^.#.@@ df ePsf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{osf] cfwf/dfljkIfL uf]s0f{/fh cof{nnfO{ lbPsf] lgo'lQm kq;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . caldlt @)^$.&.@* sf] ;Da4tf lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf]lg0f{on] dfGotf kfpg] x'Fbf ljkIfL a9'jf ;ldltaf6pQm pkflwnfO{ dfGotf lbO{ cÍ k|bfg u/]adf]lhdlgj]bssf] gfd a9'jf gfdfjnLdf k/]sf] b]lvFbflg0f{o ldltaf6 g} h]i7tf sfod x'g] u/Llgj]bsnfO{ a9'jf lgo'lQm lbg' egL ljkIfL nf]s;]jfcfof]u ;d]tsf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/Lx'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M sdn/fh lai6sDKo'6/ M lakgfb]jL dNnOlt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn r}t !& ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .o;} nufpsf lgDg d'2fx¿df klg o;}cg';f/km};nf ePsf 5g\ M§ @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )!^), pTk|]if0f ldl>t

k/dfb]z, xl/k|;fb u'¿Ë lj= s[lif tyf;xsf/L dGqfno ;d]t

§ @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !))$, pTk|]if0f ldl>tk/dfb]z, xl/k|;fb u'¿Ë lj= s[lif tyf;xsf/L dGqfno ;d]t

&df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnfsfsL{, @)^# ;fnsf] ;=kmf}=k'=g+= ))$(, st{JoHofg, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= /fh' >]i7

1010101010


k|ltjfbL /fh'n] cfkm" jf/bft :yndfpkl:yt g} 5}g eÌ ;s]sf 5}gg\ df}sfdf aofgubf{ d[tsn] af6f]df lk;fa u/]sf] ljifodf egfege} xft xfnfxfn ePsf] s'/fdf ;xdt ePsf 5g\h'g s'/f d[tssf] 3f rf]6 / k|x/Ldf sfuh ug]{afa''sfhL ;d]tsf] Joxf]/faf6 ;dly{t e}/fv]sf]5 . d[tsnfO{ dfg'{'kg]{ ;Ddsf] l/;OjL tyf s'g}sf/0f ePsf] jfbL kIfn] k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . o;l:yltdf d[tsn] af6f]df lk;fa km]]/]sf] ljifodfegfeg e} df/f}+ eÌ] dg;fo s]xL gx'Fbf gx'Fb};fdfGo xft xfnfxfn e} s]xL ;dokZrft\pkrf/sf] qmddf d[To' ePsf] b]lvFbf k|ltjfbL /fh'>]i7nfO{ d'n'sL P]g, Hofg;DagwL dxnsf] % g+=sf] s;"/df P]= ^-@_ adf]lhd @ jif{ s}b x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k|;fb pkfWofosDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/LOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn sflQs !% ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

*df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnfsfsL{, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ^)%, afnL df]xLlgisfzg, k~r" rf}w/L lj= z'enfn ;fx t]nL

Pp6} ljifodf Goflos k|lqmof cjnDagu/L tx–tx lg0f{o x'Fb} o;} ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6clGtd lg0f{o e};s]sf] ;f]xL ljifodf ;jf]{Rrcbfntaf6} k'g/fjnf]sg x'g] afx]s k'g/fj]bgcbfntaf6 k'gM k|df0f a'emL tYoleq k|j]z u/Llg0f{o ug{'[sf] s'g} cf}lrTo / ;fy{stf x'Fb}g, g ts'g} sfg"gn] To:tf] If]qflwsf/ g} lbPsf] 5 .;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k'g/fjnf]sg x'g] afx]s o;/LPp6} ljifodf k6s–k6s lg0f{o ub}{ hfg] xf] eg]slxNo} klg ljjfbsf] cGTo x'Fb}g . t;y{ k|:t'tljjfbdf Pp6} hUufsf] Pp6} jif{sf] s'tafnLga'emfPsf] ljifodf log} kIf ljkIf eO{ rn]sf]s'tafnL df]xL lgisfzg d'2fdf o;} cbfntaf6df]xL lgisfzg x'g] u/L km};nf eO{ clGtd lg0f{oePsf] cfwf/df ;f]nfO{ cGoyf ug{ gldNg] .Ohnf; clws[t M pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}tdsDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e§Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 @@ ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\ .

(df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnfsfsL{, @)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )^%–CI–)^)^, df]xLlgisfzg s'tafnL, rGb]Zj/ d08n lj= dx]Gb|ld> e"ldxf/

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f !!^-!_ n] d'2f dfldnfsf] /f]xdf cbfntn]lbPsf] cfb]z jf lg0f{osf] ;a}n] kfngf ug'{kg]{5eÌ] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't d'2fsf]ljjfbsf] ls=g+= #)% s} hUufsf] ljjfbdf log}kIf ljkIfaLr ePsf] @)%% ;fnsf] s'tafnLga'emfPsf] ljifodf s'tafnL df]xL lgisfzg d'2fk/L tx–tx x'Fb} o;} ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 oLk'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL rGb]Zj/ d08nnfO{ df]xLaf6lgisfzg ug]{ km};nf eO{ pQm km};nf clGtdeP/ /x]sf] eÌ] b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf df]xLlgisfzg e};s]sf] ;f]xL ls=g+= #)% s} hUufsf]ljifodf log} kIf ljkIfaLr @)%* ;fnsf]s'tafnL df]xL lgisfzg d'2fdf e"ld;'wf/sfof{no dxf]Q/Ln] oL k'g/fj]bssf] k|ltpQ/lng' / ;f]df sf/jfxL rnfpg] plNnlvt ;+j}wflgsJoj:yfsf] alv{nfk x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}tdsDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e§Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 @@ ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\ .

!)df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnfsfsL{, @)^@ ;fnsf] kmf}+=k'=g+= #@$!, e|i6frf/,ldgf g]DjfË vgfn lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

s'g} z}lIfs of]Uotf k|df0fkq ;SsnL xf]jf gSsnL xf] eÌ] ;DaGwdf ;f] k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{lgsfosf] egfO{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf]clen]vaf6 pQm k|df0fkq clgjfo{ ¿kdf ;dly{tx'g'kb{5 . k|:t't d'2fdf gSsnL elgPsf] ljjfbf:kbz}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq ;DaGwdf laxf/ ljBfnok/LIff ;ldlt k6gfsf] egfOn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfv]Nb5 . k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{ lgsfoaf6 g} k'g/fj]bsk|ltjfbLn] k]z u/]sf] ;g\ !((* sf] /f]n g+= sf]8$$)#, qmdfÍ *!( ePsf] dfWolds k/LIffsf] z}lIfs

1111111111


k|df0fkq ;SsnL gePsf] egL :ki6 ¿kdf n]vLcfPsf] cj:yfdf pQm k|df0fkq lglj{jfb ¿kdfgSsnL g} /x]sf] b]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k|;fb pkfWofosDKo'6/M d'Qmf Kofs'/]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^& c;f]h !* ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

!!df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L e/t/fhpk|]tL, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @&!$, pTk|]if0f,k/dfb]z, pQd/fh l3ld/] lj= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u;fg]l7dL eQmk'/ ;d]t

l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu bfjLsf] p2]Zo k"/fe};s]sf] cj:yfdf l/6 lgj]bg Infractious eO{l/6sf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt e};s]sf] b]lvG5 . o;cbfntn] ;fy{s / cf}lrTok"0f{ cj:yfdf dfqc;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t l/6 hf/L ub{5 .k|:t't ljjfbdf l/6 lgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt(Infractions) e};s]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bgsf] tYoleqk|j]z u/L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ cf}lrTo gb]lvg] .Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !! ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

!@df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L e/t/fhpk|]tL, @)^^ ;fnsf] WO–)$)^, pTk|]if0fo'Qmk/dfb]z, zflns/fd bfxfn lj= sf7df8f}+ gu/ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, cgfdgu/ sf7df8f}+;d]t

lgj]bssf] gfddf lgj]bg bfjLsf] hUUffcfpg' k"j{ g} lgj]bssf kl/jf/sf ;b:on]cfof]hgfaf6 ljsl;t 38]/L a;f]af;sf] nfluk|fKt ul/;s]sf] b]lvPsf] tyf ! cfgfeGbf sdhUuf ePsfnfO{ hUufsf] ;§f d'cfAhf /sdpknAw u/fpg] eÌ] lg0f{o ePcg';f/ lgj]bsnfO{/sd a'‰g kq n]lvPsf] b]lvFbf pQm lg0f{o tyfsfd sf/jfxLdf s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 ljBdfg /x]ePsf] gb]lvPsf] / pQm sfo{af6 lgj]bssf] xsdfcf3ft kg{ uPsf] gb]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb /]UdLsDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e§Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ;fpg @$ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

!#df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L e/t/fhpk|]tL, @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @(!@, pTk|]if0f ;d]t,bLksrGb| b]jsf]6f lj= s[lif ljsf; a}+s, d'Vosfof{no ;d]t

;'g'jfOsf] df}sf lbg' eg]sf] cf/f]ksf]af/]df hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ / pQm cf/f]ksf ;DaGwdf;kmfO k]z ug]{ df}sf lbO{ cf/f]kLsf] s'/f ;'g]kl5dfq k|df0fsf] d"NofÍg u/L sf/jfxL jf ;hfoug'{k5{ eÌ] xf] . Pp6} ljifo jf ck/fw jf cf/f]k/ 36gfsf ;DaGwdf b'O{ k6s ;kmfOsf] df}sflbO{ ;s]kl5 k6s–k6s ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf lbO/xg'k5{ egL cy{ ug'{ Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g . ;'g'jfOsf]df}sf lbO{ ;s]kl5 cf/f]lkt JolQmn] lbPsf] hjfkm/ cGo ;Da4 tYo jf k|df0fsf] d"NofÍg u/Lsfg"gåf/f lglb{i6 ;Ldfleq /xL ;hfo tf]Sg'clVtof/jfnfsf] bfloTj / st{Jo x'g] .

lgj]bs bLksrGb| b]jsf]6fnfO{ lghn]u/]sf] clgoldt sfd sf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf k|ydk6s lghn] u/]sf sfdsf] ;DaGwdf :ki6Ls/0f;f]wL lghsf] hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5 pQm hjfkm;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] 7fgL ;hfo ;d]t k|:tfju/L bf];|f] k6s ;d]t :ki6Ls/0f ;f]wL pQm:ki6Ls/0fdf k|:tfj u/]cg'¿k a}+ssf] ;]jfaf6avf{:t ug]{ ;hfo u/L sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{lgodfjnLcg'¿k xflg gf]S;fgL ePsf] lauf] P]=lgodfjnLsf] lgod @% adf]lhd c;"npk/gePdf lgodcg';f/ lghaf6 c;"npk/ ug]{ u/Lclwsf/k | fKt clwsf/Laf6 ePsf ] lg0f {osfg"gk|lts"n ePsf] gb]lvFbf pQm lg0f{o / ;f]nfO{;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] ljkIfL k'g/fj]bg ;ldltsf]lg0f{onfO{ ab/ ug{' gkg]{ .Ohnf; clws[t M pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}tdsDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/LOlt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !! ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .§ o:t} k|s[ltsf] @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @(&#,

pTk|]if0f ;d]t, af;'b]j e§/fO{ lj= s[lif ljsf;a}+s d'Vo sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdfo;}cg';f/ km};nf ePsf] 5 .

1212121212


!$df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L e/t/fhpk|]tL, @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^%–WO–)@)$,pTk|]if0fo'Qm, /fd¿k /fo ofbj lj= k'g/fj]bgcbfnt x]6f}+8f ;d]t

lgj]bsn] /f]Ssf u/fPsf] hUufaf6lghsf] lauf] c;"npk/ ul/lng kfpg] x'Fbf oLl/6 lgj]bssf] /f}tx6 lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf]lauf] g+= $%^ sf] sf/jfxLsf] qmddf lg=tx;Lnbf/af6 ldlt @)^$.^.@# df ljjflbt hUuf/f]Ssf /fVg] u/L tyf ljkIfL zDe'k|;fbsf] xsdfhUuf km's'jf gx'g] u/L u/]sf] cfb]z sfg"g /Gofo;Ddt eO{ ldn]sf]df To;/L sfg"g /Gofo;Ddt ldn]sf] cfb]znfO{ ab/ ug]{ u/]sf]/f}tx6 lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.@.@$ sf]cfb]z / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f} +8fsf] ldlt@)^%.^.# sf] cfb]z lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdpTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}tdsDKo'6/ M lakgfb]jL dNnOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv @( ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

!%df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L e/t/fhpk|]tL, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #&^*, pTk|]if0fk/dfb]z ;d]t, O{Zj/dfg k|wfg lj= cf]dk|sfztkl8of ;d]t

lgj]bsn] ljjflbt z]o/df cfˆgf]lglj{jfb xs b]vfpg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . o:tf]cj:yfdf o; cbfntn ] c;fwf/0fclwsf/If]qcGtu{t k|:t't l/6af6 k|df0f a'emL;f]sf] d"NofÍg u/L ljjflbt z]o/df lgj]bssf]xs :yflkt x'g] xf] xf]Og egL pQm z]o/x¿/f]Ssf ug]{ u/L OG;fkm ug{ gldNg] .Ohnf; clws[t M pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}tdsDKo'6/ M d'Qmf Kofs'/]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !! ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

!^df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L e/t/fhpk|]tL, @)^^ ;fnsf] WO–)@!*, pTk|]if0fo'Qm

k/dfb]z, s0f{axfb'/ jd/]n lj= lzIff dGqfno;d]t

kz'klt pRr df=lj= Joj:yfkg ;ldltn]csf]{ Joj:yf gx'~h]n eGb} xl/k|;fb yfkfnfO{k | =c=÷k | frfo { tf ] lsPsf ] sfd sf/jfxLsfg"gljk/Lt /xL q'l6k"0f{ b]lvFbf pTk|]if0fsf]cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . pRr dfWolds lzIffP]g, lgod / ;DaGwg;DaGwL ljlgodsf]k|fjwfgcg'¿k of]Uo JolQmx¿ k|=c=÷k|frfo{ tyflzIfs kbdf lgo'Qm u/L pRr dfWoldsljBfnosf] ;~rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf plNnlvtsfg"gL Joj:yf s8fOsf;fy nfu" ug{sf] nflulgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg lg/LIf0f ug'{ eÌ] ;d]tsf]k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k|;fb pkfWofosDKo'6/ M df]Qmf clwsf/LOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ;fpg @& ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= #

!df=Gof=>L tkaxfb '/ du/ / df=Gof=>Lcjw]zs'df/ ofbj, b]=k'=g+= @)^#–CI–)^$$,lnvt ab/ gfd;f/L, /fd/fh a9fO{ lj= /fdlk|ta9fO{

log} /fdlk|t a9fO{ jfbL / log} /fd/fha9fO{ ;d]t k|ltjfbL ePsf] ;+jt\ @)%# ;fnsf]b]=($#÷^^ sf] c+z d'2fsf] ldl;n ;+nUgkm};nfsf] k|ltlnlk x]bf{ jfbL bfjLadf]lhd ;DklQd"n ¿kdf tLg efu nufO{ tLg efu d+un;d]tsf] k/ ;f/L Ps efudf k''gM tLg efu u/Lb'O{ efu /fd/fh ;d]tsf] k/ ;f/L b'O{ efucfdf hf]ltofsf] c+z efu jfbLn] 5'§\ofO{ lngkfpg] 7x/L ldlt @)%%.^.@( df ePsf] km};nfclGtd ePsf] eÌ] b]lvG5 . a[hdf]xgsf rf/efO{ 5f]/fx¿ /3'gGbg, d+un /fdwgL / htgePsf / htgsf] xs vfg] hf]ltof eO{ hf]tLofn]jfbL /fdlk|t a9fO{nfO{ cfˆgf] c+z efuz]ifkl5sf] askq ul/lbPsf] eÌ] ldl;naf6

1313131313


b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L jfbL /fdlk|t a9fO{n]hf]ltofaf6 lghsf] c+z efudf kg]{ ;DklQz]ifkl5sf] as;kqaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPsf] /hf]ltofn] tLg efusf] Ps efu c+z 5'§\ofO{lng kfpg] u/L ePsf] pQm km};nf clGtd e}/x]sf]b]lvPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf lkm/fb bfjLcg';f/ tLgefusf] Ps efu lnvt ab/ x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{sDKo'6/ M ljZj/fh kf]v/]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .o;} k|s[ltsf lgDg d'2fx¿df klg o;}cg';f/km};nf ePsf 5g\ M§ b]=k'=g+= @)^#–CI–)^$!, lnvt ab/ gfd;f/L,

/fd/fh a9fO{ lj= /fdlk|t a9fO{§ b]=k'=g+= @)^#–CI–)^$@, lnvt ab/ gfd;f/L,

/fd/fh a9fO{ lj= /fdlk|t a9fO{@

df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fhpk|]tL, b]=k'=g+= @)^^–MS–))!%, aGbLk|ToIfs/0f,k|fy{gf /fodfemLsf] xsdf ;ljtf s]=;L=/fodfemL,lj=/fdaxfb'/ /fodfemL ;d]t

afa' / cfdf s'g} sf/0fj; cnu–cnu j:g] ePdf dft[ jfT;Nosf] cfjZostf7flgPsL gfaflnsfn] lghsL cfdfsf] sfvfdfx's{g kfpg] / cfdfsf] :tgkfg ug{ kfpg]afnssf] hGdl;4 tyf jfRg kfpg] clwsf/;FuufFl;Psf] ljifonfO{ cfTd;ft u/L d'n'sL P]gnf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] #-!_ df ePsf] sfg"gLJoj:yfnfO{ o; cbfntn] gh/cGbfh ug{g;Sg] .

cfdfsf] d~h"/L ljgf ljkIfLn] jnhkm\tL/fv]sf] sfo{nfO{ jRrLsf] :jtGqtf nufot ;Dk"0f{xs ckx/0f ePsfn] :jtGqtf ;DaGwL xs xgg\ePsf] cj:yfdf ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cjnDagug'{kg]{ eGg] lhsL/ sfg"g / Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt;d]tsf] ljk/Lt b]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[tM v8\u/fh clwsf/LsDKo'6/M ljZj/fh kf]v/]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 # ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= #

!df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L k|]dzdf{, )^#–WO–)*$*, pTk]|if0f, k|ltif]w, k/dfb]z;d]t, c;u/ vfg lj= /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefu;d]t

sAhf ul/Psf dfnj:t'x¿ lnnfd laqmLug{ nfluPsf] xf] eÌ] ;DaGwdf lznaGbL af]nkqcfJxfgsf] ;"rgf / lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/fdf ;d]tk|i6 ¿kdf v'nfpg ;s]sf] b]lvPg . k|ToyL{ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkmdf ;'/Iffsf] sf/0f b]vfO{pQm dfn;fdfgx¿ lnnfd laqmL ug{ nfluPsf]s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, h'g s'/fnfO{ eG;f/P]gsf] bkmf @)-#_ n] sAhf ul/Psf dfnj:t'lnnfd laqmLsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf ;d]l6Psf] l:ylt5}g . ;fy} sAhf ul/Psf dfnj:t'x¿ ;8L unLhfg] k|s[ltsf /x]sf] eÌ] cj:yf g/xg'sf ;fy}tL dfnj:t' w]/} 7fpF cf]u6L :yfgfefj u/fpg]lsl;dsf klg /x]sf] b]lvFb}g . pQm dfnj:t'sf]d"No yk36 x'g] egL lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]vu/] tfklg s] sf/0fn] d"No 36\g] xf] ;f] ;DaGwdfljkIfL ljefun] tYoo'Qm k|df0fåf/f k'li6 ug{;s]sf] cj:yf klg b]lvPg . t;y{ pQm dfnj:t'eG;f/ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf @)-#_ adf]lhd tTsfn}lnnfd laqmL ug'{kg]{ tYoo'Qm 7f]; cfwf/ / sf/0f/x]sf] b]lvg gcfpg] .Ohfnf; clws[t M /d]zk|;fb l/hfnOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} & ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .§ o;} nufpsf] )^#–WO–)*(&, pTk]|if0f,

k|ltif]w, k/dfb]z ;d]t, c;u/ vfg lj=/fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefu ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdfo;}cg';f/ km};nf ePsf] 5 .

@df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L k|]dzdf{, )^#–WO–)*(^, pTk]|if0f, k|ltif]w, k/dfb]z;d]t, csa/ vfg lj= /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefu;d]t

1414141414


/fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 lgj]bsaf6¿=^#,^%,$(@.– w/f}6L, h]yf hdfgL jf a}+s Uof/]G6Ldfu u/]sf]df lgj]bsn] k]z u/L tf/]vdf a;]sf]tYodf s'g} ljjfb gb]lvPsf], eG;f/ P]g, @)!(sf] bkmf !& n] zf/Ll/s b08 gx'g] s;"/sf] JolQm/x]5 eg] g]kfnleqsf] a}+s Uof/]G6L NofPdf t'¿Gt5fl8lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf]n] lgj]bsn] klxnf a}+sUof/]G6L /fv]sf] / a}+s Uof/]G6L :jLsf/ u/]sf]cj:yfdf lagf sfg"gL cfwf/ cfTdk/s ¿kdfJofVof u/L kl5 a}+s Uof/]G6L /sd dfu ug]{ u/Lldlt @)^#.!@.@% df ljkIfL /fhZj cg';Gwfgljefuaf6 ePsf] kq nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ sf/jfxLsfg"gk|lts"n /x]sf] b]lvFbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/fab/ x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M /d]zk|;fb l/hfnOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} & ut] /f]h @ z'ed\\ .§ o;} nufpsf] )^#–WO–)*$&, pTk]|if0f,

k|ltif]w, k/dfb]z ;d]t, csa/ vfg lj=/fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefu ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdfo;}cg';f/ km};nf ePsf] 5 .

#df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=#&)), eG;f/d"NofÍg, lbJo/fh kf]v/]n lj= lji0f'k|;fb Gof}kfg]

tTsfnLg eG;f/ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf#& cg';f/ k/]sf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwdf/fhZj Gofoflws/0f la/f6gu/af6 ljrf/ x'g'kg]{ b]lvgfn] clwsf/If]qsf] cefjdf /fhZjGofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^!.^.@*sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt ePsf] gb]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M x]daxfb'/ ;]gsDKo'6/ M ejfgL 9'+ufgfOlt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .o;} nufpsf lgDg d''2fx¿df klg o;}cg';f/km};nf ePsf 5g\ M§ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=#^(%, eG;f/ d"NofÍg,

lbJo/fh kf]v/]n lj= lji0f'k|;fb Gof}kfg]§ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=#^(^, eG;f/ d"NofÍg,

lbJo/fh kf]v/]n lj= lji0f'k|;fb Gof}kfg]

§ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=#^(&, eG;f/ d"NofÍg,lbJo/fh kf]v/]n lj= lji0f'k|;fb Gof}kfg]

§ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=#^(*, eG;f/ d"NofÍg,lbJo/fh kf]v/]n lj= lji0f'k|;fb Gof}kfg]

§ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=#^((, eG;f/ d"NofÍg,lbJo/fh kf]v/]n lj= lji0f'k|;fb Gof}kfg]

%df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnfsfsL{, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= $%#, lgif]wf1f,ljz]Zj/ ofbj, lj= /fhb]j ;fx" ;d]t

lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]sf] kf]v/Lsf] ;DaGwdflgj]bsn] lglj{jfb xsef]usf] k|df0f k]z ug{;s]sf] ldl;naf6 b]lvPg . lgj]bspk/ ljkIfL/fhb]j ;fx / OGbn ofbj ;d]tn] lbPsf] lgif]wf1fd'2f vf/]h ePsf] eÌ] lgj]bg bfjLsf cfwf/dfdfq kf]v/Ldf lgj]bssf] xs :yflkt x'g] xf]Og .o; afx]s ljkIfL lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no wg'iffaf6lgj]bsnfO{ kqmfp ug]{ sfo{ gu/]sf] / kqmfp ug]{If]qflwsf/ ;d]t g/x]sf] egL lnlvt hjfkmdfpNn]v u/]sf] b]lvFbf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdlgj]bsnfO{ kqmfp ug]{ cfz+sfhlgt cj:yf gb]lvFbfdfuadf]lhd lgif]wf1f cfb]z hf/L ug'{ gkg]{ .Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]nsDKo'6/ M ;'lbk k+1fgLOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 @& ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

^df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnfsfsL{, @)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )^%–CI–)$*#,lgif]wf1f, clDasfb]jL yfkf lj= lji0f's'df/ uf]znL;d]t

lgj]bg bfjLsf ls=g+= !@^ / !@& hUuf;fljsdf lgj]bssf] /x]sf] lkmN8a's ptf/ /;flassf] hUufwgL k"hf{sf] kmf]6f]skLaf6 b]lvPklg dfnkf]t sfof{no sf:sLaf6 lgj]bsn] g}ldlt @)#&.!!.!^ df hUuf laqmL u/L ljkIfLlji0f's'df/ uf]znL ;d]tsf gfpFdf pQm hUufbf=vf= btf{ ePsf] eÌ] ;DaGwdf ;f] btf{pk/sf:sL lhNnf cbfntdf lnvt ab/, hfn;fhL,btf{ ab/ ;d]tsf d'2f rln/x]sf] egL pNn]v

1515151515


u/]sf] b]lvG5 . d'2f rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bgbfjLsf] hUufdf lgj]bssf] lglj{jfb xs /x]sf]l:ylt b]lvPg . o; hUufsf ;DaGwdf k|ltjfbLx¿pk/ hUuf lvrf]nf d'2f rnL vf/]h x'g] 7x/LclGtd ePsf] / xfn sf:sL lhNnf cbfntdflnvt ab/, hfn;fhL d'2fx¿ ljrf/fwLg /x]sf]egL lgj]bgdf g} pNn]v e}/x]sf]n] lhNnfcbfntdf plNnlvt d'2fx¿ rln/x]sf] /lgj]bssf] lglj{jfb xs :yflkt gePsf] cj:yfdflgif]wf1f hf/L x'g] l:ylt gb]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]nsDKo'6/ M ;'lbk k+1fgLOlt ;jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 @& ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

&df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnfsfsL{, @)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )^%–CI–)#&$,lgif]wf1f, /f]daxfb'/ yfkf lj= ;8s ljefu ;d]t

lgj]bssf] ls=g+= ̂ *(, sf] hUuf c/lgsf]/fhdfu{sf] *$ kmL6 k/ kg]{ / xfn &% kmL6;Dddfq ;8s lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] eÌ] ljkIfLsf] lnlvthjfkmaf6 b]lvFbf lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePadf]lhdlgj]bssf] hUufdf kf]n uf8\g] nufotsf]cfz+sfsf] l:ylt gb]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]nsDKo'6/ M ;'lbk k+1fgLOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 @& ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

*df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnfsfsL{, @)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )^%–CI–)#&),lgif]wf1f, /fd:jfy{ kf08] ;d]t lj= k|B'Dg ld>

lgj]bsn] df]xLdf bfjL lnPsf ls=g+=(@% / (@^ sf hUufdf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noaf6lgj]bssf] gfddf df]lxofgL xs sfod ePsf]cj:yf x'Fbf df]xL xssf] hUufdf df]xLnfO{ lglj{jfbef]usf] xsflwsf/ /xg]df ljjfb ePg . df]xLxssf] hUufdf hUufwgL of c¿ s;}n] df]xLnfO{hUuf ef]u ug{df afwf pTkÌ ug{ kfpFb}g .k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/af6 ldlt @)^$ h]7dfe} cfPsf] gfk gS;f x]bf{ ;fljs ls=g+= !) sf]

xfn ls=g+= (@% / ls=g+= (@^ hUufdWo]blIf0ftkm{af6 /flhof vft'g / pQ/tkm{af6OGb|s'df/ ofbjn] v/Lb u/L ef]urng u/L cfPsf]/ g=g+= @ ls=g+= (@% sf] hUufsf] blIf0ftkm{ljkIfLn] df6f] k'/L xfn vfnL vfN;f /x]sf] egLpNn]v e} cfPsf] b]lvFbf lgj]bs df]xL /x]sf]hUufdf ljkIfLn] df6f] k'g]{ nufotsf sfo{ u/Lx:tIf]k u/]sf] b]lvFbf 3/ agfpg] nufotsfdf]xLnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L s'g} sfd gug'{gu/fpg' egL lgif]wf1f cfb]z hf/L x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]nsDKo'6/ M ;'lbk k+1fgLOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 @& ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

(df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L k|sfzj:tL, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *(%@, n]gb]g,>Lk|;fb wf]aL lj= 5]bg ltjf/L

ldlt @)$&.#.@) sf] z]ifkl5sf] askqdfplNnlvt hUufx¿ ;f] z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ab/gx'Fb} ;b/} sfod /x]sf] cj:yfdf c+lzof/ b]lvPsfk|ltjfbL 5]bg ltjf/L ;d]tsf] c+z xssf] hUufdfoL jfbLn] y}nL xfnL /fhLgfdfsf] lnvt u/LlnPsf] Jojxf/ kTof/nfos gb]lvPsf] / z]ifkl5sf]as; lbg] JolQmn] g} z]ifl5sf] as; kfpg]JolQmnfO{ u/L lbPsf] 3/;f/sf] /fhLgfdf lnvtdfn]lvPsf] ;fFjf /sd e/fO{ lbg] cj:yf gx'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfnsDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgLOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv !^ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

!)df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L k|sfzj:tL, @)^$–CR–)&!@, ;jf/L Hofg, /fheQm>]i7 lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

kLl8t kIfnfO{ sfg"gn] clgjfo{ ¿kdfpknAw u/fpg lgwf{/0f u/]sf] /sd cbfntsf]km};nfadf]lhd lgwf{/0f ;d]t ePsf] cj:yfdfw/f}6Ldf g} cfDbfgL afFwL w/f}6;DaGwL sfg"gLJoj:yfadf]lhd ;/sf/L ;|]:tfdf ;b/ :ofxfu/L h'g;'s} cj:yfdf xsjfnf v'nL cfPsf jf

1616161616


xsjfnf nufot d[tssf] lsl/of ug]{ JolQmn]k|df0f;lxt pkl:yt ePdf /fHosf]if ;d]taf6e/fO{ lbg'kg]{ .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfnsDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgLOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv !^ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

!!df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L k|sfzj:tL, @)^$–SA–)))!, vfg nfpg vr{ /sdlbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm, ¿kL u'¿ª ;d]t lj= nIdL u'¿ª

d'n'sL P]g, c+zj08fsf] dxnsf] !) g+=tyf nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $ g+= ;d]tdf nf]Ug],;f;", ;;'/fn] :jf:gL, a'xf/LnfO { OHhtcfdbcg';f/ vfg nfpg lbg'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yfu/]sf] b]lvG5 . a'lemPsf jfbLsf ;fIfLx¿sf]askqaf6 jfbLnfO{ vfg nfpg glbPsf] ePlgh dfOtL 3/df a;L k|:t't d'2f bfo/ ug'{kg]{cGo sf/0f ;d]t k|ltjfbLx¿n] b]vfpg g;s]sf]cj:yfdf jfbLn] k|ltjfbLx¿af6 vfg nfpg;d]tsf] nflu cfjZos /sd e/fO{ lng kfpg] .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfnsDKo'6/ M ;'lbk k+1fgLOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv !^ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

!@df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fhpk|]tL, @)^^–WO–!)(!, pTk|]if0f, u0f]z/fh sfsL{lj= nf]s;]jf cfof]u cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ldlt @)^&.!.!# sf]lg0f{o oL lgj]bssf xsdf lg0f{o ePsf] gb]lvO{/fdk|;fb ;fksf]6fnfO{ a9'jf ;ldltn] a9'jfdfl;kmfl/z u/]pk/ cGo JolQmx¿n] lbPsf] ph"/Lsf;Gbe{df ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 oL lgj]bsnfO{tTsfn s'g} k|ToIf c;/ k/]sf] cj:yf b]lvPsf]5}g cyf{t\ cGo JolQmsf xsdf ePsf] lg0f{on]oL lgj]bssf] xs clwsf/df cf3ft kg]{ jf c;/kg]{ cj:yf klg b]lvPg . h;sf] xsdf c;/k/]sf] xf] jf ;f] JolQm pkrf/ vf]Hg cfPsf]cj:yf ;d]t b]lvFb}g . hxfF;Dd lgj]bsn] pQmlgodcg';f/ cfkm"n] klxnf k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cÍdf

;d]t c;/ kg]{ xf] ls egL cfz+sf b]vfO{lgj]bgdf lhsL/ lnPsf] 5 ;f] ;DaGwdf klxnfk|fKt ul/;s]sf] cÍ 36\g] 5}g egL P]gdf Joj:yfeO/x]sf] / lgj]bsn] sfg"gadf]lhd cÍ kfpg'kg]{df gkfP/ cfˆgf] xs s'l07t x'g uP ;f]xLavt sfg"gadf]lhdsf] pkrf/ kfpg ;Sg] cj:yfljBdfg x' Fbfx ' Fb } csf{sf ] xsdf b]lvPsf]cj:yfcg';f/ ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ cfwf/ agfO{cfz+sfsf] ¿kdf cfˆgf] xs ;'/lIft u/fpgxtfl/P/ cfPsf] lgj]bgpk/ c¿ ljrf/ ul//xg'kg]{ cj:yf gb]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfnsDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgLOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} !% ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= %

!df=Gof=>L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx / df=Gof=>L k|]dzdf{, l/6 g+= )^#–WO–&#^, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z,;'gLn sfsL{ lj= dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/,xg'dfg9f]sf ;d]t

lgj]bssf] xs lxtdf c;/ kg]{ u/L lg0f{oubf{ lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/Ln] ;d'lrt ;kmfOsf] kof{Ktdf}sf k|bfg u/L cfjZos ;a"b k|df0f a'emL sfg"gsf]plrt k|lqmof k'¥ofO{ sfg"g;+ut 9+uaf6 lg0f{oug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h'g s;"/sf ;DaGwdf ;hfo ul/g]xf] ;f] ;DaGwdf cf/f]k / ;hfo ;d]t k|:tfj u/L5'§f5'§} :ki6Ls/0f dfu u/L b'O{ k6s ;f] ljifodf;kmfOsf] df}sf lbO{ lg0f{o ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L Pp6fcf/f]k / ;hfo k|:tfj u/L :ki6Ls/0f dfu u/Lcsf]{ cf/f]ksf ;DaGwdf ;hfo u/L ePsf] lg0f{osfg"g;Ddt dfÌ gldNg] / o:tf] lg0f{oaf6 ;hfoul/Psf] cf/f]ksf ;DaGwdf lgj]bsnfO{ ;kmfOk]z ug]{ df}sf glbPsf] x'g hfG5 tyf o:tf] lg0f{osfg"g;Ddt gx'Fbf ab/efuL x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M xl/ZrGb| OËgfdsDKo'6/ M k|]daxfb'/ yfkfOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ & ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

1717171717


Ohnf; g+=^

!df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ofbj, @)^) ;fnsf] ;=kmf}=k'=g+= #!(#, ;/sf/L5fk, b:tvt sLt]{, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= s[i0fk|;fbx'dfufO{+

sLt]{ ug]{ dtnadf k:b5, nfe lnG5,;/f]sf/ /fV5 / ;f] sfd k"/f ug{ s'g} g s'g};+nUgtf b]vfpFb5 eg] klg sLt]{sf] s;"/bf/x'G5 . lnvt;DaGwL s;"/df eO/x]sf] ;Rrflnvtdf ePsf] cÍ, cIf/ jf ldlt jf s]xL Joxf]/f36L a9L kf/L ;Rofpg] sfo{df ;+nUg ePsf]JolQmsf xsdf s]xL gu/L lnvtjfnfnfO{ dfq}lhDd]jf/ agfpg] xf] eg] To:tf c¿ if8\oGq ug]{cfb]z ug]{ jf dtnadf a;L sfd u/L u/fO{nfe lng] 7"nf] cfk/flws ;d"xn] g} cfk/flwsbfloTjaf6 d'lQm kfpg] cj:yf /xG5 . t/ To:tf]b[li6sf]0f kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] gx'g] x'Fbf / k|ltjfbLs[i0f s]=;L= eÌ] s[i0fk|;fb x'dfufO{+n] klg cfkm"n]cfly{s nfe lnO{ em"¶f sfd ug]{ ab\lgotn]sfn'dfg tfdfËsf] ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq sLt]{u/]sf] k'li6 / k|dfl0ft eO/x]sf] cj:yf b]lvFbfk|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL s[i0f s]=;L= eÌ] s[i0fk|;fbx'dfufO{+n] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] 7xg]{ .Ohnf; clws[tM >Lk|;fb ;~h]nsDKo'6/ M cld//Tg dxh{gOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv ^ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

@df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ofbj, @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}+=k'=g+= ##&#, #*@@, hLpdf:g] a]Rg] / ha/\h:tL s/0fL, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=laN6' sfdL, laN6' sfdL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

Pp6L gfaflnsfn] cfkm"dfly ck/fwgu/]sf] eP em"¶f s'/f agfP/ s;}nfO{ km;fpgkg]{;Ddsf] cj:yf /xG5 egL sNkgf ug{ ldNg]b]lvFb}g . Pp6L gf/Lsf] ;ltTj k|Zg ;dfj]zePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf agfj6L ¿kdf s;}nfO{

km;fpg] p2]Zon] em"¶f d'2f nufOPsf] xf] eÌ]k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ kTof/nfos ;d]tb]lvFg cfpFb }g . To;sf ;fy} kLl8tnfO{ef/taf6 g} ef/tLo k|x/Lsf] ;xof]udf g]kfnk|x/L tyf hfx]/jfnfn] p2f/ u/]sf] tyfk|ltjfbL ;f]ltnfn ofbjnfO{ ;Fu} kqmfp u/]sf];d]t b]lvFbf of] jf/bft agfj6L xf] eÌ]k|ltjfbLsf] egfO{ vl08t e} /x]sf] b]lvG5 .k | ltj fb L laN6 ' s fd Ln ] c lwsf/k | f Ktclwsf/L;dIf aofg ubf{ cfkm"n] ck/fw u/]sf]s'/f :jLsf/ u/L aofg u/]sf] tyf pQm aofgJoxf]/fnfO{ hfx]/L b/vf:t, j:t'l:ylt d'r'NsfPj+ kLl8tsf] k|dfl0ft aofg Joxf]/f ;d]tn]k'li6 ul//x]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . o; cj:yfdfcg';Gwfgsf qmddf v8f ul/Psf ;Dk"0f {k |df0fx¿sf] jf/bft ePsf] tyf jf/bft36fpg log} k|ltjfbLsf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] eÌ]tYo :yflkt x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M ladn kf}8]nsDKo'6/ M cld//Tg dxh{gOlt ;jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv @* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

#df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L lu/Lz rGb|nfn, @)^! ;fnsf] ;=kmf}=k'=g+= #@)!, e|i6frf/,xlaa dG;'/L ldofF lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] lg0f{oadf]lhdk|ltjfbLn] :jR5 lgotn] hUuf pknAw u/fPsf]eP klxnf ¿= %,))).– dfqdf cfˆgf gfpFdfhUuf v/Lb u/L kl5 bfgkq egL ;f]xL hUufs[lif ;]jf s]Gb|nfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/fpg' kg]{ cj:yfl;h{gf x'g] lyPg . To;sf cnfjf s] s'gafWofTds kl/l:yltn] cfˆgf] gfpFdf hUuf v/Lbu/L lnPsf] xf] / kl5 lsg bfgkq egL ;f]xLhUuf s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|nfO{ kfl/t u/L lbPsf] eÌ]s'/f :ki6 ¿kdf v'n]sf] gkfOFbf k|ltjfbLsf] sfo{e|i6frf/sf] bfo/f aflx/ /x]sf] dfÌ gldNg] .Ohnf; clws[t M /d]zk|;fb 1jfnLsDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; !$ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

1818181818


$df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L lu/Lz rGb|nfn, @)^# ;fnsf] WO–)!^&, pTk|]if0f ;d]t,lbg]zs'df/ dxtf] lj= k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no ;d]t

lgj]bsn] u/]sf] s;"/sf ;DaGwdf5fgaLg ;ldlt ;d]t u7g u/L ;f] 5fgaLg;ldltn] k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf cfwf/dfsfg "gåf/ f clwsf/ k | f Kt clwsf/Laf6sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] lg0f{oPj+ ;f] lg0f{opk/ lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 k/]sf]k 'g/fj ]bgdf ;d]t sfg"gadf ] lhd ;Ifdclwsf/Laf6 ;'gjfO{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o g} ;b/u/]sf] b]lvFbf pk/f]Qm lg0f{ox¿ ab/ ug'{kg]{l:ylt gb]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M /d]z 1jfnLsDKo'6/M cld//Tg dxh{gOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 # ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

%df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L lu/Lz rGb|nfn, @)^& ;fnsf] WO–)#%!, k/dfb]z ;d]t,clwjQmf k |e 's [ i0 f sf ]O/ fnf ;d ]tlj=;+ljwfg;efsf] ;lrjfno ;d]t

ljwflosf, Gofokflnsf Pj+ cGo;+j}wflgs cËx¿n] ;+ljwfgadf]lhd cf–cfˆgf]ljefuLo sfdsf] cltl/Qm sfo{kflnsfsf] cËnfO{lgoGq0f Pj+ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg] sfd ug]{ ePklgTo;sf ] b } lgs k |zf;g rnfpg ] s '/fdfsfo{kflnsf g} k|d'v cËsf] ?kdf lqmofzLnx'g'kb{5, h;sf] d'Vo sfd zflGt ;'/Iff sfodug]{, ;Ldf /Iff ug]{, zf;g ;~rfngsf] nfluah]6sf] Joj:yf ug]{, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdug]{, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw ;~rfng ug]{ sfg"gL/fHosf] ;+:yfkgsf] nflu cfjZos lg/LIfs,; + /I fs , k | f ] T; fxgstf { , ;dGjostf { ,k/LIfsnufotsf] ljljw e"ldsf lgjf{x u/L;fdf lhs Gofo sfod u/L ;dfhdf;j{;fwf/0fsf] lxt / ;fd~h:otf cflb sfodug]{ dxTjk"0f{ sfdx¿ ug'{ /x]sf] x'G5 . elgG5–/fHosf] pkl:yltsf] cg'e"lt u/fpg] d'Vo sfo{

sfo{kflnsfs} xf], c? cËsf] cefjdf ;'zf;gsf]kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsGg, t/ sfo{kflnsf cË g}g/xg] xf] eg] /fHo jf zf;gsf] cl:tTj ;Dejgx'g] .

jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] b]znfO{ Pp6flqmofzLn cu|ufdL / Gofok"0f{ /fHosf] ?kdf?kfGtl/t ug]{ kl/b[io /fv]sf] kfOG5 . To;sf]nflu ;'zf;gsf ] k |Tofe " lt lbg ljleGgsfo{kflnsf, ljwflosf, Gofokflnsf Pj+ cGo;+j}wflgs ;+:yfx¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] ;a}cËx¿n] cf cfˆgf] e"ldsfsf] oyfof]Uo / oyfzSoOdfgbf/Lk"0f{ 9+un] ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ .

;+;bLo rl/qsf] zf;g k|0ffnLdfljwflosfn] dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g ug'{ / p;nfO{ hgpQ/bfoL agfpg cfjZos cGo pkfo ug'{ h:tfd'Vo sfd ug'{ kb{5 . s;nfO{ s;/L lgjf{lrtug]{ / lgjf{lrt ;/sf/nfO{ ljwflosfk|lt pQ/bfoLagfO{ b]zsf] zf;g ;~rfng ug{ s;/L nufpg]eGg ] s '/ f ljwf losfsf ] lji fo ePklg;+ljwfgadf]lhd lgjf{rg gu/L sfo{kflnsfljxLgcj:yfdf oyfl:yltdf jf cem cwf]ufdL lx;fjn]/flv/fVg] ;f]r s'g} nf]stflGqs Pj+ cu|ufdLljwflosfn] ;f]Rg g;Sg] .

;+ljwfgsf] cflwsfl/s JofVof ug]{ sfo{Goflos sfo{ ePsf]n] cGo cËx¿n] ug]{ sf/jfxLdfGoflos JofVofsf] cwLg /xg' clgjfo{ 5, cGoyf;+ljwfgsf] JofVofdf lj/f]wfefif / åGåsf] cj:yfl;h{gf ePdf ;+ljwfg lqmofzLn x'g g;sLlj36g jf z"Gotfdf hfg afWo x'G5 . h;/L;+ljwfg agfpg] sfo{ Goflos x'g ;Sb}g To;/L;+ljwfgsf] AofVof ug]{ sfo{ ljwflosL jfsfo{kflnsf cwLg agfpg g;lsg] .

hgtfsf] df}lns Pj+ sfg"gL xssf];+/If0f ug]{, ;fj{hlgs xs lxt Pj+ ;/f]sf/sf]; +/If0f / ;Da4{g ug] { tyf ;+ljwfgsf ];jf]{Rrtfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] ;+:yfePsf] gftfn] o; cbfntn] ;DdfggLo cWoIfPj+ ;efd'vHo"n] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{;~rfng lgodfjnLsf] lgod &-%_ jf lgod

1919191919


&-*_ dWo] lng' ePsf] lg0f{osf] ;DaGwdfp7fPsf] k|Zg u|x0f ug'{ jf ;f] af/]df lg0f{o ug'{:jo+ ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xgg\sf] k|Zg x'G5 eGg]dfGg ;lsg] cfwf/ gb]lvg] .

;+ljwfgn] x/]s cËn] hjfkmb]xLk"j{ssfd ug{ lgb]{z u/]sf] x'G5 / ;f] gePdf a}slNkspkrf/ ug{ vf]h]sf] x'G5 . cGoyf hgtfsf] ;d:of;dfwfg ug{ g;Sg] ;+ljwfg :jo+sf] ckx]ngfx'g] / cdfGo x'g] l:ylt /xG5 . s'g} cËnfO{sfo{ut :jtGqtf lbg'sf] cy{ 3f]/ lgliqmotfsf]klg k|Tofe"lt lbPsf] 7fGg ;lsFb}g . ;+ljwfgcGtu{tk |bQ clwsf/sf ] k |of ]un ] ; + ljwfgsf ]k|efjsfl/tfdf k|Zg p7]df klg jfWofTds ?kn];xg dfq} ug{ kb{5, pkrf/sf] ljsNk vf]Hg'x'Fb}g eGg] xf] eg] /fHon] cfˆgf] k|efjsfl/tf /;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ Ifdtf u'dfpg k'Ub5 . To;}n];d;fdlos ?kdf x/]s cËn] cfˆgf] clwsf/ /st{Josf] k|of]u / kfngfsf] l:yltsf] l;+xfjnf]sgu/L cfˆgf] e"ldsfnfO{ hgtfsf] xs / lxtdfk|efjsf/L 9Ën] k|of]u ug]{ sf]lz; ug'{kb{5 .

wf/f #*-!_ adf]lhd /fhgLlts ;xdltsfod ePdf lgjf{rgsf] l:ylt g} gkg]{ x'gfn];f];Fu hf]8]/ hf/L lgjf{rgnfO{ x]g{ ldNg] b]lvGg .lgjf{rg Pp6f /fhgLlts k|lqmofdfq geO{ sfg"gLk|lqmof klg xf] . To;}n] lgjf{rgsf] s'/f ug]{ ljlQs}/fhgLlts k|Zgsf] cfj/0f lbP/ a}wtfsf] k|Zgp7]sf] cj:yfdf To;nfO{ uf}0f agfpg / kG5fpgg;lsg] .

slxn]sfxLF Pp6} k|Zg sfg"gL Pj+/fhgLlts b'a} ?kdf k|:t't x'g ;Sb5 . sfg"gn]d"ntM k|lqmofdf hf]8 lbPsf] x'G5, h;sf] k|efj/fhgLlts klg x'g ;Sb5 . To:tf] l:yltdf/fhgLlts k|Zg egL k|lqmofTds k|Zg kG5fpg;lsFb}g . oL s'/fx¿ j:t'tYo x]/L u'0f bf]ifsfcfwf/df d'2f ljz]ifdf lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'g cfpF5 .o;sf] k"j{ 1fg u/L ;a} kl/l:yltx¿nfO{;fwf/0fLs/0f (Generalization) ug{ g;lsg] .

/fHosf] lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;dli6utpQ/bfloTjsf] ?kdf /fHosf cleoGqx¿n] lng

kb{5 / sfo{ut lx;fan] cf–cfˆgf] txaf6 k"/fug'{kb{5 . s'g} cËsf] lqmofsnfksf] ;fk]lIfs;kmntf jf c;kmntfaf6 cfg'ifl1s ?kdf csf]{cËsf] bfloTj jf rfkdf a[l4 x'g] s'/fnfO{ OGsf/ug{ ;lsFb}g To;}n] Goflos ?kaf6 Jojl:ytug{;Sg] xbleqsf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] cjwf/0ffh8;"qsf] ?kaf6 x]l/g] ljifo geO{ ;fk]lIfs?kdf ;d;fdlos j:t'l:yltdf lgwf{/0f x'g]pbLodfg / ultzLn cjwf/0ffsf] ?kdf k|of]uug'{kg]{ x'G5 . of] dfkb08sf] k|of]u cd'sj:t'l:yltdf x'g] x'gfn] j:t'l:yltsf] k|s[ltcg';f/of] k|of]u x'g ;Sg] jf g;Sg] :ki6 x'g] x'gfn] of]dfkb08n] sfd gug]{ cj:yfx¿sf] ;"rLs/0f;Dej b]lvFb}g .

;a} kl/l:yltx¿sf] k"j{ 1fg ug]{ c;LldtIfdtf ljlw lgdf{tfsf] nflu ;Dej gx'g] x'gfn];do;fk]If x'ls{g ;Sg] Ifdtf;lxt ;+ljwfglgdf{0f u/L lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . / ;f] ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofubf{ klg ;d;fdlos cfjZostf / ;Gbe{ jf]wu/]/ tbg'?k ;dfwfg lgsfNg] u/L JofVof ug{;Ifd x'g'kb{5 .

Joj:yflksf ;+;b /fHosf] Pp6fdxTjk"0f{ 5'§} cË x'g'sf] cltl/Qm Gofokflnsf;dsIfL cË ;d]t ePsf]n] To:tf] ;+:yfn] u/]sf]s'g} sfo{af6 s;}sf] vf; xs xgg\ ePsf] egLb]vfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ;+;b lj?4 g}k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ug]{ cj:yf ljBdfgb]lvg gcfpg] .

;+ljwfgadf]lhd :yflkt cËx¿;Fu;+ljwfgn] g} sltko s'/fsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] x'G5 .To;}n] lgod sfg"gsf] kfngf ug]{ tTk/tf, ;f]sf]nflu rflxg] Ifdtf, c;n lgot / cfˆgf] sfo{ug{ rflxg] :jtGqtf / lgikIftfsf efjx¿ tLdWo]s]xL ck]lIft u'0fx¿ x'g\ . Pp6f ;Ifd lgsfonfO{eO/x]sf] sfg"gsf] l:yltsf] cjnf]sg u/L3f]if0ffTds cleJolQm lbg' dfq} klg ;dsIfLcË jf lgsfosf] nflu kof{Kt x'g] / To:tf] sfo{d"ntM sfg"gL /fHo / ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf sfodug]{ lx;fan] ul/g] x'Fbf k/dfb]z h:tf] aGwgsf/L

2020202020


cfb]zåf/f dfq} ;d'lrt lgsf; jf pkrf/ kfOG5eGg] ;f]Rg' d'gfl;a b]lvg gcfpg] .Ohnf; clws[t M /d]z 1jfnL, >Lk|;fb;~h]n, ljdn kf}8]nsDKo'6/M cdL//Tg dxh{g / ;'lbk k+1fgLOlt ;j+t\ @)^& ;fn sflt{s @$ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\

%df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf sfsL{,@)^@ ;fnsf] ljljw g+= )!)#, ckx]ngf,gf/fo0fk|;fb cfrfo{ lj= 5qaxfb'/ lu/L ;d]t,

kIfn] s'g} s'/fsf] bfjL lhsL/ lnO{ lgj]bgu/]kl5 ;f] bfjL lhsL/ k'li6 ;d]t ug{ ;Sg'kg]{x'G5 . ;f] s]xL ug{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf ca k|:t't d'2fdflgj]bsn] eg]adf]lhd cbfntsf] ckx]ngf u/]sf]xf]nf egL cg'dfg u/L sf/jfxL u/L /fVg jf;hfo ug{ gldNg] .Ohnf; clws[t M ladn kf}8]nsDKo'6/ M cld//Tg dxh{gOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ @$ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

^df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf sfsL{,@)^# ;fnsf] lg=g+= )))@, cbfntsf] ckx]ngf,k|]d k|sfz >]i7 lj= dfwjk|;fb l3ld/] ;d]t

s[lif ljsf; a} +sn] o; cbfntsf]cfb]zadf]lhd lgj]bspk/sf] sf/jfxL 6'+uf]nufpg]sf ;fy} lgj]bsnfO{ lbg'kg]{ /sd ;d]te'Qmfg ul/;s]sf] b]lvFbf o; cbfntsf] cfb]zsf]cj1f u/L cbfntsf] ckx]ngf u¥of] eÌ] lgj]bglhsL/ k'Ug g;Sg] .Ohnf; clws[t M ladn kf}8]nsDKo'6/ M cld//Tg dxh{gOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ @$ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

&df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf sfsL{,@)^^–WO–)&!@, pTk|]if0f, of]u]Gb|axfb'/ lai6 lj=nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no k'Nrf]s ;d]t

;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/cGtu{t rln/x]sf]ljjfbdf ;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/af6} ;Ifd lgsfon]lg0f{o lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg /xFbf /xFb}

c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qdfkm{t To:tf] tNnf] cbfntjf lgsfodf ljrf/fwLg d'2fnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ u/Llg0f{o lbg ;d]t gldNg] .Ohnf; clws[t M ladn kf}8]nOhnf; clws[t M cld//Tg dxh{gOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ @# ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .§ o;} k|s[ltsf] @)^#–WO–)(((, pTk|]if0f,

k|]dk|sfz >]i7 lj= ;~rfns ;ldlt, s[lifljsf; a}+s, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t ePsf]d'2fdf o;}cg';f/ km};nf ePsf] 5.

Ohnf; g+=&

!df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L/0faxfb'/ ad, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ()&&, hUuflvrf]nf rng, /Defb]jL ofbj lj= laGb]Zj/k|;fbofbj ;d]t

ls=g+= #& sf] hUuf ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf]b]vfO{ jfbL bfjLadf]lhd lvrf]nf 7x/ u/]pk/ls;g ofbjn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhdfk'g/fj]bg kq ;d]t bfo/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;af6/ gS;fsf] k|s[lt x]bf{ klg pQm g=g+= * ls=g+=#& sf] hUuf ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf] dfÌ ldn]g .o;/L gS;f d'r'Nsfcg';f/ g=g+= ^ / g=g+= &sf] If]qkmn hf]8\bf k|ltjfbLsf] hUuf !–)–&=#%dfq b]vfO{ btf{ ;|]:tfeGbf 36L hUuf /x]sf]b]lvg cfpF5 . o;af6 jfbLsf] ls=g+= @& sf]hUuf gS;f d'r'Nsfaf6 btf{ ;|]:tfeGbf sdgb]lvPsf] / k|ltjfbLx¿sf] hUuf btf{ ;|]:tfeGbfsd b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm ljjflbtelgPsf] g=g+= % sf] k|s[lt ;e]{ gS;fdfk|ltjfbLsf] ;flas ls=g+= @* sf] k|s[lt;Fuldn]sf] / ;f]xL ls=g== @* leqs} b]lvg cfO/x]sf]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLx¿n] jfbLsf] hUuflvrf]nf u/]sf] gb]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M lzak|;fb vgfnsDKo'6/M wgaxfb'/ u'?ªOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !& ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

2121212121


@df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>Ldf]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g++= #!#!,#@*&, e|i6frf/, laho/fh zdf{ lj=>L % sf];/sf/, >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj= laho/fh cfrfo{

Pp6} gDa/sf] c;"nL k"hf{sf] C0fLnfO{lbOg] k|ltdf a9L / a}+ssf] /]s8{df /xg] k|ltdfsd /sd x'g' tyf ;f]xL sd /sd ePsf] c;"nLk"hf{sf cfwf/df n]vf ef}r/ tof/ u/L /sdbflvnf ePsf] b]lvPaf6 ;f] ug'[{kg]{ o'lQm;+ut cfwf// sf/0f v'nfpg g;s]sf] ;f] km/s k/]sf] /sda}+s bflvn u/]sf] egL ;f]sf] k|df0f k]z ug{g;s]af6 lghn] c;n lgotn] ;f] sfd u/]sf] eÌ]k'li6 ePsf] gb]lvPaf6 lghsf] sfdaf6 ab\lgotk'li6 ePsf] b]lvof] . k|df0fdf k]z ePsf] C0fLnfO{lbPsf c;"nL k"hf{x¿sf] k|lt, a}+ssf] /]s8{df /xg]c;"nL k"hf{x¿sf] k|lt tyf /sd bflvnf ePsf]n]vf ef}r/x¿sf] k|ltaf6 k|ltjfbL laho/fh cfrfo{/ aRr' v8\sfsf] sf]8j8{ k|of]u u/L tof/ u/]sfc;"nL k"hf{dWo] lgh k|ltjfbLsf] b:tvtaf6 c;"neO{ lgh lhDdf /x]sf] /sddWo] ¿= !%,^$,^@%.–/sd c;"nL k"hf{ tyf n]vf ef}r/ / sDKo'6/sf]/]s8{ ;d]t abnL ;f] /sd bflvnf gu/Lab\lgot;fy lxgfldgf u/L e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ u/]sf]7x5{ . ;f] 7xgf{n] tTsfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fP]g, @)!& sf] bkmf &-@_,!# n] lauf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf/ bkmf @( adf]lhd lxgfldgf u/]sf] lauf] lghaf6e/fO{ lbg'kg]{ .Ohnf; clws[t M v8\uaxfb'/ >]i7Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g ( ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

#df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>Ldf]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g++= *&#@,hUuf xs sfod btf{ lg0f{o ab/, afa'/fd u'¿Ëlj= hugf u'¿Ë

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_ dfq pNn]v u/L bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ s'g} vf;sfg"gL q'l6 gv'nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lg:;faf6d'2fsf] cf}lrTo / ljifoj:t'leq k|j]z u/L lg0f{o

ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf ePg . ctM k|:t't d'2fdfOG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/ ul//xg' gkg]{ eO{ k|:t'tk'g/fj]bg c=a+= !*) g+= adf]lhd vf/]h x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M kml0fGb| k/fh'nLsDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} # ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .o;} nufpsf lgDg d'2fx¿df klg o;}cg';f/km};nf ePsf 5g\ M§ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g++= *&@*, ldnfkq ab/,

afa'/fd u'¿Ë lj= kfj{tL kl/of/ ;d]t§ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g++= *&@(, ldnfkq ab/,

afa'/fd u'¿Ë lj= kfj{tL kl/of/ ;d]t§ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g++= *&#), ldnfkq ab/,

afa'/fd u'¿Ë lj= kfj{tL kl/of/ ;d]t$

df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>Ldf]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g++= (%)$,c+z, lx/fdl0f yf¿ ;d]t lj= a9fO{ y¿gL ;d]t

c=a+= !#( g+= adf]lhd a'lemP/ o;cbfntaf6 k|ltjfbL sfod ePsL ;+luof y¿gLn];d]t d"n k'vf{ hGs' / dGs'dWo] hGs'sf] 5f]/f df]6]/ df]6] yf¿sf] s'g} 5f]/f geO{ 5f]/L dfq ePsf]n]cfˆgf] afa'sf] efuaf6 cfkm"n] ;d]t c+z kfpg' kg]{egL bfjL lhsL/ lnPsf]df To;tkm{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{x'g cfof] . ;+luof y¿gLsf] aofgaf6} lghsf afa'df]6] yf¿sf] s'g} 5f]/f gePsf] tyf lgh ;d]tsf b'O{5f]/L dfq ePsf / tL b'a}hgf klxnf g} ljjfx eO{uO;s]sf] b]lvG5 . ljjfx u/]/ uO{ ;s]sL 5f]/Ln]cfˆgf] :juL{o afa'sf] c+z xs k|fKt ug{;Sg] sfg"gLJoj:yf 5}g . To;sf/0f afa' df]6]sf] efusf] c+zkfpg' k5{ egL a'lemPsL ;+luof y¿gLn] lnPsf]bfjL lhsL/sf] s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ 5}g . sfg"gLcfwf/ / Joj:yfa]u/ c+z xsdf bfjL ug{ ldNg]b]lvFb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf c=a== !#( g+= cg';f/aofg ubf{ c+z kfpg bfjL lnP klg ;+luof y¿gLn]k|ltjfbLx¿af6 c+z kfpg g;Sg] .Ohnf; clws[t M zs'Gtnf sfsL{sDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'¿ËOlt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn r}t !^ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

2222222222


%df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>Lcjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= CI–))*(, lgif]wf1f, ef]nfk|;fb ;'j]bL ;d]t lj=lhNnf jg sfof{no kj{t ;d]t

lgif]wf1fsf] k|of]hg cfˆgf] lglj{jfb xsef]usf] huuf jf ;DklQ pkof]u jf pkef]udfs;}n] afwf k'¥ofpg] cfz+sf ePdf jf lglj{jfb;DklQdf cf3ft kg]{ k|jn ;Defjgfsf] l:yltb]lvPdf tTsfnsf nflu To:tf] cgflws[t jfu}/sfg"gL sfo{ gug'{ egL ljkIfLsf gfddfcbfntn] cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf] . ;fdfGotofljjflbt xssf] ;DaGwdf lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/Lx'Fb}g . o;sf] cltl/Qm s'g} ;DklQdf s;}sf] xssf]l;h{gf ug'{ u/fpg' klg lgif]wf1fsf] k|of]hg xf]Og .lgif]wf1fsf] dfWodaf6 s;}n] s'g} s'/fdf cfˆgf]:jfldTj sfod u/fpg gkfpg] .Ohnf; clws[t M ef]nfgfy 9sfnsDKo'6/ M rGb|f ltdN;]gfOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv ( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

^df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>Lcjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^% ;fnsf] k'=j]=g+= )#%!,k/dfb]z, ¿b|axfb'/ sfsL{ lj= lhNnf k|zf;gsfof{no, vfFbaf/L ;d]t

kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] ;Gbe{df a/fdb ul/Psf;fdfgx¿ pQm d'2f lsgf/f x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf ;f]xLd'2fsf] km};nfn] 7x/]adf]lhd x'g] x'Fbf pQm ljifodfk|:t't lgj]bgaf6 af]Ng ldNg] x'Fb}g . csf]{tkm{ oLlgj]bsx¿nfO{ pQm ;fdfgx¿ 7uL d'2fsf]cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf a/fdb ul/Psf] /;'/lIft;fy /flvPsf] egL sf/fuf/ zfvfnfO{ n]lvPsf]r=g+= %^# sf] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no vfFbaf/Lsf]af]wfy{ kqåf/f hfgsf/L u/fO;s]sf] cj:yfdflgj]bsn] eg]h:tf] lagf s'g} cfwf/ p7fO{ nu]sf]l:ylt b]lvg cfPg . t;y{ dfuadf]lhd k/dfb]zsf]cfb]z hf/L ug'{ gk/L lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M ef]nfgfy 9sfnOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv ( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

&df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>Lcjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )$*%,lgif]wf1f, k|]daxfb'/ yfkf lj= dxfgu/Lo k|x/Lkl/;/ xg'dfg9f]sf ;d]t

sfg"gadf]lhdsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{kg]{;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] u}/sfg"gL 9+un] lgj]bssf]gful/s xsdfly cf3ft kfg]{ sfd ug{ nfu]sf]jf ug]{ k|jn cfz+sfsf] l:ylt ljBdfg ePdflgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] xf] . t/ k|:t'td'2fsf] ;Gbe{df ljkIfL ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf]eljiodf sfg"gadf]lhdsf] sf/jfxL ug{af6 /f]Sg]u/L lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] .Ohnf; clws[t M ef]nfgfy 9sfnsDKo'6/ M rGb|f ltdN;]gfOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv ( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

*df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>Lcjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @)^$–WO–))#@, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, 3gZofd cof{n lj=lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt l;4fy{gu/ e}/xjf ¿kGb]xL;d]t

b'O{ uf=lj=;= sf] aLrdf af6f] pkef]usf];DaGwdf ljjfb pTkÌ ePkl5 /fhg}lts;xdltsf cfwf/df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6pQm af6f]sf] )^$.)^% sf] 7]Ssf cfJxfglh=lj=;= cfkm}+n] ug]{ / k|fKt /sd b'a} ;Ldfgfdfkg]{ uf=lj=;= x¿nfO{ cfwf cfwf 5f8L lbg] u/L@)^$.@.@* df lg0f{o ePsf] /x]5 . of] lg0f{o:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] k|lts"n/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5}g, o;sf ;fy} lhlj=;=sf]lg0f{on] lgj]bs uf=lj=;= nfO{ k|fKt x'g] cfosf]/sdaf6 cfwf lbg eg]kl5 ;a} kfpg' kb{5,PSn}n] ;f] af6f]af6 k|fKt x'g] cfo pkof]u ug{kfpg'k5{ eÌ] lgj]bs uf=lj=;=sf] lhsL/o'lQm;+ut dfÌ g;lsg] .Ohnf; clws[t M ef]nfgfy 9sfnsDKo'6/ M rGb|f ltdN;]gfOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv ( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

2323232323


§ o;} nufpsf] @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=)&&&, k/dfb]z ldl>t lgif]wf1f ;d]t,3gZofd cof {n lj= z +s/gu/uf=lj=;=sf] sfof{no, z+s/gu/, ¿kGb]xL;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg';f/ km};nfePsf] 5 .

(df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>Lcjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )^(@,df]xL hUuf lvrf]nf d]6fO{ rng, hËaxfb'/ clx/lj= 6]saxfb'/ clx/

jfbLsf] gfddf Psnf}6L df]lxofgL sfodeO/x]sf] hUuf Ps} afa'sf 5f]/fx¿ jfbL k|ltjfbLePs} cfwf/n] dfq 5'§L leÌ ePsf] k|ltjfbLn]cfkm"n] klg pQm hUuf kfpg' kb{5 egL lhsL/lnP klg df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf e"ld;DaGwL P]g,@)@! cg';f/ a08f nfUg ;St}g . o;/L jfbLsf]df]lxofgL xssf] hUufdf cfkm"n] ef]u u/]sf] egLk|ltjfbLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] tyf ;fIfL ;h{dLg;d]taf6 pQm s'/f k'li6 ePsf]n] jfbLsf] df]lxofgLxs ef]usf] hUufdf k|ltjfbLn] hf]t lvrf]nfu/]sf] b]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M ef]nfgfy 9sfnsDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'¿ËOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 #) ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

!)df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>Lcjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= !!$%,lgif]wf1f, sfG5L /f]Ssf lj= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no,aa/dxn ;d]t

lgj]lbsfn] cfkm" a;L /x]sf] 3/ ljkIfLsf]ePsf ] s'/f :jLsf/ u/L /x]sf ] kfOG5 .ljkIfLdWo]sf] lji0f'k|;fb rfln;]sf] xs ef]usf]hUufdf lgdf{0f u/]sf] 3/sf] d"No ¿=!,!),))).–oL lgj]lbsfn] a'emL #% lbgleq 3/ vfnL u/Llbg] u/L @)^@.@.!* df ;+emf}tfcg';f/ lghsfG5L /f]Ssfn] cfˆgf] gfpFdf s[lif ljsf; a}+szfvf sfof {no rfalxndf vftf vf ]nL¿=!,!),))).– hDdf u/]sf] egL s[lif ljsf;

a}+s zfvf sfof{no rfalxnsf] ldlt @)^#.*.@^r=g+= &)) sf] kqaf6 b]lvO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df lghn]cfkm"n] kfpg'kg]{ /sd kfO;s]sf] b]lvof] . o;/Lb'a} kIfsf] ;xdltdf ePsf] 3/ 5fl8lbg] //sd lng], lbg] b'j} sfo{ ;DkÌ eO;s]sf] x'Fbflgj]lbsfsf] s'g} xs clwsf/ xgg\ x'g] cj:yfgb]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M ef]nfgfy 9sfnsDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'¿ËOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv ( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

!@df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>Lcjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}]=k'=g+= )!#$,nfu" cf}ifw ufFhf, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= l8naxfb'/u'¿Ë

cg ';Gwfg clwsf/L;dIf Pp6fcleo'Qmn] u/]sf] kf]nsf] cfwf/df dfq ;a"b,k|df0f a]u/ z+sfsf] e/df k|ltjfbLnfO{ s;"/bf/7x/ ug{ gldNg] .Ohnf; clws[t M ef]nfgfy 9sfnsDKo'6/ M rGb|f ltdN;]gfOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 #) ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

!#df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>Lcjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )$)$,bflvn vf/]h gfd;f/L lg0f{o btf{ ab/, lji0f'lu/L ;d]t lj= bLkss'df/ >]i7 ;d]t

sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt ePsf] ljQLo;+:yfn] cfkm"n] nufgL u/]sf] shf{ c;"npk/ ug]{;Gbe{df u/]sf] lnnfd;DaGwL sfdsf/jfxL lagfcfwf/ / sf/0f s'g} JolQmn] bjL ln+b}df ab/ ub}{hfg' Gofosf] /f]xdf pko'Qm gb]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M ef]nfgfy 9sfnsDKo'6/ M rGb|f ltdN;]gfOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 #) ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

!$df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )#%$, st{JoHofg, aGx' ljZjsdf{ lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

2424242424


k| ltjfbLn] cfkm "n ] d [ts hfg'sfg]kfnLnfO{ wfl/nf] xltof/ v's'/L k|xf/ u/]sf]rf]6af6 d[To' ePsf] / a/fdb ePsf] v's'/L d]/}xf] egL clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf aofg u/Lhfx]/L b/vf:tnfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf 5g\ . cbfntdfaofg ubf{ klg jf/bft ePsf] / cf/f]lkt s;"/u/]sf] egL ;flatL aofg u/]sf] / cg';Gwfgsfqmddf sfuh ug]{ dgs'df/L /fO{ lbnaxfb'/ ;'v]{tL,k[yLdfg la;+v], d+un l;+x /f]Ssf, z'qmaxfb'/lvn'ª, u0f]z /f]Ssf ;d]tn] k|ltjfbLs} k|xf/af6d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] xf] egL n]vfO{ lbPsf] /lghx¿n] cbfntdf askq ubf{ klg k|ltjfbLs}k|xf/af6 d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] xf] eÌ] s'/f n]vfO{lbPsf] b]lvG5 . d[tssf] zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf3fF6Lsf] bflxg] / afofFlt/ tfn'sf] xf8dflysfl6Psf], 3fp ePsf] sDd/sf] @ j6f s/Ësfl6Psf], sfl6Psf] efuaf6 cToflws /Qm>faeO{ hfg'sf g]kfnLsf] d[To' ePsf] eÌ] b]lvPaf6klg k|ltjfbLsf] ;flatL aofgsf] k'li6 ePsf] 5 .oL k|ltjfbLn] lgh / lghsL>LdtL sNkgf la=s=aLrsf] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] k|of; ug{ cfPsL hfg'sfg]kfnLnfO{ Psk6s dfq xf]Og k6s–k6s wfl/nf]/ hf]lvdL xltof/ v's'/Ln] xflg n8fO{ df/]sf]tYo 36gfqmd / ;f] ;+u ;DalGwt k|df0fx¿af6k"0f{ ¿kn] k'li6 x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M zs'Gtnf sfsL{sDKo'6/ M rGb|f ltdN;]gfOlt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn r}t !* ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

!%df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L k|sfzj:tL, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=–CI–))^), lnlvtlvrf]nf d]6fO{ kfpmF, ;fu/dfg l;+x cdfTo lj=d]jfs'df/L cdfTo ;d]t

jfbL bfjLsf] /=g+= &!( sf] h=la= )–!–% hUufsf] xs :jfldTj ;fljsdf jfbLx¿sf]afa' g/dfg /x]sf]df ljjfb 5}g . lghkl5 ;f]hUufsf] ef]usf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ o;} ljjfb;Fu;DalGwt af6f] lvrf]nf ;d]t d'2fdf k'g/fj]bgcbfnt, x ]6f } +8fsf ] cfb ]zadf ] lhd ePsf ]

@)%^.$.!( sf] gS;fdf hL/x ubf{ oL k'g/fj]bsk|ltjfbLx¿n] cfkm\gf] ef]urngdf /x]sf] eÌg;sL jfbLsf] ef]urngdf /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/u/]s} b]lvg cfof] . ;fy} @)@# ;fndf k|ltjfbLn]cld/dfgsf] gfdsf] hUuf egL gS;f kf; b/vf:tlbO{ gS;f kf; ePkl5 3/ agfO{ jfbLx¿n] lg/Gt/ef]urng u/]sf] eÌ] jfbL bfjL lhsL/sf]k|ltjfbLn] cGoyf xf] egL eÌ ;s]sf] jf ;k|df0fv08g u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf pQm/}= g+= &!( sf] hUufdf jfbLsf] xs ef]u /x]sf]s'/f k'li6 x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M ef]nfgfy 9sfnsDKo'6/ M rGb|f ltdN;]gfOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv @& ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

!^df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L k|sfzj:tL, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= !)(!, 3/ hUuflvrf]nf 5f]8fO{ 3/ eTsfO{ rng, /fd cfwf/ld> ;d]t lj= ;'/]Gb| ld> a|fDx0f

afa'n] ;6[fk§f ul/lnPsf] eg] klg s'gcfˆgf] hUuf jfbLnfO{ lbO{ jfbLsf] hUUff s:tf]lnvt ul/lnPsf] xf] eÌ] klg k|ltjfbLn] v'nfpgg;s]sf ] cj:yfdf jfbLsf ] ls=g + = %$k|ltjfbLx¿sf afa'n] ;§fk§f ul/lnPsf] k|dfl0ftx'g cfPg . o;sf cltl/Qm k|ltjfbLx¿ :jo+n]b'O{ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ lhsL/ klg lnPsf] b]lvof] .klxnf] s] eg] ls=g+= %$ sf] P]nfgL xf] eÌ] /bf];|f] jfbL;+u k|ltjfbLsf] afa'n] lnPsf] eÌ] s'/fpQm hUuf jfbLsf] xssf] gePsf] eP k|ltjfbLegfO{cg';f/ ;§f k§f ul/lng' kg]{ cj:yf g} kg]{lyPg . t/ ;§f k§f u/L lnPsf] eP To;sf]k|df0f k|ltjfbL kIfn] g} k'¥ofpg ;Sg'kg]{ .Ohnf; clws[t M ef]nfgfy 9sfnsDKo'6/ M rGb|f ltdN;]gfOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv @& ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

!&df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L k|sfzj:tL, @)^& ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= ##@%, 7uL, g]kfn;/sf/ lj= /fds'df/ tfdfË ;d]t

2525252525


hfx]/jfnfsf] gfdbtf{sf] hUufnfO{ lghd/]sf] xf] egL ;h{dLgdf ;xL5fk ul/lbPsf]sf/0faf6 k|ltjfbL /fhs'df/sf] cfdfsf] gfddfhUuf gfd;f/L x'gdf ;f]xL ;h{dLg g} d"nsf/ssf ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . ;xL u/]kl5 ;f]sfuhn] pTkÌ ug]{ k|ltlqmofsf] efuL x'gkb{5 .o;/L ufpF ;h{dLgsf dflg;x¿n] ePsf] ;ToJoxf]/fnfO{ l5kfO{ gePsf] Joxf/f n]vfO{ lbg]sfo{nfO{ k|>o kfpg] xf] eg] c/fhstf l;h{gfx'g hfG5, sfg"gsf] zf;g knfog x'g hfG5 .ctM ePsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ n'sfO{ gePsf] Joxf]/fn]vL n]vfO{ ;lx5fk u/L pQm 7uL ug]{ sfo{df;3fp k'¥ofpg] oL k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ pQm # g+=lsQf hUufx¿ p;} lbg xs x:tfGt/0f ubf{vf]lnPsf] lauf] ¿=$@,))).– a/fa/sf] 7uL ug]{sfo{df logLx¿sf] ;+nUgtf b]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M ef]nfgfy 9sfnsDKo'6/ M rGb|f ltdN;]gfOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv @& ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

!*df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>Le/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )#!(,pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, ;'bz{g sfsL{ ;d]t lj=clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t

@)^^.@.!* / @)^^.@.@$ df k|sflzteO;s]sf] a9'jf lj1fkgcg';f/sf] a9'jf klqmofk|f/De eO{ ;s]kl5 To;nfO{ e"tnIfL 9+un] k|efljtu/L clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] u/]sf]@)^^.#.* / @)^^.%.! sf] lg0f{o oL l/6lgj]bsx¿sf] xsdf ;Dd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/fab/ x'g] .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;~rfns;ldltn] ldlt @)^^.%.@) df u/]sf] ljlgodfjnLsf]gjf}+ ;+zf]wgsf] Joj:yf ;f]eGbf cufj} ldlt@)^^.@.!* / @)^^.@.@$ sf] a9'jf k|lqmofdf;xefuL eO{ ;s]sf] oL lgj]bsx¿sf] xsdf nfu"gx'g] / k|sflzt e}{ ;s]sf] a9'jfsf] lj1fkgdf;fljs adf]lhds} z}lIfs of]Uotf oL lgj]bsx¿sf]xsdf ;Dd sfod /fvL lgj]bsx¿sf] bvf{:t

klg ;f ]xLcg';f/ sfod /fvL ;f ] a9'jf;"rgfcg';f/ k|sflzt kbx¿sf] sfg"gadf]lhdkl/0ffd k|sflzt ug'{ egL ljkIfL g]kfn ljB'tk|flws/0fsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M kml0fGb| k/fh'nLsDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ;fpg #) ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

!(df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>Le/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )&@*,s'nf]kfgL lrqaxfb'/ a:g]t ;d]t lj= lvdnfn8fFuL ;d]t

jfbLx¿n] lkm/fbkqdf u'xf/ vf]nf / hGb|f;f]tfsf] kfgL l;+rfO{ of]hgfsf] ;+o'Qm s'nf]af6a08f u/L cfPsf] pNn]v u/] tfklg @)$*.*.!$df hn pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g eO{ ;+:yf btf{;d]t ePsf] / of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ rfn' /x]sf]cj:yfdf hn pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] ldlt @)$(.(.!!ut] hGb|f ;f]tfsf] kfgL d'Vo afFw;Dd Nofpgsfnflu kSsL s'nfsf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu Joj:yf ug]{lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pko'{Qm tYoaf6 hGb|f;f]tfsf] kfgLnfO{ ;f] l;+rfO{ of]hgfn] ;d]6]sf]b]lvFb}g . olb ;d]6]sf] eP of]hgfdf kfg{sf nflu;DalGwt lgsfodf cg'/f]w ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt g/xg] .Ohnf; clws[t ef]nfgfy 9sfnsDKo'6/ M rGb|f ltdN;]gfOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ ! ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+=(

!df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL,@)^^–WO–))%(, aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, eLdaxfb'/u'¿Ë ;d]t lj= lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, nlntk'/;d]t

cfkm"sxfF k/]sf] ph"/Lsf ;DaGwdf d'2fx]g]{ clwsf/Laf6 af6fsf Dofbafx]s kqmfp u/]sf]@$ 306fleq cg'dlt lnO{ cg';Gwfg ug{ljkIfLdWo]sf] dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/ nlntk'/n]

2626262626


kfpg] sfg"gL clwsf/ ePsf] / ;f]adf]lhd Dofbyk lbg] ;d]tsf] clwsf/ nlntk'/ lhNnfcbfntnfO{ ;DalGwt sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] b]lvFbfljkIfLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt sfg"gL clwsf/adf]lhdg} st{Jo lgjf{x u/]sf] eÌ] tYo ljjfb/lxt ¿kdfk'li6 x'g cfof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsx¿nfO{u}/sfg"gL y'gfdf /fv]sf] eÌ] lgj]bg lhsL/sfg"g;+ut gb]lvFg] .Ohnf; clws[t M gffo0fk|;fb bfxfnsDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgLOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !^ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

@df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL,@)^#–WO–)*@%, pTk|]if0f, 5]jfª w'08'k s+;fsf/lj= ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, yfgsf]6,sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

h'g l;kmfl/zsf cfwf/df pQm lg0f{oePsf] xf] ;f] lg0f{o g} ab/ e};s]kl5 l;kmfl/zsf]s'g} cf}lrTo tyf pkfb]otf afFsL /x]sf] gb]lvFbflgj]bg dfuadf]lhd pQm ldlt @)^#.@.!$ sf]uf=lj=;= yfgsf]6sf] l;kmfl/z ab/ ul//xg' gkg]{ .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfnsDKo'6/ M ;'lbk k+1fgLOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

#df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL,@)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #!$@, k/dfb]z ;d]t,uf]kfnaxfb'/ ;'jfn lj= sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfsfof{no ;d]t

sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt lgsfon] cfkm";dIfk/]sf] lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf sfg"gadf]lhd ug{ ldNg]xf] jf xf]Og ;f]sf] plrt ;dodf lgsf; lbg'kg]{sfg"gL bfloTj pQm lgsfodf /xg] s'/fdf ladtLhgfpg' kg]{ cj:yf /xFb}g . o:tf] sfg"gL bfloTjlgxLt /x]sf ;flwsf/ lgsfox¿n] gful/ssf xsclwsf/ ufFl;Psf ljifodf emg\ a9L ;r]t /xg'h¿/L x'g] .

cfˆgf] sfof{nodf kg{ cfPsf lgj]bgdfplrt sfg"gL k|lqmof ckgfO{ ;d'lrt ;dodf

6'Ëf] nufpg] lhDd]jf/L To:tf ;flwsf/ lgsfosf]sfg"gL st{Jo ;d]t xf] . o:tf] sfg"gL st{JonfO{a]jf:tf u/L lgj]bsn] ldlt @)^@.*.!( df btf{u/]sf] btf{ g+= ##& sf] lgj]bgpk/ sf7df8f}+dxfgu/kflnsfn] s'g} cfb]z jf sfg"gL sf/jfxLu/]sf] gb]lvFbf pQm lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd ug{ ldNg]xf] jf xf]Og hf] h] a'‰g'k5{ a'emL sfg"gadf]lhdsf/jfxL ug"{ egL sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfsf]gfpFdf k/dfb]z ;Dd hf/L x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M czf]ss'df/ a:g]tOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} @* ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

$df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL,@)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #)^@, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z,nIdLk|;fb gflunf lj= dfnkf]t sfof{no tgx'F

lgj]bsn] 5"6 hUuf btf{ ul/kfpFm egLbfjL lnPsf hUufx¿sf] lkmN8a'sdf ag a'6]g /eL/ kfvf hlgPsf] b]lvO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddfbtf{ ug]{ u/L dfnkf]t sfof{no tgx"Fn] u/]sf]ldlt @)^@.*.!$ sf] lg0f{o pQm sfof{nonfO{ePsf] sfg"gL k|lqmof / clwsf/leq g} /x]/ u/]sf]b]lvFbf lgj]bg dfu bfjLadf]lhd pTk|]if0fo'Qmk/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g;Sg] l:ylt gb]lvFbfk|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M czf]ss'df/ a:g]tOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} @* ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

%df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL,@)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g= @&^!, k/dfb]z ;d]t,cjw]zs'df/ s0f{ lj= hgsk'/ gu/kflnsfsfof{no, hgsk'/ ;d]t

lgj]bs :yfoL lgo'lQm k|fKt sd{rf/L eÌ]j:t'lgi7 k|df0fsf] cefj b]lvPsf], lgj]bsn] :yfoLePsf] elgPsf] ldltkZrft\ klg k6s–k6sc:yfoL sd{rf/Lsf] ¿kdf tnj eQf a'‰m]sf] /c:yfoLsf] Dofb ;d]t yk ePsf] b]lvPsf] tyflgj]bsnfO{ @)^!.@.! b]lv Dofb yk gx'g] eÌ]Joxf/f]sf] hfgsf/L ldlt @)^!.@.!* sf] kqåf/fu/fOPsf]df tTsfn pkrf/ vf]Hg ;r]i6 ge}

2727272727


ldlt @)^@.^.!# df dfq cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf]b]lvFbf k|:t't lgj]bg cg'lrt ljnDa u/L btf{ePsf] ;d]t x'Fbf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]zhf/L ug{ gldNg] .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfnsDKo't6/ M ;'lbk k+1fgLOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

^df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL,)^%–CI–)*^%, ))*@, s/f/ ab/ u/L Ifltk"lt{lbnfO{ kfpFm, a]vf dxh{g lj= kjgs'df/ s]=;L=,kjgs'df/ s]=;L= lj= a]vf dxh{g

s/f/sf] s'g} Ps kIfsf] uNtLn] s/f/cGTo ePdf o;/L uNtL ug]{ kIfn] o:tf] s/f/cGTo x'g'eGbf klxn] u/]sf] sfdsf] jf:tljskfl/>lds jf s'g} lhG;L k|fKt u/]sf] ePdf ;f]sf]d"No csf]{ kIfnfO{ e'QmfgL ug]{ bfloTjsf] af/]dfbkmf *% sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf bkmf *% sf]Joj:yf s/f/ pNn++3g x'Fbf k|fKt x'g] Ifltk"lt{;DaGwLJoj:yf xf]Og eÌ] b]lvG5 . s'g} Ps JolQmn] csf]{JolQm;Fu s'g} ;]jf jf j:t' gub k|fKt u/]kl5lghn] ;f]sf] d'gfl;a d"No jf kfl/>lds To:tf];]jf jf j:t' jf gub pknAw u/fpg] JolQmnfO{e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ bfloTjsf] af/]df g} bkmf *% sf]Joj:yf ;Lldt 5 . uNtL ug]{n] lgbf]{if kIfaf6gfhfoh kmfObf -Unlawful Enrichment_ lng kfpgx'Fb}g eÌ] dg;fo g} bkmf *% df ul/Psf]Joj:yfaf6 b]lvG5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf k'g/fj]bsk|ltjfbLn] hUufsf] d"No egL ¿=#),)),))).– a'emLlnPsf] / lghs} sf/0fn] pQm ljj/0f km/s k/]sf]sf/0fn] jf cGo sf/0fn] k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] rfx]sf]hUufsf] :jfldTj k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdfpQm ¿=#),)),))).– jfbLn] lkmtf{ kfpg g;Sg]xf] eg] o; d'2fsf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] gfhfohkmfObf -Unlawful Enrichment_ k|fKt ug]{ l:yltpTkÌ x'g] x'Fbf pQm /sd k|ltjfbLn] k'g/fj]bsjfbLnfO{ e'QmfgL ug{'kg]{ g} b]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k|;fb uf}tdOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv !^ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

&df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL,@)^%–WO–)!@&, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, b]jLnfn vgfnlj= jL/]Gb|gu/ gu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no, jL/]Gb|gu/;'v]{t ;d]t

ljkIfLx¿ tf/]v u'hf/L k'k{Ifdf g/x]sf,af6f] lgdf{0f ePsf] elgPsf] hUuf lgj]bssf gfddfbtf{ /x]sf], lgdf{0f ug{ nfu]sf] s'/f gu/kflnsfafx]ssf cGo ljkIfLx¿n] :jLsf/ u/]sf, hUufk|flKt P]g, @)#$ cg';f/sf] k|lqmof k"/f u/]sf]gb]lvPsf] ;d]tsf cfwf/af6 lgj]bssf] lglj{jfbxsef]usf] hUufdf sfg"gadf]lhd hUuf k|fKt gu/LljkIfLx¿n] af6f] lgdf{0f ug{ gkfpg] / JolQmut;DklQdf sfg"gcg'¿k lgdf{0f ubf{ JolQm ljz]ifn]Ifltk"lt{ kfpg' kg]{ ;d]tsf] afWofTds sfg"gLJoj:yf b]lvPsf]n] sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k"/fu/]/ dfq JolQmut ;DklQdf lgdf{0f ug{ kfpg]cj:yfdf ;f]tljk/Lt cgflwsf/ ¿kdf lgj]bssf]ls=g= %^) sf] hUufdf s'g} k|sf/sf] lgdf{0f sfo{gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf]cfb]z hf/L x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfnsDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e§Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

*df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL,@)^@ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #^#%, /sd c;"npk/,8f= k|sfz k|wfg ;d]t lj= /fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\;d]t

sfg"gåf/f clwsf/k|fKt lgsfon] Psk6s a]¿h" cf}+NofPsf] /sdnfO{ k'gM ;Dk/LIf0fu/L a]¿h" km5\of}{6 ul/;s]kl5 ;f]xL ;DaGwdfclVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] ;f] ljifodfk'g/fj]bsnfO{ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf ;d]t glbO{ ks]6vr{ egL lg0f{o u/fO{ lnP kfPsf] pQm /sdclanDa c;"npk/ u/L lng' egL u/]sf] clVtof/b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] ldlt @)^!.(.!^sf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ab/ x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M>Lk|;fb ;~h]n

2828282828


Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv % ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .§ o;} nufpsf] @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #%*@,

pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, 8f= k|sfz k|wfg ;d]tlj= /fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\ ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdfo;}cg';f/ km};nf ePsf] 5 .

(df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL,@)^@ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #%&*, k|ltnAwL b/36L;DaGwL cGtMz'Ns, ljZjgfy s]l8of lj=cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, hgsk'/

cfly{s P]g, @)%% n] slt v'bf]af6 slt/]S6LkmfO8 :k|L6 aGb5 eÌ] s'/f klg tf]s]sf] kfOG5 .v'bf]af6 :k|L6 / dlb/f s] slt s'g kl/df0f dfqfdfpTkfbg ePsf] 5 / To;df s] s:tf] k|ltnAwL b/sfod u/L cGtMz'Ns nufpg] kg]{ xf] jf gkg]{ xf];f]tkm{ tTsfnLg ljBdfg P]g sg"g tyf pBf]usf]l:ylt / cj:yfsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ ;d]t dWogh/u/L a'‰g kg]{ cfjZos k|df0f a'emL jf:tljs s/lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{df ;f]cg';f/ cGtMz'Ns jf s/lgwf{/0f ePsf] gb]lvFbf /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf7df8f}+n] tTsfnLg d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{nohgsk'/sf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] km};nf gldn]sf] x'Fbfab/ x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M>Lk|;fb ;~h]nsDKo'6/ M cld//Tg dxh{gOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv % ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+=!)

!df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/ ad / df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfzl;6f}nf, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *!!), hUuflvrf]nf d]6fO{ hu x6fO{ rng, ;Togf/fo0f >]i7lj= xl/s[i0f sdf{rfo{

cfˆgf] xsef]uleqsf] hUufdf 3/ lgdf{0fubf{ ;fdfGotof k|s[ltcg';f/ ;f] 3/sf] jftfj/0fglalu|g] u/L hUUffn] k'u];Dd tf/af/ kvf{nnufpg hUuf 5f]l8Psf] x'G5 . 3/sf] sf]7fx¿df‰ofn /flvPsf] x'G5 . To:tf] s'g} lsl;dsf] ef}lts

:j¿k gb]lvFg] u/L c¿sf] hUuftkm{ k"/} ;6]/ 3/agfO{ To:tf] hUuftkm{ ;6]sf] 3/tkm{ s'g} ‰ofn,e]G6Ln]zg Pj+ s'g} lgsf; g5f8\g' g} cfˆgf]xssf] hlt hUuf pkef]u u/]sf] 5 egL ;xhcg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] ljifo xf] . lsgls g=g= & /* sf] jfbLsf] 3/df k|ltjfbLsf] hUuftkm{ s'g}‰ofn ;d]t g/fvL ;6/ agfPsf] jfbLsf] 3//x]sf] / g=g+= & sf] kSsL3/sf] blIf0ftkm{ jfbLn]s'g} lgsf; ;d]t 5f]8]sf] gkfOFbf k|ltjfbLn]lvrf]nf u/]sf] gb]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M clDasf lg/f}nfOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} & ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .§ o;} nufpsf] @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *!)(,

hUuf lvrf]nf rng, ;Togf/fo0f >]i7 lj=xl/s[i0f sdf{rfo{ ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg';f/km};nf ePsf] 5 .

@df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/ ad / df=Gof=>L k|sfzj:tL, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (%$*, lg0f{o btf{sfod, dx]Gb|gf/fo0fbf; sfo:y lj= ls/0fs'df/Ls0f{

k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%(.@.@@df ePsf] gS;faf6 ljjflbt g=g+= !),!)-!_ /!! sf] hUuf g} jfbL bfjLsf] hUUffleq kg]{b]lvPsf]n] ;f] hUufsf] x'g cfpg] hDdf If]qkmn)–@–!*=!! b]lvPaf6 jfbLsf] bfjL s]jn )–@–!$ sf] hUuf dfq d]/f] xsef]usf] x'Fbf ;f]xb;Ddsf] k|ltjfbLsf] gfpFsf] nut sfod ug]{dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] lg0f{o / nut ab/ u/L d]/f]gfpFdf nut sfod u/L kfpFm eÌ] x'Fbf ldlt@)%(.@.@@ df k'gM ePsf] gS;fn] lhNnfcbfntaf6 ldlt @)%^.@.!$ df ePsf] k"j{gS;fnfO{ ab/ ul/;s]sf] x'Fbf ldlt @)%(.@.@@sf] gS;fsf] g=g+= $ sf] bn' d08n eÌ] bn'jfsf]3/ hUufb]lv pQ/tkm{ ljjflbt g=g+= !),!)-!_/ !! sf] hDdf If]qkmn )–@–!*=!! dWo] )–@–!$ jfbLn] kfpg] / c¿df bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] .Ohnf; clws[t M u]x]Gb|/fh /]UdLOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} @! ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

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§ o;} nufpsf] @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (%$(,3/ p7fO{ hUuf lvrf]nf rng, dx]Gb|gf/fo0fnfn bf; sfo:y ;d]t lj=Åbogf/fo0f nfnbf; ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg';f/ km};nfePsf] 5 .

#df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)%( ;fnsf] ;=kmf}=k'=g+= #@%*,gful/stf, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= aRrfk|;fb l;+x

g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)@) sf] bkmf!)-#s_ / bkmf !% sf] JofVof / k|of]udf pko'{Qml/6 g+= !$@! ldlt @)$).%.@) df k|ltkflbtl;4fGt / kmf}+=k'=g+= #$** ldlt @)^$.*.^ dfk|ltkflbt l;4fGtdf k/:k/ km/s JofVof ghL/sfod ePsf] / pQm bkmf !)-#s_ / bkmf !% sf]k|of]udf hl6n sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] x'FbfplNnlvt k|Zgx¿sf] lg0f{o k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 x'g'kg]{pko'Qm b]lvPsf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL@)$( sf] lgod #-!_ sf] -v_ / -3_ sf] k|Zgdfof] d'2f k"0f{ Ohnf;df k7fO{ lbg'kg]{ .Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]nsDKo'6/ M ;'lbk k+1fgLOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !) ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

$df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf / df=Gof=>L k|sfzj:tL, @)^#–CI–))#!, b]js/0f snjf/ ;d]tlj= d}gfb]jL kl~hof/

h'g ljifodf lvrf]nf eof] elgPsf] 5ToxL ljjflbt hUuf g} jfbLn] log} k|ltjfbLsff]/fnfO{ hUufsf] xs / :jfldTj g} x:tfGt/0ful/;s]sf] ldnfkq ;/xsf] lgj]bg cbfnt;dIfk]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lhNnf cbfntdf o;cbfntaf6 gS;f x'g uPsf] qmddf d'2fcbfnt;dIf ljrf/fwLg g} /xFbfsf cj:yfdf;f]xL lhNnf cbfntdf b'a} kIfaf6 k|:t't oLsfuhftnfO{ dfGotf lbFbf hUufsf] :jfldTjdfs'g} km/s gkg]{ .Ohnf; clws[t M bLks 9sfnOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f]h !& ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

§ o;} nufpsf] @)^#–CR–))!^, n'6kL6,b]js/0f snjf/ lj= d}gfb]jL kl~hof/ ePsf]d'2fdf o;}cg';f/ km};nf ePsf] 5 .

%df=Gof=>L lu/Lz rGb| nfn / df=Gof=>L k|sfzj:tL, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (@&^, ($%(, lvrf]nf;d]t, g/]zeQm l;+x dxh{g ;d]t lj= eLidh+uclwsf/L, eLidh+u clwsf/L lj= g/]zeQm l;Fxdxh{g ;d]t

df]xL / hUufwgLnfO{ ( kmL6 rf}8f af6f]/fvL k"j{ klZrd &@ kmL6 nDafO{ / pQ/ blIf0fsf]af6f]df * kmL6 rf}8f !)) nDjfO{ /fvL af6f]sfod u/L afFsL /x]sf] hUufaf6 b'a} kIfnfO{cfwfcfwf kg]]{ u/L hUuf afF8kmfF8 ubf{ jfbL Pj+k|ltjfbL b'a} kIfnfO{ h=/f]= )–(–@ hUuf hgxLkg{ cfPsf] tYo k|df0fdf cfPsf] dfnkf]tsfof{nosf] kmfonaf6 b]lvG5 . o; tYodf b'a}kIf ljjlGwt ePsf] x'Fbf k|fKt u/]sf] If]qkmneGbfa9L hUuf sfod x'g g;Sg] .Ohnf; clws[t M v8\u/fh clwsf/LsDKo'6/ M ljZj/fh kf]v/]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv ^ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

^df=Gof=>L lu/Lz rGb| nfn / df=Gof=>L k|sfzj:tL, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g= )!*#, ;fj{hlgskf]v/L hUuf lvrf]nf 3/ p7fO{ rng, pk]Gb|k|;fbofbj lj= lx/fnfn ofbj ;d]t

JolQmut ;DklQdf ;DalGwt JolQmsf]k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /xg] x'gfn] ;f] ;DaGwdf xsk'Ug] JolQm rgfvf] x'g] ePklg ;/sf/L Pj+;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;+/If0fsf] ljifo ;DalGwtlgsfo tyf cfd hgtf ;d]tsf] ePsf]n] ;a}JolQm rgfvf] x'g g;Sg] -EverybodyÚs work is

nobodyÚs work) ;Defjgf x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ;DaGwdf klg JolQmsf ] ;DklQ;DaGwLxbDofb;DaGwL ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ g} nfu" ubf{;fj{hlgs Pj+ ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] x|f; Pj+cltqmd0f x'g] s'/f cjZo+efjL x'G5 . To;sf/0f;d]t 3/ agfpg]sf ] !! g + = df ePsf ]

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xbDofb;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs hUufsfod e};s]sf] hUuf ;DaGwdf nfu" ubf{ To;k|sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f x'g g;Sg]s'/f lglZrt k|foM x'g] s'/fdf z+sf ug]{ 7fpF x'g;Sb}g . ctMPj 3/ agfpg]sf] !! g+= sf]xbDofb;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs sfode} ;s]sf ] hUuf ;DaGwdf ;d]t cFufNgGofo;+ut gx'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M v8\uaxfb'/ >]i7;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} & ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

&df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL / df=Gof=>L e/t/fhpk|]tL, @)^^–RC–))%^, st{Jo Hofg, g]kfn;/sf/ lj= /fh' rf}xfg ;d]t

df}sfdf aofg ug]{ k|ltjfbL /fdz/0frf}xfgn] ;]7O{ / d]7O{n] a'xf/L zs'GtnfnfO{ aflx/nu]sf egL cfˆgf] Joxf]/f n]vfPsf] b]lvG5 .k|ltjfbL ;]7O{ rf}xfgn] z'¿ cbfntn] cfkm"nfO{Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd u/]sf];hfodf k'g/fj]bg gu/L lrQ a'emfO{ a;]sf]cj:yf ;d]t k|:t't ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] cj:yfdfd[ts zs'Gtnfsf] d[To' lghsf] >Ldfg d]7O{ eÌ]/fh' rf}xfgsf] st{Joaf6 dfq} ePsf] eÌ] lghsf]egfO{ k'li6 x'g cfPsf] cj:yf b]lvFb]g . ls6fgLhfx]/L, tTsfn kqmfp k/]sf ;xcleo'Qmx¿sf]df}sfsf] aofg, 36gf:yn k|s[lt d'r'Nsf, zjk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf sfuh k|df0fsf]cfwf/df oL k|ltjfbLx¿ d]7O{ eÌ] /fh' rf}xfg /;]7O{ rf}xfgsf] d[tsnfO{ st{Jo u/L dfg]{jf/bftdf z'¿b]lv g} ;+nUgtf /x]sf] k'li6 x'gcfPsf] cj:yf b]lvFbf lghx¿sf] st{Joaf6 g}d[ts zs'Gtnfsf] d[To' ePsf] b]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M>Lk|sfz pk|]tLsDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !) ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

*df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL / df=Gof=>L e/t/fhpk|]tL, @)^^–RC–))##, st{Jo Hofg, g]kfn;/sf/ lj= cfsfz /fO{

k|ltjfbLn] v's'/L d[tssf] 3fF6Ldfk'¥ofPkl5 d[tssf] 3fF6L /]l6g uPsf] eÌ]k|ltjfbLsf] egfOnfO{ zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgtyf k|ltjfbLsf] la= P08 la= xl:k6ndf ePsf]df}sfsf] sfuh ;d]tn] k'li6 ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 .hfx]/jfnf k|]d /fOn] lbPsf] ls6fgL / lghn]cbfntdf cfO{ aofg u/]sf] askq tyfcg';Gwfgsf] qmddf sfuh ug]{ tLy{ 9sfn,bzdtL /fO{ eLdaxfb'/ /fO{ gjLg rflDnË;d]tsf JolQmx¿n] cbfntdf cfO{ cfˆgf]z'¿df JoQm u/]sf] egfO{nfO{ ;dy{g Pj+ k'li6u/L u/]sf] askqaf6 ;d]t oL k|ltjfbLsf]st{Joaf6 g} d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] tYodf ljjfbb]lvFb}g . k|ltjfbLsf] st{Joaf6 lghsf] >LdtLd[ts c~hgf /fO{sf] d[To' ePsf] tYo :yflktePsf ] b ] lvPsf ] cj:yfdf lghsf ] sfo {Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] ! g+= ljk/Lt eO{ ;f]xLdxnsf] !#-!_ g+= adf]lhd lghnfO{ ;j{Zj;lxthGds}b x'g] .

k|ltjfbL / d[tssf aLrdf nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] ;DaGw /x]sf], t/sf/L ksfpg]ljifodf ljjfb p7L emu8f eO{ ;f]xL ljjfbPj+ emu8fsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] kl/0ffd:j¿kd[tssf] d[To';Dd x'g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . d[tsn]g} z'¿df v's'/L l;/fgLaf6 lgsfn]sf] / ;f]k|ltjfbLsf] gf8Ldf nfUg uO{ emu8f eO/fv]sf]cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLsf] xftsf] v's'/Ln] d[tssf]3fF6Ldf /]l6Psf] egL k|ltjfbLn] g} :jLsf/u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvFbf o:tf] cj:yfdf d[tssf]d[To' k|ltjfbLsf] k"j{OR5fsf] kl/0ffd g} xf]egL lglj{jfb ¿kdf :yflkt x'g ;Sg] b]lvFggcfpFbf !) jif{ s}b ug{ pko'Qm x'g] .Ohnf; clws[t M>Lk|sfz pk|]tLsDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !) ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

(df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL / df=Gof=>L e/t/fhpk|]tL, @)^^–RC–))^@, st{Jo Hofg, g]kfn;/sf/ lj= gLnaxfb'/ a:g]t

3131313131


k|ltjfbL ;fx" ljj]s;Fu >LdtLn] sfdug{ uPsf] k};f dfUg hfFbf lghn] glbPkl5sf]7fdf cfO{ >LdtL;Fu emu8f u/L aflx/uPsf] cj:yfdf lgh >LdtLn] lghsf bfh'hfx]/jfnf s[i0faxfb'/ l3ld/]nfO{ kmf]g u/LbfO{ tkfO{+n] dnfO{ lng cfpg'xf];\ egL eg]sf]/ d[tssf bfh' d[tssf] sf]7fdf k'Ubf lghd[t cj:yfdf /x ]sf ] eÌ] ;d]t Joxf ]/fhfx]/jfnf s[i0faxfb'/ l3ld/]n] cbfntdf cfO{askq ubf{ n]vfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf cltl/QmjfbL kIfsf ;fIfLn] cbfntdf u/]sf] askqnufotsf ldl;n ;+nUg cGo sfuh k|df0faf6k|ltjfbLsf] st{Joaf6 g} k|ltjfbLsf] >LdtLd[ts u+uf a:g]tsf] ldlt @)^!.(.# df d[To'ePsf] k'li6 x'g] .

;–;fgf 5f ]/Lx¿ ePsfn] lghsf]kfng kf]if0fsf] nflu oL k|ltjfbLsf] ;hfo36fpg' kg]{ eÌ] /fosf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf JoQmul/Psf] ts{nfO{ k|ltjfblsf] cfˆg} >LdtLnfO{dfg] {;Ddsf] sfo{n] vl08t u/]sf] cj:yfb]lvG5 . aRrfsf] nfng kfngdf ckl/xfo{cfdfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ a'‰g g;Sg] oL k|ltjfbLnfO{;f]xL cfwf/df ;hfodf 5"6 lbg' c=a+= !**g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf tyf ;f] Joj:yfnfO{JofVof ub}{ o;} cbfntaf6 zflGt la=s= lj¿4>L % sf] ;/sf/ ePsf] st{Jo Hofg d'2fdfk|ltkflbt g]=sf=k= @)^!, cÍ ^, lg0f{o g+=&#((, k[i7 &^( df k|sflzt l;4fGt ;d]tsf]cfwf/df dgfl;a gb]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|sfz pk|]tLsDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !) ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

!)df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL / df=Gof=>L e/t/fhpk|]tL, @)^^–RC–))@%, st{Jo Hofg, g]kfn;/sf/ lj= /fhf/fd yf¿

nfz k|s[lt d'r'Nsf / zj k/LIf0fk|ltj]bgaf6 d[tsnfO{ w]/} s'6kL6 ePsf]cj:yf b]lvPsf], k|ltjfbL / d[tssf] aLrsf]

j}jflxs ;DaGw ;fdfGo cj:yfdf g/x]sf],>LdtLsf] ue{sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ oL k|ltjfbLn]>LdtL d[ts;Fu lghnfO{ af]nfO{ 5nkmn u/]sf],;f ]xL ldltdf d[ts lgh;Fu} uPsf ] eÌ]hfx]/jfnf / d[tssf lktfsf] egfO{ /x]sf],lghn] >LdtLnfO{ e]6]sf] ef]lnkN6 g} lgh d[tcj:yfdf e]l6Psf], lghn] >LdtL cfkm";FucfPsf] egL lnPsf] lhsL/ k|df0fåf/f k'li6ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf oL k|ltjfbLn] cfˆgf]>LdtLnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf] eÌ] cleof]ubfjL :yflkt x'g] .

Ohnf; clws[t M>Lk|sfz pk|]tLsDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !) ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

!!df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL / df=Gof=>L e/t/fhpk|]tL, @)^%–RC–))^$, st{Jo Hofg, g]kfn;/sf/ lj= lgd{n kf}8]n

nfzhf Fr tyf 36gf:yn k |s [ ltd'r'Nsf plNnlvt Joxf]/f / zj k/LIf0fk|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt d[To'sf] sf/0faf6 ;d]toL k|ltjfbLn] pNn]v u/]sf] aofgsf] Joxf]/f;dly{t x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . jf/bft 36gfsf];DaGwdf oL k|ltjfbLn] cfˆgf ] aofgdfn]vfPsf] ljj/0f / df}sfdf sfuh u/L cfkm"n]df}sfdf pNn]vg u/]sf] Joxf]/fnfO{ ;dy{gu/L cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ askq ug] {hfx]/jfnf k|sfz kf}8]n / jfbLsf ;fIfL u+ufkf}8]n, rGb|snf ;fsL{, s[i0f zdf{ /fhs'df/¿r]n, ;dL/ kf}8]n ;d]tsf JolQmn] pNn]vu/]sf] Joxf]/faf6 ;d]t k|:t't d'2fsf] jf/bftdfoL k|ltjfbLsf] ;+nUgtf k'li6 ePsf] / lghsf]st{Joaf6 g} d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] tYodf ljjfbgb]lvg] .

Ohnf; clws[t M>Lk|sfz pk|]tLsDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !) ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

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!@df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL / df=Gof=>L e/t/fhpk|]tL, @)^^–RC–))%(, xftxltof/ v/vhfgf,g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= k|]daxfb'/ zfxL

k|ltjfbL df}sfdf kqmfp gk/]sf] / hf/LePsf] Dofbdf pkl:yt geO{ z'¿ Dofb} u'hf/Lkm/f/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;xk|ltjfbL v'zL/fdrf}w/Ln] cbfnt;dIf aofg ubf{ ;=k|=k=k|]daxfb'/ zfxL nfOg Aof/]s 5f8L efu]sfn]/flt lgbfPsf] df}sf 5f]kL lghn] g} pQm xltof/tyf uf]nL uÝf lnOPsf] x'g'k5{ egL aofg u/]sf]b]lvG5 . ;=k|=gf=lg= lji0f' sF8]nn] cfˆgf]k|ltj]bgdf lgh ;d]tsf $ hgf k|x/L sd{rf/Lx's]{ eÌ] h+undf k'Ubf lgh k|]daxfb'/ zfxL&.* /fp08 uf]nL k|xf/ ub}{ h+untkm{ efu]sf]egL Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] / ;f] Joxf]/fnfO{;dy{g ug]{ u/L lghn] cbfntdf askq ;d]tu/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm czf]s ld>,eb|axfb'/ s6'jfn ;d]tsf JolQmn] cbfntdfpkl:yt eO{ askq ubf{ v'zL/fd rf}w/Lsf]lhDdfdf /x]sf] xltof/ oL k|ltjfbL k|]daxfb'/zfxLn] lnO{ ePsf] eÌ] k'li6 x'g cfPsf] cj:yfx'Fbf lghn] cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhdsf] s;"/ck/fw u/]sf] b]lvg] .Ohnf; clws[t M>Lk|sfz pk|]tLsDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]nOlt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !) ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .§ o;} k|s[ltsf] @)^^–RC–))^!, xltof/ lnO{

efu]sf], g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= Zofdgf/fo0f ofbjePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg';f/ km};nf ePsf] 5 .

Psn Ohnf;

!df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L=, @)^& ;fnsf] WS–)))@ pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z ;d]t, clwjQmf s'df/zdf{ cfrfo{ ;d]t lj=Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf];lrjfno ;d]t

;fj{e}fd ;+;bn] jgfPsf] sfg"g o; k|sf/xNsf / cfwf/lxg lhsL/sf] cfwf/df cdfGo x'Fb}g .dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ ;+;bn] agfPsf] sfg"g;dfhsf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ag]sf] x'G5 . cbfntn]hlxn] klg ;+;bn] agfPsf] sfg"g ;+ljwfgcg's"n5 egL 7fGb5 . sfg"g cdfGo ug{ lgj]bsn] h;/Lkmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf cfk\mgf] cleof]u jfbLn] k|dfl0ftug'{kb{5 To;}u/L P]g cdfGo ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgj]bsn];+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5 eGg] k|dfl0ft ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .lgod & sf] pklgod * x]bf{ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf]gb]lvFPsf] / lgj]bg cfkm}n] pQm Joj:yfn] k|wfgdGqLlgjf{rg ug]{ ;do clglZrt x'g] ePsf] eg]sf] x'Fbfo:tf] cdfGo, sfNklgs, xNsf lhsL/sf ;fy}JolQmut dgf]ut efjgfsf] cfwf/df lgod & sf]pklgod * sf] pQm Joj:yf cdfGo x'g g;Sg] .

/fHosf tLg cËx¿ dWo] :jefj}n]ljwflosfn] sfg"g agfpF5, sfo{kflnsfn] nfu" ub{5/ ljjfb pTkg ePdf Gofokflnsfn] ljwflosfn]agfPsf] sfg"gsf] JofVof ub{5 . wf/f !)@ sf]pkwf/f $ sf] oxL dg;fo / Joj:yf xf] . wf/f!)@ sf] pkwf/f $ df ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gsf]JofVof ug]{ clwsf/ o; cbfntdf lgxLt 5 .To;df ljjfb 5}g t/ wf/f %^ sf] k|wfgdGqL r'Gg]h:tf] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] cfGtl/s ljz]ifflwsf/dfGofosf] dfGo l;4fGt -Parliamentary Practice,

Separation of Power) / Harmonious Construction

sf] l;4fGtcg';f/ ;+;bleq ul/g] k|wfgdGqLsf]lgjf{rg ug]{ sfddf o; cbfntn] wf/f !)&-@_cGtu{t x:tIf]k ug'{ x'Fb}g . o; cbfntn] Voluntary

Self restraint sf] cfwf/df x:tIf]k ug'{ gx'g] ./fhg}lts ;xdltaf6 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g

x 'g g;s]sf ] cj:yfdf g ]kfnL hgtfn ];+ljwfg;ef÷ ljwflosf ;+;bsf] nflu r'g]/ k7fPsf]cf–cfˆgf] hg k|ltlglwx¿n] Composite floor test

x'Fbf Yeah / Neah sf] cfwf/df (UN nufotcGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngdf ;fj{ef}d /fi6«x¿n] s'g}k|:tfjdf /fli6«o lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k|:tfjsf]kIf jf ljkIfdf s'g} klg Vote glbO{ Abstention

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/x]sf] h:tf] ;+;bLo dfGotf / k|rngcg';f/ljwflosfdf hg k|ltlglwn] s'g} klg dt glbO{Abstention /xg] ul/b}g_ ePsf] dt ulGtdf ax'dtk|fKt ug]{ JolQm k|wfg dGqLdf lgo'lQm x'g]x'Fbf o:tf]ljifo Political Question ;dfj]z ePsf] ljifo x'G5 .Political Question ;dfj]z ePsf] o:tf] ljifoJudicially Manageable Standard leq gkg]{ .Ohnf; clws[t lji0f'k|;fb pkfWofosDKo'6/Mljkgf dNnOlt ;+jt @)^& ;fn ;fpg !$ ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\ .

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lgj]bspk/ Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u d'2fsf]cleof]u nfu]sf] b]lvPsf] / lgh clwsf/ k|fKtclwsf/L;dIf s;"/df ;flat e} aofg u/]sf],;x–cleo'Qm lbnaxfb'/ nfdfn] k|x/Ldf cfkm"s;"/df ;flat e} lghnfO{ kf]n u/]sf] b]lvPsf] /cbfntdf aofg ubf{ lgj]bs cleof]lht s;"/dfOGsf/ /x]sf] eÌ] b]lvG5 . o:tf] d'2fsf] /f]xdf;a"bk|df0fsf] d"NofÍg u/L cleof]u k|dfl0ft ePsf]5 jf 5}g < eÌ] 7x/ ug'{kg]{ ljifodf clwsf/k|fKt cbfntaf6} lg0f{o x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . clwsf/k|fKt cbfntn] cfkm";+u ePsf] clwsf/ k|of]uu/L lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / k|df0fsf] d"NofÍgu/L e}/x]sf] lg0f{o cfb]zdf aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf]cfb]zsf] /f]xdf x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf o;cbfntaf6 dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] .Ohnf; clws[tåoM v8\uaxfb'/ >]i7

k'gf/fd vgfn;+jt\ @)^& ;fn sflQs # ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

@df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)^& ;fn l/6 g+=))!^, aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, ;Ltfz/0f d08n lj=afn;'wf/ u[x Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, eQmk'/ ;d]t

8fFsf d'2fdf z'¿ cbfntsf] y'g5]ssf]cfb]zcg';f/ w/f}6 lbg g;s]sf] sf/0fn]

5f]Onfª nfdfnfO{ afn ;'wf/ u[x ;fgf]l7dLdf/fVg k7fOPsf]df :yfg / ;'/Iffsf] cefjsf]sf/0f b]vfO{ ;f] afn ;'wf/ u[xaf6 lgh 5f]OnfªnfdfnfO{ lkmtf{ u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]n] afn;'wf/ u[x Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;fgf]l7dL ;d]tsf]lnlvt hjfkmaf6 ANNEX ejg lgdf{0f e}pb\3f6g ;d]t eO;s]sf]df cfjZos k|x/L;'/IffsdL {sf ] Joj:yf gePsf] sf/0faf6gfafns y'g'jfnfO{ /fVg g;s]sf] eÌ] b]lvgcfPsf]n] ;f] ejg ;~rfng ug{sf] nfluxfn;Dd ;'/IffsdL{sf] Joj:yf gx'g' plrt /dgfl;a sf/0f xf] eÌ ldNg] b]lvPg . ctM ;f]ejg ;~rfngdf Nofpgsf] nflu oyfzSorfF8f] ;'/IffsdL{ v6fpg] Joj:yf ug'{ u/fpg'/ ;f]sf] hfgsf/L o; cbfntnfO{ u/fpg] egLljkIfL u[x dGqfnosf] gfpFdf lgb] {zfTdscfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] .Ohnf; clws[tåoM v8\uaxfb'/ >]i7

k'g/fd vgfn;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f]h @^ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

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lgj]bsnfO{ k6sk6s Pp6} k|s[ltsf]Pskl5 csf]{ cleof]udf kqmfp u/L lg/Gt/y'gfdf /flvPsf] sfo{ å]ifk"0f{ k|j[Q efjgfo'Qme} u}/sfg"gL b]lvFbf lgj]bsx¿nfO{ u}/sfg"gLy'gfaf6 5fl8lbg] egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdfaGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 .k|x/L lx/f;tdf /flvPsf lgj]bsx¿nfO{ cfhOhnf;;dIf pkl:yt u/fOPsf] b]lvFbf o;cbfntsf pk/ lhi6 « f /sf ] / f ] xa/dflgj]bsx¿nfO{ y'gf d'Qm u/L lgj]bsx¿sf]xsdf k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ lgd{nf yfkfsf]lhDdf nufO{ lbg' .Ohfn; clws[t M v8\uaxfb'/ >]i7, k'gf/fd vgfn;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f]h @% ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

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/fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg / cGt/f{li6«o Gofo lg/f]k0fcfof]usf] ;+of]hsTjdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] Judicial

reforms in Post-conflict Situations ljifosuf]i7Lsf cj;/df ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz>L /fdk|;fb >]i7Ho"n] lbg' ePsf] dGtJo

Honorable Chair person,

Honorable Minister Prem Bahadur Singh, Honorable

Deputy Chief Justice of Indonesia Mr. Paulus Effendi

Lotulung,

Honorable Justices of the Supreme Court

Honorable President of Constitutional Committee

Mr.Nilambar Acharya

Honorable Members of Constituent Assembly,

Honorable Judges of Appellate Courts and District

Courts

Prof. Dr. N.R. Madhva Menon,

Mr.Henning Hansen, Charge de' Affairs in the German

Embassy,

President of Nepal Bar Association and the Supreme

Court Bar Association,

Learned Bar members,

Members of the Civil Society,

Media Persons,

Ladies and Gentlemen

First of all, I would like to express my hearty

thanks to the organizers National Judicial Academy

and the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ)

for inviting to be the chief guest in this program and

giving me opportunity to express a few words. Before

me you have listened to distinguished speakers.

There is not much that I would add to what they have

said. I would therefore give a broad view on some of

the issues raised with regard to future shape of the

judiciary and draw your attention to current

constitutional deadlock and its possible impacts. I

feel that these issues are linked to judicial reform

and strengthening the rule of law in Nepal.

Judicial system for being a sub-system of

the overall political system remains affected by the

development taking place in the political sphere. It is

in this sense the Nepali judiciary very much affected

by the decade long violent conflict that the country

had to face. Now, after the end of the conflict when

the country is slowly coming back to normalcy, we

the members of judiciary have a dual responsibility.

On the one hand we have to expedite the reform of

the judiciary so as to meet the growing expectations

of the people and restoring faith in the rule of law, on

the other as conscious citizen of this country and

responsible public servant, we need to guide the

legal system in such a way that promotes democracy,

rule of law and human rights. It is an inseparable

part of human rights to get justice through

independent and competent judiciary. It is in this

context now we emphasize so much on independent

and accountable judiciary.

Today, more and more countries in the world have

embraced democracy. Civic freedom, human rights

and rule of law are basic norms of democratic

system. The rule of judiciary is very important to make

democratic system sustainable and long lasting by

protecting these norms. By taking into consideration

the important role played by the judiciary in promoting

democratic system, some of the western countries

have taken independent and competent judicial

system as a synonym to democracy. Democracy

provides a breathing space for judicial independence

and competent judiciary while the judiciary provides

sustenance to democracy. It is for th˜is reason

perhaps the UN Basic Principle on Independence of

Judiciary 1985 calls upon the states to guarantee

judicial independence and enshrine it in the

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constitution. It is considered as the duty of all

governmental and other institutions to respect and

observe the independence of the judiciary.

In my last year's visit to Europe, which is

known as a fertile land for promoting democratic

system, I found that human rights, rule of law and

independent judiciary are considered as

preconditions of democracy. I was also told that

absent of these conditions, no country would be

admitted as a member of European Council. To my

mind, this illustrates inter-linkage among democracy,

human rights and independent judiciary.

Judicial independence carries a very long

tradition. Pointing to the role of judiciary in democracy,

Alexander Hamilton, one of the framers of the United

States constitution, had said, "There is no liberty if

the power of judging is not separated from the

legislative and executive powers. Liberty can have

nothing to fear from the judiciary alone, but would

have everything to fear form its union with either of

other departments." This is true even today.

Independent judiciary is not only the custodian of the

constitution that reviews legislative and executive

excess, it is also the final resort of each and every

minority-both individual and community-rights which

are violated by the majority that comes to the power.

Many times the people of Nepal have shed

blood for the establishment and restoration of

democracy. It would be our great mistake if we take it

as only as their desire to occasional casting of vote.

The Nepali judiciary is conscious that values of

democracy should be transformed into everyday life

of the people. It is therefore obvious that the desire of

the Nepalese people for the establishment of

democratic system is also included the vision for the

establishment of a judiciary which would be able to

deliver justice free from all kinds of pressures and

influences. On this occasion may I recall what

President Woodrow Wilson once said: "The struggle

for constitutional government is a struggle for good

laws, indeed, for independent and impartial courts."

With the establishment of democracy, it is

but natural to have increased aspirations of the

people to have effective justice delivery, we also know

that only by effective delivery of justice, we will be

able to earn people's faith in the judiciary. We also

know that the people's faith on the judiciary depends

on how we judges and personnel of judiciary be

have, Therefore, may I emphasize that in order to

meet the aspirations of the people in the changed

context; we must change our traditional thinking and

attitude. And we must present ourselves in different

work-style than the work-style of olden days. That

being said, it would be a mistake to imagine that we

should make the judiciary more effective by curtailing

its powers which the judiciary is now enjoying. It is

for this reason we, in the Judiciary, have worried on

report of the Committee on the Judiciary of the

constituent Assembly which if adopted will make a

judiciary weaker. I would like to stress that, the

alternative to present judiciary is only the judiciary

which is more independent and competent.

We sometimes develop a kind of attitude

towards the whole judiciary on the basis of decisions

in one or two cases. But the judiciary is a continuous

organization which has stood on the side of

freedoms, human rights and the rule of law and

expressed its commitment to these values thought

several decisions. Therefore, I submit that some of

the decisions given by the courts might have created

adversity to our interests, but these decisions should

not lead anyone to conclude that Nepali judiciary has

not done anything for the protection and promotion

of rule of law and human rights in this country and on

that pretext do anything that destroys its

independence. We must take into consideration the

3636363636


numerous adversities engendered by the decisions

by the courts that are not independent. Justice is a

continually flowing sacred river. It is neither inspired

by the desire of getting anyone's applause nor

infected with predetermined opinions against

anyone. Prevalent constitution, laws and acts and

recognized principles of justice are its benchmarks.

Its proceedings are inspired by these ideals and of

course, it should be.

Today, serious concerns are being

expressed on the question of judicial accountability.

In fact, this question is being raised not only in the

context of Nepalese judiciary only but also in the

context of judiciaries across the world. Definitely, an

independent judiciary must not mean a judiciary

without accountability. Judicial independence is not

an end by itself, but only a means. However, if the

judiciary is made unable to carry out its

responsibilities in the name of making it

accountable, it would obviously affect not the judges

and personnel working in the judiciary, but affect in

real terms the general public whose rights are in

danger of infringement. We should not forget that

judicial independence is not a safety shield for the

judges working in the judiciary. Judges come and

go but the judiciary is an unwavering eternal

institution. So it is an ultimate resort for entire people.

No country can be successful without an independent

judiciary nor can it be imagined that a country without

competent judiciary becomes powerful. On this

occasion I would like to emphasize that while taking

into consideration the importance of judicial

independence, we should not view it with an eye full

of governance power and authority, but with the eyes

of a distressed common people and think, what our

conscience tells ! Perhaps at that time only, I think,

the judiciary would be there as the light of hope.

History is a witness that Nepali judiciary has been

able to protect the expectation of independent and

freedom-loving people even at the period of tyranny.

The judiciary and judges of Nepal have been penning

without avarice for their position which is equal to

hundreds of bullets fired in the battle for freedom,

human rights and independence.

I have taken the historical people's

movement of 2006 as an important occasion in the

direction of establishment of independent and

capable judiciary. It is a matter of great satisfaction

for us, the judges and judicial personnel, that there

have also been expressions of commitment for the

recognition of principles of rule of law and

independent judiciary in the twelve-point

understanding signed among the main political

parties and the expression of commitment in the

Interim Constitution of Nepal 2007, for independent

judiciary as well as for the rule of law including total

commitment for democratic values and norms.

These are welcome development.

Given that Nepal has promised to adopt a

federal structure of government, the role of judiciary

becomes all the more important as there are

chances of not only the central but also the state and

local government interfering the rights of the

minorities within a particular state. Therefore, in the

countries with federal system of government, the

establishment of independent judiciary is

considered as a basic principle of constitutional law.

The principle of separation of powers considers

independent judiciary as compulsory prerequisite.

This is perhaps the reason that a country like the

United Kingdom with parliamentary supremacy and

having no written constitution, has recently

established a separate Supreme Court giving up its

nearly 600 years old tradition of House of Lord. I am

of the view that we should understand this in proper

3737373737


perspective and do our best to retain the

independence of the judiciary.

It is not only an important occurrence for

Nepal's judiciary to get the power of judicial review by

clear constitutional provision, but it is also a testimony

to intense commitment of Nepalese people for an

independent and competent judiciary. I am confident

that the upcoming new constitution of new Nepal

will be able to incorporate and institutionalize modern

values and practices developed in the world in recent

times. I take the recent deliberations held about

judiciary in Nepal as a part of chain of efforts to

establish a better judiciary. They should not return to

previous condition curtailing the rights being enjoyed

so far. We should devote our energies with full

commitment to establish an independent and

competent judiciary of world standard.

Over the last two years or so, Nepali people,

through their elected representatives in the

Constituent Assembly have been engaged in drafting

a new constitution of Nepal. However, the kind of

difference that is witnessed in various committees

and that deadlock created even in the formation and

continuance of government, the widening gulf of trust

between the political actors has disappointed many

people. I fully understand that two years might not be

a sufficient period for completing the drafting of

constitution and taking the peace process to its

logical end, my only worry is that frequent extension

of the tenure erodes the faith of the people on the

process as well as the final product. If we admit that

law does not survive just on command and sanctions

but also on faith and respect, the current

disagreement in the political area reflected in the

Constituent Assembly is harmful for promotion of

lasting peace, human rights and rule of law in Nepal.

I hope that responsible political actors, honorable

members of Constituent Assembly will take that into

note and move forward in harmony and cohesion to

shoulder the responsibility entrusted by the people.

Once again I thank all the distinguished speakers

and to you all participating here for availing their

valuable time for this program. I also wish that the

partnership between the NJA & the ICJ will continue

in the future.

Thank you all for your patience.

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